Investigating the development process of Bandar Turkmen city and determining the optimal areas for its future expansion

Master thesis in the field of geography and urban planning

Abstract

Today, cities are expanding and developing with rapid growth, so that the process of urban development is currently one of the most important issues facing researchers of urban issues. In addition to the rate of growth of cities, how the uses change at the macro level is also of interest. The current research is aimed at optimizing the expansion of Bandar Turkmen city. . The research method is descriptive-analytical. The information required for this research has been extracted from Landsat 5 satellite images and digitized maps, GOOGLE EARTH images, the results of the general population and housing census, field studies and also through documents, magazines and books related to the subject, AUTO CAD, ARC GIS, Super Decisions and IDRISI software have been used for data analysis. And land use changes until 1404 were shown using the Markov chain model and automatic cells, then this expansion was optimized using the ANP model. In general, it can be said that the purpose of this research is to provide a suitable solution for optimizing the future development of cities using various natural and human criteria. In order to improve the results of the research and the implementation of such research, more criteria should be used, including the land price index and used and the topic will be discussed in more detail. To be able to address the location of the future development of cities more accurately. .  The results of this research indicate that in 2013, out of 69.327 hectares of developed land added compared to 1366, 17.307 hectares were placed in medium, suitable and completely suitable classes and only 20.25 hectares were placed in completely unsuitable and unsuitable classes. Optimizing urban expansion, IDRISI, GIS, Bandar Turkmen.

Chapter one: Research overview

Introduction

After the agricultural revolution, the creation of cities was the second great revolution in human culture. This was a prominent social process that further changed the interaction between humans and the environment and other humans. In fact, the change in human reactions towards each other and towards the environment enabled social transformation and spatial transformation, the objective manifestation of which was revealed as a new phenomenon called the so-called city. Meanwhile, the emergence, development and location of Iranian cities have been formed according to their special temporal and spatial characteristics. And in the ups and downs of history, they have found transformations and changes on their faces. Until today, it has reached us as a legacy from the history of the country's political, social and economic developments (Nazarian, 1374: 1). The examination of global developments in the present era indicates that the city and urbanization have faced quantitative and qualitative fundamental changes and in this process it is still moving forward with more speed than before. This kind of complication of problems and problems of cities in different dimensions may have negative consequences (Kyani, 1386: 1). One of the most important topics of the city and urbanization in Iran today is the investigation and analysis of the physical-spatial growth and development of the city and urbanization (Shamai, 1382:19). In this connection, the general goal of urban planning is to ensure people's well-being; By creating a better, healthier, easier, more effective and pleasant environment (Alinejad Tayibi, 2019: 2). Studying and researching about the city and urban development, considering its wide dimensions, is one of the difficult subjects, because there are many and complex relationships that must be taken into account for the effectiveness of the study and the subject should be examined from different aspects. Urban development in any country is not a random thing, and on the other hand, controlling its future process requires detailed planning (Farahmand, 2017: 2). In this sense, land suitability analysis for urban development and identification of suitable and priority lands for physical expansion is very necessary. , this research investigates the expansion process of Bandar Turkmen city during the years 1366-1391 using the software [1] (Idrisi) and determining the optimal directions of its expansion using the geographic information system [2] (GIS). At the same time, in the GIS database, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (ANP) [3] and the SUPER DECISION software, on the effective components in locating the suitable platform for urban construction, it has been determined the optimal directions of city development.

Statement of the problem

Cities biologically act like parasites in the use of vital resources such as air, water and food in urban metabolism.The bigger the city is, the more it demands from its surroundings, and thus the risk of environmental destruction increases (Bahreini, 1368: 76). One of the results of this physical development is the expansion in the outskirts of the city or the ten-city region and beyond the administrative boundaries of the cities. This urban development moves towards the outer areas and causes changes in the land use around it (Shia, 2017: 65). Despite this issue, urban plans have an attitude based on the qualities of a closed system and separated from the environment, and in the description of the services of the old and new urban plans of Iran, regional planning has a minor role. This is despite the fact that one of the vital issues of the 21st century regarding the sustainability of the city is how the city grows and develops in space. Urbanization, as the second revolution in human culture, has caused a transformation in the relationships of humans with each other, and with the increase in the urban population, the exploitation of the environment is intensified. The growth of urbanization in Iran has had two major leaps in the past 50 years. It flowed towards the cities. The second leap can be considered after the Islamic Revolution. The increasing growth of cities affected by population growth and migration has led to unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial structure (Kazemi Mohammadi 1379: 8-7). One of the major problems in urban planning due to population growth and the lack of infrastructure facilities is determining the appropriate direction and how to physically expand the city to meet current needs and predict future needs. The physical development of cities is a dynamic and continuous process during which the physical boundaries of the city and its physical spaces expand vertically and horizontally. If this process is unplanned, it will cause many problems (Habibi, Pourahmad, 2014: 2). The city of Bandar Turkmen has a geometric structure, which means that its primary streets are drawn with a premeditated plan and mostly follow the pattern of a longitudinal map in a checkered background, while in some areas of the city, the city map becomes more chaotic. But unfortunately, the physical development of the city has expanded along the access roads and the shape of the city is closer to the radial state. Among the problems related to the physical expansion of the city is the high level of groundwater stagnation due to the very weak slope of the area and its proximity to the sea, which in turn has made it difficult to dispose of surface water and urban sewage. Also, the danger of Caspian Sea water advancing in the western parts of the city, which has caused the lack of physical expansion of the city in this direction. Therefore, a comprehensive examination of the causes and factors of urban physical development, especially in recent decades, along with the evaluation of development patterns with a scientific approach and its positive and negative points in relation to urban issues, are among the most important issues that should be investigated and identified.

Research question

Has the expansion of the city of Bandar Turkmen been in accordance with the optimal model?

Research hypothesis

1-

Research background

Muller and Middleton (1994) using the Markov chain model concluded that it is possible to reach the ratio of conversion of different uses and the possibility of predicting them in the future. Brown et al. (2001) by predicting changes in land use, were able to determine the extent of expansion and destruction of resources and guide these changes in appropriate directions. In a research entitled "Land market forces and the role of government in sprawl", Ting Wei Zhang has investigated the sprawl in Chinese cities and compared them with American cities. The result of his research is that 8.5 million hectares of agricultural lands have been lost or changed in use, of which a fifth of it has gone under urban structures due to the pattern of horizontal expansion and dispersion during the years 1986 to 1996. (Ting Wei Zhang, 2000). Jennert et al. (2001) conducted a spatial analysis of sets of land use patterns from 1912 to 1995 in order to understand how the landscape of deserts in central Arizona has changed due to the expansion of urban areas. The results of the expansion of urban areas have been consistent with the results of the population increase in this period. In this research, in order to simulate land use changes, Markov-cellular automata model was used (Jenerette and all, 2001). Al-Din and Al-Drandali in 2004 presented a new system in which the use of Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) is integrated through the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the optimal location for a specific facility.