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  3. Investigating the hydrogeomorphology of the Masuleh River basin with an emphasis on waterfalls in the region

Investigating the hydrogeomorphology of the Masuleh River basin with an emphasis on waterfalls in the region

Number of pages: 200 File Format: word File Code: 29726
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Geography - Urban Planning
Tags/Keywords: Environmental management - Environmental planning - Geology - Geomorphology - Hydrogeomorphology - Masuleh - River Khan
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  • Summary of Investigating the hydrogeomorphology of the Masuleh River basin with an emphasis on waterfalls in the region

    Dissertation for Master's Degree

    Field: Natural Geography

    Trend: Geomorphology in Environmental Planning

    Abstract

    This research, using the descriptive and analytical method along with library and documentary studies and field observations, investigates the hydrogeomorphology of the Masuleh River basin with an emphasis on the waterfalls of the region and is as follows. The studied watershed with an area of ??4195.46 hectares is a part of the watershed of Masoleh River and is one of the branches of this watershed. Its geological units include Paleozoic rocks and Jurassic and Cretaceous (Mesozoic) sedimentary rocks. The foundation stone of Masoleh city is placed on phyllitic and slate rocks, and except for the heights of the region, which are covered with pastures and have been destroyed, the other areas are covered by forests and pastures. In terms of sensitivity to erosion, Permian limestone units (P) and quartzite rocks (Pzs) are in the low range, Paleozoic rocks including phyllite, slate and conglomerate are in the medium range, and medium to thin-layered limestones and Cretaceous siltstones (Kln) and Shamashk Formation with Chile lithology, sandstone are in the high range. In terms of permeability, Cretaceous silty and silty units and Paleozoic quartzite are in the medium range, Shili and sandstone units of the Shamshak formation, Paleozoic metamorphic rocks (phyllite, slate and conglomerate) and the Permian limestone unit are in the low range. In terms of sliding and falling potentials, it is important due to climatic and tectonic conditions, and the phenomena of sliding and falling are clearly visible in the outskirts of Masuleh city. Also, there are clay materials in the area next to Masoleh municipality and homogeneous mixture in the heights of Doli Chal and in the western part of the flood warning station. The geomorphology of the area is completely mountainous and includes 6 lithological types and 18 geomorphological facies, including soil facies, various rock outcrops, and landslide areas. In general, it can be said that the slope of the area is high and the bedrock in the bed of the rivers is high, also there are erosion facies in the upstream areas (Andreh, Doli Chal and Khall Dasht), and for this reason, during the rains, the risk of flooding threatens the downstream areas, especially the historical city of Masuleh. There are six waterfalls in this basin, the type of soil and the type of land along with climatic conditions play a role in their occurrence.

    Key words: hydrogeomorphology survey, basin, waterfall, Masuleh Rudkhan

    Abstract

    This research, using descriptive and analytical methods along with library and document studies and field observations, investigated the hydrogeomorphology of the Masuleh Rudkhan basin with an emphasis on the waterfalls of the region. The description is below. The studied watershed with an area of ??4195.46 hectares is a part of the watershed of Masoleh River and is one of the branches of this watershed. Its geological units include Paleozoic rocks and Jurassic and Cretaceous (Mesozoic) sedimentary rocks. The foundation stone of Masoleh city is placed on phyllitic and slate rocks, and except for the heights of the region, which are covered with pastures and have been destroyed, the other areas are covered by forests and pastures. In terms of sensitivity to erosion, Permian limestone units (P) and quartzite rocks (Pzs) are in the low range, Paleozoic rocks including phyllite, slate and conglomerate are in the medium range, and medium to thin-layered limestones and Cretaceous siltstones (Kln) and Shamashk Formation with Chile lithology, sandstone are in the high range. In terms of permeability, Cretaceous silty and silty units and Paleozoic quartzite are in the medium range, Shili and sandstone units of the Shamshak formation, Paleozoic metamorphic rocks (phyllite, slate and conglomerate) and the Permian limestone unit are in the low range. In terms of sliding and falling potentials, it is important due to climatic and tectonic conditions, and the phenomena of sliding and falling are clearly visible in the outskirts of Masuleh city. Also, there are clay materials in the area next to Masoleh municipality and homogeneous mixture in the heights of Doli Chal and in the western part of the flood warning station. The geomorphology of the area is completely mountainous and includes 6 lithological types and 18 geomorphological facies, including soil facies, various rock outcrops, and landslide areas. In general, it can be said that the slope of the area is high and the bedrock in the bed of the rivers is high, also there are erosion facies in the upstream areas (Andreh, Doli Chal and Khall Dasht), and for this reason, during the rains, the risk of flooding threatens the downstream areas, especially the historical city of Masuleh.

    Key words: hydrogeomorphology, watershed, waterfall, Masuleh Rodkhan

    Introduction

    With the progress of the progressive world and technology, the phenomenon of erosion and sedimentation in watersheds is one of the main limiting factors in the natural process of existing ecosystems. So that nowadays there are few places of watershed areas that have not been exposed to soil destruction and erosion. By further investigating the effective causes of this phenomenon, it can be seen that the main factor is the exploitation of nature and, in fact, to humans. In social life and with the increasing population, man is constantly seeking to increase exploitation to meet food needs and necessities of life, as a result of overexploitation of land, mismanagement of natural resources has caused very severe erosion processes on land surfaces. .

    The studies of the Masoleh basin of Gilan province have been carried out with the aim of investigating the hydrogeomorphology of the Masoleh River basin, with an emphasis on the waterfalls of the region, by investigating various topics in the field of climate, geology, hydrology and water resources of the basin. In the section of geomorphology and the discussion of erosion and sedimentation, with the aim of identifying and investigating the existing forms of basin erosion, investigating the effective causes of erosion and the amount and evaluating the amount of soil erosion and sedimentation, it has addressed these issues. By implementing comprehensive watershed management programs in the way of water and soil protection, controlling floods and seasonal runoff, it is possible to be safe from the severity of soil erosion in the Kast Basin and from the losses and risks caused by it. This will be successful when it is accompanied by the participation and involvement of the residents of the basins and proper training on the use of resources. According to the above, this research is divided into the following five chapters: Chapter 1: General research

    Chapter 2: Theoretical foundations of the research

    Chapter 3: The natural background of the research

    Chapter 4: Research findings

    Chapter 5: Conclusions, answers to assumptions and suggestions, and finally sources and references. 

    1-1 statement of the problem

    Comprehensive investigation of watersheds in terms of hydromorphology is a basic solution for ecosystem management, which will lead to better protection of natural resources. Land use changes and climate fluctuations are among the factors that affect the natural cycle of water in the ecosystem. The slope of the ranges and their classification, the slope of the bed, the vegetation, the type and shape of the land and the type of crops planted on the land, the flow regimes or the flow mode of the crustal regime, the depth regime, the permanent and seasonal regime, the lithology and thickness of the formations and the formation and flow of water in a basin along with the shape of the basin are among the things that are studied in hydromorphology.

    The country of Iran on a global scale, according to the existing conditions, is one of the new lands that are one of the abilities And it has very valuable variations. In order to make proper use of these abilities, it is very important to know the limitations and sensitivities of the natural environment in this land. Geomorphological studies, which reflect the results of geological, hydrological and climatology processes, play a decisive role in this identification.

    Gilan province, with its special and unique geographical conditions, especially with dense forests and abundant rainfall, has made it possible for river basins to undergo changes due to various types of erosion and over time, geomorphological phenomena appear in it.

    The basin of Masuleh River in the west of Gilan originates from the heights of Shah Moalem mountains and it is renamed as "Zigel" and "Likund" with the name of Masuleh in Sarayan region. The maximum height of Masuleh river basin is 3000 meters. Masuleh Rudkhan enters the Anzali Wetland in "Chumthaqal". Therefore, this research aims to investigate the hydromorphology of the Masuleh River basin and evaluate this basin in terms of hydrology and morphology.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the hydrogeomorphology of the Masuleh River basin with an emphasis on waterfalls in the region

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Introduction .. 2

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1 statement of the problem.. 4

    1-2 research questions. 4

    1-3 research hypothesis. 5

    1-4 research objectives. 5

    1-5 types of research methods. 6

    1-6 information gathering methods. 7

    1-7 information gathering tools. 7

    1-8 information analysis methods. 8

    1-9 research records. 8

    1-10 research area. 13

    1-11 research limitations. 15

    Chapter Two: Theoretical Foundations of Research

    2-1 Hydrology. 17

    2-2 catchment area. 18

    2-3 river network. 18

    2-3-1 density of the river network. 19

    2-3-2 categories. 19

    2-3-3 branching ratio. 19

    2-4 geometric features of the basin. 20

    2-4-1 Basin area. 20

    2-4-2 basin environment. 20

    2-4-3 length of the main waterway. 21

    2-4-4 basin shape. 21

    2-4-4-1 shape factor (Horten method). 21

    2-4-4-2 compression ratio. 21

    2-4-4-3 Shyum coefficient or elongation coefficient or length ratio. 22

    2-4-4-4 Shape index. 22

    2-4-4-5 circular ratio. 22

    2-4-4-6 roundness factor (Miller). 23

    2-5 checking the elevation of the basin. 23

    2-5-1 average height of the basin. 23

    2 - 5 - 2 height curves. 23

    2-5-2-1 hypsometric curve. 24

    2-5-2-2 altimetry diagram of the basin. 24

    2-6 survey of the slope of the basin. 24

    2-6-1 gross slope of the main river. 25

    2-6-2 Slope of the basin lands. 25

    2 - 7 concentration time. 25

    2-7-1 Kerpich method. 26

    2-7-2 Concentration time in the California method. 26

    2-7-3 Chow method. 26

    2-7-4 Giandotti method. 27

    2-8 geomorphological phenomena. 27

    2-8-1 ridges. 27

    2 -8- 2 domains.. 27

    2 -8-2-1 types of domains. 28

    2-8-2-2 Slope cut or sudden change of slopes. 29

    2-8-2-3 Abyss. 29

    2-8-2-4 erosion of domains. 29

    2-8-3 Efkene cone. 31

    2-8-4 delta.. 31

    2-9 karst valleys. 32

    2-10 cave.. 33

    2-11 system approach in geomorphology. 33

    2-12 Morphometry. 34

    2-13 river erosion system. 34

    2-14 Geomorphology. 34

    2-14-1 Meander. 35

    2-14-2 Canyon. 35

    2-14-3 River valley. 35

    2-14-4 waterfall. 36

    2-14-4-1 How to form a waterfall. 36

    2-14-4-2 types of waterfalls. 37

    2-15 geomorphological map. 38

    2-16 Geomorphic planning. 38

    2-17 Morphology. 39

    2-18 Hydrogeomorphology. 39

    2-19 Sediment.. 40

    Chapter 3: Geographical features of the research area

    3-1 Location.. 42

    3-2 Division of the basin into appropriate sub-basins and hydrological units. 44

    3-3 Geology and stratigraphy. 46

    3-4 soil.. 50

    3-5 determination of physiographic characteristics. 53

    3-5-1 area and perimeter. 53

    3-5-2 low and high. 53

    3-5-2-1 minimum and maximum height of the basin. 55

    3-5-2-2 Average height of the basin. 55

    3-5-2-3 height with the highest level (height mode). 55

    3-5-2-4 middle height. 56

    3-5-2-5 Distribution of height relative to the surface and hypsometry of the basin. 58

    3-5-3 basin slope. 60

    3-5-3-1 average slope of the basin. 61

    3-5-3-2 Determining the level of slope classes and preparing slope distribution tables with levels and curves. 62

    3-5-4 hydrographic network. 63

    3-5-4-1 form of hydrographic network or drainage network. 65

    3-5-4-1-1 ranking of waterways or arrangement of waterways. 65

    3-5-4-1-2 branching ratio or bifurcation coefficient. 65

    3-5-4-1-3 Waterway network density or drainage density. 65

    3-5-5 Longitudinal profile of the main waterway. 69

    3-5-6 slope of the main waterway. 69

    3-5-7 concentration time. 71

    3-5-7-1 Bransby-Williams relationship. 71

    3-5-7-2 Giandotti method. 71

    3-5-7-3 tile method. 71

    3-5-7-4 Chav method (CHAV). 72

    3-5-7-5 California method. 72

    3-5-8 characteristic parameters of the shape of the basin. 74

    3-5-8-1 Compression factor. 74

    3-5-8-2 coefficient. 74

    3-5-8-2 Basin form factor. 75

    3-5-8-3 roundness factor. 75

    3-5-8-4 basin elongation factor. 76

    3-5-8-5 equivalent rectangles. 76

    3-5-8-6 diameter of a coplanar circle. 76

    Chapter Four: Research Findings

    4-1 Climate. 79

    4-1-1 Weather station network and base station selection. 79

    4-1-2 Collecting statistics and information and choosing a common time period. 80

    4-1-3 Annual precipitation. 81

    4-1-4 Data quality control (homogeneity test). 81

    4-1-5 Reconstruction, completion and extension of statistics. 82

    4-1-6 Check the rainfall regime. 85

    4-1-7 rainfall gradient. 86

    4-1-8 Annual rainfall characteristics of the basin and its sub-basins. 87

    4-1-9 Checking the frequency of annual atmospheric precipitation. 88

    4-1-10 Monthly rainfall distribution. 90

    4-1-11 seasonal rainfall. 91

    4-1-12 maximum rainfall in 24 hours. 93

    4-1-13 temperature. 94

    4-1-14 thermal regime of the region. 95

    4-1-15 relative humidity. 98

    4-1-15-1 Investigation of relative humidity in the region. 98

    4-1-16 frosty days. 102

    4-1-17 sunny and cloudy hours. 103

    4-1-18 sunny hours. 103

    4-1-19 Abranaki. 103

    4-1-20 Evaporation and transpiration. 106

    4-1-20-1 Evaporation from pan. 107

    4-1-20-2 Potential evaporation and transpiration (ETO). 109

    4-1-20-3 True evaporation and transpiration. 111

    4-1-21 wind. 112

    4-1-21-1 Area wind speed and direction. 113

    4-1-22 type of climate. 114

    4-1-22-1 Dumarten climate classification. 114

    4-1-22-2 Ambergris climate classification. 115

    4-1-22-3 ambrothermic curve. 117

    4-2 Hydrology. 118

    4-2-1 Estimation of annual runoff using "regional methods". 118

    4-2-2 Network of hydrometric stations. 119

    4-2-3 Choosing the common time base (statistical index period). 122

    4-2-4 Checking the quality of statistical data. 122

    4-2-5 Reconstruction, completion and extension of statistics. 123

    4-2-6 specific discharge or net runoff. 126

    4-2-7 runoff coefficient. 126

    4-2-8 monthly runoff. 128

    4-2-9 Seasonal runoff. 131

    4-2-10 flow regime. 133

    4-2-11 Estimation of the base discharge of the main waterway and sub-basins. 133

    4-2-12 Bilan Abi. 135

    4-2-13 Geomorphology. 136

    4-2-13-1 Folds. 136

    4-2-13-2 Faults. 137

    4-2-14 Investigating the quantitative sensitivity of rocks to water erosion. 139

    4-2-14-1 Geological units with low relative erodibility. 142

    4-2-14-2 Geological units with moderate erodibility. 142

    4-2-14-3 geological units with moderate to high erodibility. 142

    4-2-14-4 geological units with very high erodibility. 142

    4-2-15 Investigating the origin of sediments and the effects of their displacement factors. 145

    4-2-16. Investigating the permeability of geological formations and its quantitative and qualitative effects on water resources. 146

    4-2-16-1 Geological units with high relative permeability. 146

    4-2-16-2 geological units with medium permeability. 147

    4-2-16-3 geological units with low relative permeability. 147

    4-2-16-4 Checking the stability of sliding and falling zones. 148

    4-2-17 Investigating the causes of geomorphological changes in the basin, including the causes of climate, tectonics and human activities. 150

    4-2-18 Investigating the sedimentation role of each of the geomorphological facies. 151

    4-2-18-1 limestone-siltstone type (Kln). 151

    4-2-18-2 limestone type (p). 154

    4-2-18-3 Chile-sandstone type (Shamshak Formation). 156

    4-2 – 18-4 quartzite-shale-siltstone type. 159

    4-2-18-5 phyllite-slate type. 160

    4-2-18-6 alluvial type. 161

    . 4-2-19 Investigating the role of geomorphology of the region in intensifying natural phenomena. 163

    4-2-19-1 Investigating special cases affecting the basin (avalanche areas, mines, etc.). 163

    4-2- 19-2 Checking stability, sliding and falling areas. 163

    4-2-20 Cascade. 167

    Chapter Five: Conclusions, answers to assumptions and suggestions

    5-1 Conclusion. 172

    5-2 hypothesis answer. 174

    Sources and sources. 178

    Source:

    -Ahmadi, Hassan, 1374, Applied Geomorphology, first volume (water erosion), second edition, Tehran University Press, p. 614.

Investigating the hydrogeomorphology of the Masuleh River basin with an emphasis on waterfalls in the region
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