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Number of pages: 60 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education (M.A.) Major: Exercise Physiology Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training on the serum levels of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight men. For this purpose, 20 overweight men were randomly divided into two groups (experimental=10, control=10). ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering - Structures Abstract: One of the important problems in seismic design and implementation of buildings is the significant dead weight used in it. Therefore, in the case of using lightweight concrete that has favorable mechanical properties, significant benefits can be obtained, including a reduction in dead load and ...

Number of pages: 181 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree > Direction: Hydraulic Structures Abstract: One of the assumptions that is made to simplify the dynamic analysis of the existing weighted concrete dams is the uniformity of the foundation in terms of physical parameters such as modulus of elasticity and damping. This is despite the fact that, in practice, different geological conditions may ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree Abstract: Dealing with external forces such as earthquakes is one of the most important missions of civil engineers. In order to achieve this goal, the light metal frame system, which has advantages such as the possibility of industrial production, prefabrication and lightness, can be considered as a suitable alternative to traditional systems. ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Physical Education - Sports

. Introduction In all recorded historical texts, the ability to generate power has fascinated man. Although modern technology has reduced the need for maximal strength levels for normal daily activities, from a scientific and clinical point of view muscle strength is of particular importance for health [1], optimal sports performance [2] and increased quality of life [3]. The ...

Number of pages: 239 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for Master's Degree Abstract Weight is one of the main elements of poetry and one of the most important influencing factors, and it is a form that a creative poet breathes soul into and covers his body with words with his own taste; Each of the weights of the poem has a special music and mood, and these moods make it heavy or heavy, happy or sad, epic, proof, ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation: To receive a master's degree in the field of physical education and sports science (sports physiology orientation) Keywords: aerobic exercise, weight, body fat percentage, teenage girls Abstract The purpose of this research was the effect of intermittent aerobic exercise on the weight and body fat percentage of teenage girls. For this purpose, 30 students aged ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Nursing Education (Pediatrics) Abstract Introduction: The birth of a low birth weight baby is considered one of the most serious health problems in the world, which imposes great pressure on the health service system and family members. Among the maternal factors related to underweight, the lifestyle of the mother during pregnancy plays the ...

Number of pages: 62 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education (M.A.) Major: Exercise Physiology Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training on the serum levels of growth hormone and ghrelin in overweight men. For this purpose, 20 overweight men were randomly divided into two groups (experimental=10, control=10). ...

Number of pages: 60 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of: physical training, majoring in sports physiology. The abstract of this research is a semi-experimental research that was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the effect of plyometric and strength exercises with weights on the physical fitness factors of the Iranian men's national liver team. The subjects of ...

Number of pages: 197 Category: Health - Health

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Nursing Education (Community Health Orientation) Abstract: Introduction: Overweight and obesity are one of the health related problems, the prevalence of which is increasing in developed and developing countries and has become a health problem. Obesity in childhood and adolescence, especially during the second decade of life, is a strong ...

Number of pages: 198 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Nursing Education (Community Health Orientation) Abstract: Introduction: Overweight and obesity are one of the health related problems, the prevalence of which is increasing in developed and developing countries and has become a health problem. Obesity in childhood and adolescence, especially during the second decade of life, is a strong ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation: To receive a Ph.D. Abstract Introduction: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuro-behavioral syndrome that is characterized by inattention, irritability, high activity, anxious and turbulent behaviors, especially in boys. The etiology of ADHD has not yet been determined, but brain volume reduction, low birth weight, and brain injuries during ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Civil Engineering

Doctoral Dissertation in Civil Engineering - Summer 2013 Earthquake Abstract One of the appropriate tools to know the condition of the network­ As one of the vital artery systems, water distribution is an indicator of reliability. one hand

Number of pages: 145 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering (M.Sc) Orientation: Structure Winter 2013 Abstract: Resilient construction of important government buildings, infrastructure facilities and vital arteries due to the increase

Number of pages: 154 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in civil engineering – Spring 2014 structure trend, first chapter, general research 1-1- Introduction: Mostly structures for severe earthquakes and surface acceptance

Number of pages: 92 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of master's degree in civil-structural engineering Abstract: Divergent bracing frames are considered earthquake-resistant systems for steel structures. These braces are from my difficulty

Number of pages: 104 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering - Earthquake Engineering March 2012 Abstract Reinforced soil is a special material that is created from the combination of soil and reinforcing member. Arming components resistant to N

Number of pages: 170 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Civil Engineering – Earthquake Engineering 2013 Abstract: Concrete beam and slab bridges with neoprene supports are among the most common highway bridges in the country.

Number of pages: 115 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Industrial Management (Production Orientation) Summer 1990 Abstract With the current progress of industries, the return and reuse of used products is one of the activities of May.

Number of pages: 104 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis of Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department: Carpet (Painting), October 2013 Abstract: Today, in today's advanced and industrialized world, using new methods, it is trying to make Tul products

Number of pages: 107 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering – Summer Industries 2013 Abstract A supply chain is a collection of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors.

Number of pages: 124 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering, Mehr 2011, Identifying the value[1] of customers, one of the main components of success in the store. There are different types that are more attention today than before

Number of pages: 117 Category: Industrial Engineering

Master's Thesis M.Sc. Industrial Engineering Industries-Industries trend of academic year 1389-1392 Abstract: With increasing government supervision and the increasing attention of public opinion to environmental issues, companies

Number of pages: 65 Category: Industrial Engineering

Thesis for the M.Sc degree in wood and paper industry engineering, Mehr 2013 Abstract: In this research, the physical and mechanical properties of nanocomposites obtained from cellulose nanofibers and poly polymers

Number of pages: 146 Category: Management

Thesis of master's degree, field of industrial management, research trend in operations, Shahrivar 2019. Abstract How and what to choose has long been the subject of discussion among philosophers and scientists, therefore, obtaining satisfactory results requires

Number of pages: 126 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract: A woman has always been a woman in our vast world. In all places of this world, since the beginning of its existence on earth, regardless of time, place, race, color, and ritual, it has held a special responsibility. Giving birth and raising and reaching maturity is a part of a woman's life. Considering the fact that women are the nurturers and behavioral models of the ...

Number of pages: 93 Category: Librarianship

Master's Thesis in Accounting (M.A) Abstract In this research, the relationship between the joint board of directors, discretionary disclosures and profit quality in 57 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange from the beginning of 2015 to the end of 2010 is examined. In this research, stock volatility, joint management board and independent director are considered as ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering, Industrial Orientation, Esfand 90, Abstract Today, due to the progress in technology, the globalization of markets, the diversity of customer demand, and the increase

Number of pages: 188 Category: Psychology

Abstract: Evaluating employees' performance is one of the most effective tools for measuring efficiency and making decisions about their careers. Recruitment and training, retention, relocation, encouragement and punishment, retrenchment and other issues related to employees are all related to the performance evaluation system. The purpose of this research is to provide a ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Orientation: Preschool Education Abstract The present study is a quasi-experimental research with a control and experimental group, which deals with the effect of preschool games on the mental and social skills of children in preschool centers in District 1 of Shiraz city in the academic year of 2012-2013. The statistical population ...

Number of pages: 169 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General, Investigating the effectiveness of exercise on the level of self-esteem, happiness and quality of life of young people. For this purpose, among the beginner athletes who referred to the Darab fitness club in the summer of 2013, 60 people were available and 60 people were selected from normal people and they were matched ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of geography, urban planning, abstract Urban crises are an integral part of urban management, and this issue takes a much more complicated form in metropolitan cities, considering the large and growing population of Isfahan metropolis and its location in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, the occurrence of a large earthquake or other natural and human ...

Number of pages: 227 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) specialization: tourism planning, thesis abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): sustainable development is one of the key and widely used issues of the modern world. The tourism industry is not excluded from this category in direct connection with geography. Changing the use of an abandoned ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in GIS and Remote Sensing in Urban and Rural Studies Abstract: Choosing a suitable place for activity at the neighborhood and regional level is one of the basic decisions to carry out a research project that requires research in a studied place from different perspectives. At the scale of localities and regions, locating is an activity that ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of information technology management, e-business orientation Abstract: In today's era, one of the most important human inventions that have brought about tremendous changes in the life of humanity is the emergence of the computer, followed by the Internet, which has created a virtual world and an incentive for universities to invest in the field of ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Economics

Economic and administrative sciences (to obtain a master's degree) February 2012 Abstract Considering the importance of economic growth in the progress of societies, the study of factors that affect economic growth is of particular importance. in

Number of pages: 303 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a doctorate degree in the field of geography and rural planning. Dissertation/dissertation abstract: The development of the agricultural sector in rural areas is based on the existence of natural talents and the realization of planning goals for the establishment of development facilities and requirements. This is despite the fact that some rural ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Economics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management (M.A.) Direction: Finance Abstract Capital market activists and stakeholders of companies offering shares need a tool so that they can compare similar companies and choose the desired shares based on this and considering the purpose of investment. Therefore, the design of the performance evaluation model and rating of ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Management

Department: Business Thesis for receiving a master's degree, orientation: financial management Abstract One of the ways to earn more profit in different companies is to choose the right financing method. The attitude towards the financial markets has caused some to consider it only the gains and losses arising from the price fluctuations of financial assets. While the impact of ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Educational Technology (M.A) Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of music-based education in reducing the learning disorder of elementary school students in Gilangreb city. The method used in this type of research is quasi-experimental with post-test and pre-test and two experimental and control groups. The ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) orientation: general. Comparison of executive functions in patients with schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms, major depression without psychotic symptoms and normal people in Shiraz (2013). Abstract Various researches have proposed cognitive deficits as one of the important aspects of schizophrenia. In addition, the ...

Number of pages: 277 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Educational Department of Human Geography Master's Thesis Research Plan Abstract: The neighborhood is considered as the smallest urban space, the cell of urban life and a dynamic element in proper urban governance. The divisions and boundaries of urban neighborhoods have undergone changes and transformations from the Islamic period to the new period. In the past, neighborhood ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning Abstract One of the issues that most cities in the world are struggling with is natural disasters. Due to the unpredictability of natural disasters and the need to make quick and correct decisions and implement operations, theoretical and fundamental foundations have created a knowledge under the title of crisis ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geomorphology in Environmental Planning Abstract Geotourism is one of the newest and most popular branches of tourism and its fans are increasing every day and it is considered a tool for sustainable development. Geotourism or geotourism is a branch of tourism whose purpose is to enjoy seeing beautiful and amazing geological and ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Accounting Abstract The main goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between information asymmetry and the cost of equity. The statistical sample of this research included 118 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 1385 to 1391 (a period of 6 years). The present research method is descriptive and ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Communication, Advertising Orientation and Cultural Communication Abstract: This research aims to investigate the role of new media in promoting religious culture among communication students of Tehran and Soura University. The main question of this research is whether there is a relationship between new media and the promotion of religious culture. In this ...

Number of pages: 186 Category: Management

Master's Thesis of Industrial Management (M.A.) Abstract The increasing acceleration of the process of growth and development as well as the increasing complexity of industrial projects along with the progress of science and technology has caused the issue and process of selecting a contractor to be considered as an important and key factor in the success of industrial projects ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

In the current situation known as late modernity, where the lines and borders of social distinctions are formed based on lifestyles and cultural consumption, the dimensions, levels, qualities and methods of body management [1] have become very complex and important. In general, in this era when the world has become a multicultural phenomenon [2], advanced technology has pushed ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Faculty of Postgraduate Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Thesis for receiving the Master's degree "".M.A"" specialization Pathology Abstract The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the type of sleeping with lumbar lordosis and to provide corrective movements in boys aged 10 to 14 years of Islamabad Gharb city. For ...

Number of pages: 93 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) major: psychology and education of exceptional children Abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and obtained results): The present study compares perception and visual and auditory memory in educable mentally retarded girls with and without physical-motor disabilities in Tehran. 1391-92

Number of pages: 103 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of physical education, orientation: sports science. Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of plyometric training on agility, explosive power, and speed of 21-17-year-old male badminton players. The research subjects were 40 elite male badminton players aged 17-21, who were randomly divided into ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for receiving Ph.D. specialization: sports management and planning 1.1 Introduction The chaotic economic situation has had a significant impact on the attendance of all kinds of sports customers and consumers, including spectators, participants, buyers of goods, etc. For this reason, investigating the behavior of sports consumers [1] has gained significant ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Sports Physiology. Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the physical fitness of the personnel of the Security Department of the Central Organization of Islamic Azad University and compare it with international standards. The statistical population included all ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, specialization: Marketing, Abstract: Today, financial service institutions have taken over a major part of economic and commercial activities. In institutions where services play an important role, it is the human force that provides services to customers, and it is the employees who determine the success or failure of the ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Textile Industries

Dissertation to receive the master's degree ""M.S.c"" specialization: Textile chemistry and fiber science Abstract: One of the important processes in the completion of textile goods is the underhand improvement in textiles. Finishing the softener provides a desirable softness to the fabric and improves its properties, and the main goals of the softener are to reduce static ...

Number of pages: 221 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of geography and urban planning. Abstract: Managing and guiding the movement of people and goods on the level of the roads of a city with the aim of increasing the speed, safety and reducing the cost of transportation is the most important goal of creating urban transportation systems. One of the most important infrastructures ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc degree in natural geography-geomorphology in environmental planning. Abstract The city expands in the geographical environment not based on capacity and facilities but on the basis of urgency and necessity. This issue is very noticeable in today's cities. It is noteworthy that the city must be in harmony with its natural location and it is essential that ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management, Financial Orientation Introduction In today's industrial world, which is affected by tight industrial competition, the need to pay attention to the quality of the final product or service and its continuous improvement is of particular importance for the managers of any production or service organization. In other words, ...

Number of pages: 168 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree, specialization: accounting, abstract: several studies have proven that stock returns perform differently in different time horizons, short-term, medium-term, and long-term. Two important and widely used strategies among analysts, portfolio managers and other investors in the current capital markets of the world are the reverse ...

Number of pages: 200 Category: Management

Thesis for Master's Degree in Industrial Management Abstract Maintenance and repairs play an important role in maintaining reliability, availability, product quality, reducing risk, increasing efficiency and security of equipment. Manufacturing companies are always trying to reduce production costs. One of the basic costs of these enterprises is the cost of repairs, which mainly ...

Number of pages: 176 Category: Management

Prioritization of knowledge management solutions with fuzzy QFD approach (Study case: Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Shiraz) Abstract One of the government departments of the country, which is very knowledge-based and takes a huge part of government resources, is the hospital management department. Providing healthcare services to patients is a complex endeavor that is increasingly ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining the master's degree ""M.A"" field: business management, domestic business orientation. Abstract Turning to regionalism and economic integrations is one of the solutions that developing economies adopt to deal with the phenomenon of globalization. The country of the Islamic Republic of Iran cannot accept or reject the conditions of globalization all at once. ...

Number of pages: 77 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master Degree (M.A.) in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract Access to urban services is one of the important issues that affect various aspects of urban affairs. Healthcare services are an example of this category, which requires proper access to them for all people. Deciding on the location of healthcare service centers, including hospitals, not only in terms ...

Number of pages: 186 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: The increase in the population of cities and how to settle them is one of the problems of today's cities, and due to the need to preserve agricultural and natural lands as well as reduce urban costs, the issue of the optimal distribution of population density is of particular ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Orientation: ""Strategic"" Introduction Today, the need for proper planning is clear in order to correctly estimate the time and cost of the project and the amount of resources required in a project, which have a direct impact on the implementation, administration and proper exploitation of projects such as dam construction and building. ...

Number of pages: 178 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract: Urban heat islands are areas of the earth's surface that have a higher temperature than neighboring areas. The spread of this phenomenon varies in space and time. The creation of thermal islands and its spatial and temporal changes are mostly ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

An academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of: Geography, specialization: tourism planning. In this research, the ecotourism attractions in Ramyan city of Golestan province and providing solutions for the development of ecotourism in this city have been investigated. To present the solutions, two techniques of SWAT and hierarchical analysis were used. First, ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) in the field of industrial management, production orientation. Abstract This research is an attempt to identify and rank the factors affecting scientific valuation in the country's strategic industries. Considering the technology-oriented nature of these industries, technical knowledge as one of the intangible factors of ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Ecotourism Abstract: The tourism industry, as a dynamic industry with its innovation-oriented features, has taken an important part of production activities in the advanced and growing world. The growth of this industry in every country requires proper strategy and planning and management. The purpose of this research, which is carried out in ...

Number of pages: 168 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) specialization: Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems Abstract The uneven growth and unprincipled urban development due to the incompatibility between different urban uses and the lack of urban unit management has caused problems in the urban system in Region Three (in the area of ??Vanak Square). In this area, the lack of ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in electrical engineering, electronics, abstract. The many advantages of on-site calibration compared to calibration in the calibration center have led to the formation of mobile calibration teams in all companies that work in the field of calibration. Therefore, in recent years, the design of standards and equipment suitable for ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management (Financial Orientation) Abstract: Considering the necessity and importance of studying the efficiency of banks, in order to identify inefficient units and plan to improve the performance of banks, in the present study, the efficiency of 20 branches of Tejarat Bank branches in Tehran city and in the period of 2009 and 2010 ...

Number of pages: 93 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for master's degree in literature and humanities Abstract Shaarno has impressive and admirable expressive and rhetorical strengths and differs from old poetry in terms of face, intentions and concepts, form and content, rhetorical forms, weight, song and music, and areas of emotion, feeling and imagination. One of the fields in which contemporary poetry has a new ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering Kidney stones are one of the most common diseases in the world, most of its crystals consist of calcium oxalate crystals. Therefore, it has been a long time that the investigation of effective substances in controlling this disease through the control of calcium oxalate crystals has been considered. The purpose of this ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Master's Thesis of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sports Physiology, Abstract Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antibiotic with a wide range of anti-tumor and anti-cancer (anti-neoplastic) functions and has been widely used in the treatment of various cancers since the late 60s. Unfortunately, the clinical use of this highly effective anticancer drug has been limited, and this is ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of remote sensing and geographic information system, abstract distribution and optimal location of fire stations is very important because of the increasing importance and attention to the issue of safety in cities and providing measures in the field of preventing and dealing with fire and accidents. Urban planning has a ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis on Natural Resources - Desertification Abstract Mangrove forests are located in the southern coastal areas of Iran, and due to their numerous functions and environmental values, it is necessary to protect, restore and develop them. Deciding the way to act in a certain way is consciously to achieve the goals, so as to choose a suitable option among various ...

Number of pages: 72 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (M. Sc. Orientation: Urban and Rural Abstract Considering the growth of the population today, agglomeration and settlement is an urgent need. Locating and allocating land is considered as a main pillar, which is done traditionally and by trial and error in most cases. Many criteria are involved in locating the ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: Remote Sensing and Urban and Rural Geographical Information System Abstract: Subsidence phenomenon is one of the natural disasters that causes the reduction of underground resources such as underground water, oil, etc. One of the most important causes of land subsidence is the drop in static level and increase in effective ...