A comparative study of the position of women in the Qur'an and Hadith and feminism with a look at its origins and historical course

Doctoral Dissertation on Quran and Hadith Sciences

Abstract

Feminism as a system of thought arising from the idea of ??humanism is a reflection of modern Western schools of thought in the discussion of women. The culture and value bases of many societies under the influence of philosophy, religion, politics. . The changed belief in the superiority of men and, on the other hand, the contemptuous view of women and the permission of any kind of violence and injustice against them, which was widespread in old societies, prompted women's rights advocates to fight against the existing situation, and in this way, the field of schools and movements in favor of the absolute and all-round equality of women and men emerged. Feminist movements and struggles in western countries called for the salvation and freedom of the female sex, and feminism called for the restoration of equal but superior rights of women compared to men. This treatise under the title "Comparative examination of the position of women in the Qur'an, Hadith and feminism with a look at its roots and historical course" after identifying the causes of the emergence of feminism and stating the historical course of this view as a humanist school claiming to grant women's rights, it compares the position of women in the divine school of Islam and the supporters of women's rights and explains the degree of compatibility of the two schools with the natural rights of women in order to make it clear that the school of feminism, although in its early origins, was able to defend women's rights But in many cases, he forgot or distorted her gender identity, needs, instincts and desires, and recognized the value of every woman in her extra-family affairs and social activities, and over time introduced the institution of marriage and family as an atmosphere of oppression and oppression of women throughout history. Therefore, he focused most of his efforts on destabilizing the foundations of the family to the point where he considered motherhood as the cause of women's captivity and demanded women's absolute freedom. Despite the claim of feminism, in today's civilization, this creed opened a less known and invisible way to violate the rights of women and caused serious damage to their human character and put them in social and economic but also sexual captivity in the name of freedom. While the divine system of Islam by preserving the human and sexual identity of women and valuing both identities, as well as equality and equality for all human beings in the two areas of "religious knowledge" and "moral perfections", provided the path of equal growth and infinite excellence, and in the field of individual or collective laws and regulations, the criterion of difference between women and men was the differences in the natural and natural structure of their bodies and minds, so that each of them achieves the special goals of their creation and the rulings are for the benefit of men and to the detriment of women. He did not give, rather, he considered the difference between men and women in doing righteous deeds and being adorned with human values, and the reason for the difference in the creation of "man" and his wife "woman", with two complementary natural structures, was the acceptance of two types of social structures and complementary work, so that by forming a family, in addition to the survival of the generation, they can also help in achieving divine nearness.

Key words: human identity, women's rights, factors of philosophy, politics, culture, religion, Quran and Hadith, Feminism

Introduction

Unlimited praise and praise is due to the pure essence that created man and woman from a single soul [1] and did not make any difference in their truth and human identity and gave the spirit of God [2] the creator of that truth and the body as a tool for the soul to achieve human perfection. In order for man to achieve these perfections according to the requirements of his Lordship, he took upon himself the guidance of mankind and guaranteed his guidance through nature [3] and the sending of messengers and the sending of books [4] and established a legal framework in the system of existence and considered it as divine limits [5] and in the design of laws he paid basic and central attention to the two criteria of truth and justice [6] and made their basis the tools of human existence and the needs of society.

May the purest greetings and salutations be upon the prophets and the chosen ones of the way of God and the way of guidance towards His wisdom, who led mankind from the darkness of ignorance to the safe valley of the lights of divine knowledge and wisdom. Especially the Seal of the Prophets and Seyyed al-Mursaleen Muhammad bin Abdullah, peace be upon him and his family, and his successors, Sayyed al-Wasiyin, Imam al-Muttaqeen, and Amir al-Momineen Ali bin Abi Talib and his eleven sons of Amjad, who guided the caravan of mankind towards perfection and the meeting with God, and led man to his last abode, which is the position of those who are close, sincere, and sincere.

And many greetings and salutations to the Holy Prophet, Umm Abiha, the daughter of the Messenger of God, and Khair and Kausar of the worlds, who stepped into the world and was the daughter of prophethood, the wife of governorship, and the mother of Imamate. He whose human virtues are an example for the world and his rise and fall is a proof for the worlds, he whose attributes are unable to be written by the pen and minds are baffled to understand them.

God blessed and exalted humans and placed the secret of their virtue and excellence in piety[7] and made it a capital that can be achieved by men and women. By color, race, gender. . Don't give them privileges, and according to the common and specific identity, conditions, differences, and facilities, humans are obliged to perform common and specific actions, and set specific rules and regulations for different guilds and groups, and instead of common duties and actions, consider common rights for humans; Right to life, equality, freedom, self-determination. . . And he put people on the way to get these equal rights and determined special rights in front of exclusive duties, the right of guardianship (guardianship), the right of wife, the right of motherhood, the right of children. .

Introduced men and women as equal human beings and for their participation in political, economic and social decisions. . . He provided the necessary grounds and on each of these matters, he established special customs that are appropriate to the human sexual identity, so that the exclusive and common duties of individuals are not harmed. be based on it, and he said: "And from the verses that He created for you from yourselves mates, so that they may dwell in it, and He made between you love and mercy." إِنَّ فِ إلكَ LAYATٍ لِّقْمٍ يتفَكَّرونَ"[8] He also made the comfort and tranquility of the wife possible for the woman and said: "He is the One who created you from one soul and made it His wife will live with him. . "[9] God, blessed and exalted, asked the married couple to commit themselves after the marriage contract to be supportive and trustworthy in times of sorrow and joy, difficulty and ease, and to keep each other's secrets, and compared that commitment to covering each other and said: . They are clothes for you and you are clothes for them. . "[10]

However, since the beginning of history, in many societies, the female gender faced many ups and downs. Sometimes the male companion took care of the needs of life and spent most of her time at home raising children, meeting daily needs and creating peace in the family, and she assumed a high position and sometimes she was considered the cause of all kinds of evil and sin, who is weak in intellect, spiteful, lying and despicable, and she was considered a worthless creature and they were ashamed of having a daughter, and as a result, she was destroyed in various ways, or if she was born, she was sold as a slave. They treated him. The girl could continue living only when she was assigned to serve her fathers and husbands. In this way, men considered themselves the owners of the female sex, who could interfere in their property in any way they wanted, and women were forced to endure a boring life and be satisfied with social inequalities in the role of domestic servants and men's entertainment.

With the passage of time and after the industrial revolution, the situation did not change for women, but the value of work was measured based on generating income and being present in society, and this understanding was created that work It is worthless in the home environment and does not generate income. On the other hand, the home production system, which was centered on women, gave its place to the factory system. The means of production evolved and the need for greater ability and strength and a skilled labor force arose. With the prosperity of work in factories and the need to be more present outside the home, jobs became necessary for people who are able to devote all their time to it. The lower physical strength of women and the need to spend more time at home due to the role of motherhood and housekeeping created a gap between the activities of men and women so that men's labor force replaced women's labor force and women became victims and men were beneficiaries of the development process. Therefore, women's activity was in the form of invisible and unpaid work.