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Number of pages: 198 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of research overview Introduction: With the development of cities and the increase in demand for intra-city travel, the need to move people and goods has increased day by day in recent years. Meanwhile, transportation experts and urban planners have found the only way to manage transportation and traffic in cities is to increase the share of mass and public ...

Number of pages: 225 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of urban planning, urban planning, abstract Urban transportation is one of the main sub-sectors of urban development and planning. Every day, citizens are in contact with pedestrian and bicycle networks and different types of transportation and use urban transportation to meet a range of needs for work, education, shopping, recreation, etc.; ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract The increase in population and the excessive development of cities, especially in their outskirts, regardless of environmental and human characteristics, has caused irreparable damage to the environment and its residents. For this reason, the issues of ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Management

Master's Thesis Field: MBA Abstract About two-thirds of the world's energy is consumed in cities. Along with the many solutions that have been provided to reduce the energy demand, some technologies and researches have also been aimed at optimizing the energy supply. The technology of simultaneous production of electricity and heat is among the technologies that have been ...

Number of pages: 174 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis (or dissertation) to receive the master's degree. In the field of architecture, the architectural trend of Bahman 93 abstract: Since the creation of multi-purpose and multi-functional spaces in

Number of pages: 120 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in the Department of Geography and Urban Planning Abstract One of the phenomena that today's cities, especially large cities, are facing is the phenomenon of high-rise construction. The rapid and uncontrolled growth of the population in cities and the consequent need for housing on a large scale, on the one hand, and preventing the horizontal ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for the Master's degree ""M.A"" Field: Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: Today, with the expansion of cities and the growth of urbanization, as well as the increase in problems and dilemmas caused by this process and the importance of finding integrated management and balanced, comprehensive and sustainable development of the city, the discussion of improving ...

Number of pages: 200 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Chapter 1 1-1-Introduction Climate[1] is a complex system[2] that is changing mainly due to the increase of greenhouse gases. During the 20th century, especially in the last two decades, the climate of the earth lost its balance and showed a tendency to increase the temperature (Rahimiu et al., 2012). According to many experts, climate change is a natural phenomenon[3] that has ...

Number of pages: 72 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (M. Sc. Orientation: Urban and Rural Abstract Considering the growth of the population today, agglomeration and settlement is an urgent need. Locating and allocating land is considered as a main pillar, which is done traditionally and by trial and error in most cases. Many criteria are involved in locating the ...

Number of pages: 171 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning. Abstract: The sustainability of sustainable transportation systems is not only limited to their creation. The spaces resulting from these systems are also important due to the evaluation of the efficiency of the above systems that provide the possibility of presence, movement and access in them. For this purpose, ...

Number of pages: 188 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the department of geography and urban planning. Abstract The increasing population growth and the increase in the rate of ownership of rides and the increase in the flow of urban traffic have caused problems in the movement of passengers. One of the most important urban elements is the public transportation systems of cities. On ...

Number of pages: 155 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering, Structural Orientation Abstract: Today, due to the increasing space limitations and economic savings, it is inevitable to use diagonal bridges to avoid lengthening the route and increase road safety. The diagonal issue of the bridge will cause a different and sometimes complex behavior in the bridge under the effect of the ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Business Management Abstract: By creating urban unit management, it is possible to manage affairs in a proper way and provide services in less time and more quickly. The management of the urban unit seeks to satisfy the clients. This satisfaction is achieved through providing diverse, fast and quality services. The purpose of this research is ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract Today, the use of inter-vehicle communication as one of the technologies to increase the safety and comfort of travel in the field of transportation and many car manufacturing companies is being considered. A type of waste of time and energy that includes a major part of street traffic is the problem of car parking. The ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Power Electrical Engineering Abstract In this thesis, a hybrid power generation system using fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor to power a light electric vehicle with independent excitation electric motor drive system was studied and simulated. The electric vehicle system consists of a feed and control system, multiple sources, power control ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract Today, the use of inter-vehicle communication as one of the technologies to increase the safety and comfort of travel in the field of transportation and many car manufacturing companies is being considered. A type of waste of time and energy that includes a major part of street traffic is the problem of car parking. The ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Power Electrical Engineering Abstract In this thesis, a hybrid power generation system using fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor to power a light electric vehicle with independent excitation electric motor drive system was studied and simulated. The electric vehicle system consists of a feed and control system, multiple sources, power control ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in mechanical engineering in the field of construction and production. Abstract: The growth and expansion of cities and the development of urban life require up-to-date and expandable infrastructure. Transportation systems are among the basic infrastructures in cities, among which the creation and development of subway networks is of ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree. " M.Sc» Orientation: road and transportation winter 2013 Abstract Traffic analysis is a necessary and complex component­ Transportation systems­

Number of pages: 151 Category: Management

Thesis of master's degree in the field: business management, orientation: international marketing Academic Year: 1391-1390 Abstract: This research aims to investigate investment attraction strategies and its obstacles in industrial development from

Number of pages: 181 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) Major: Climatology Abstract: Geographically, Iran has little rainfall due to its proximity to the subtropical high pressure center of STHP and the prevailing weather conditions of this system. In the southern regions of the country, as a result of the longer rule of this system, the drought phenomenon becomes more acute. Rainfall changes ...

Number of pages: 217 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of geography and urban planning Abstract The purpose of this research is to emphasize the importance of organizing Rasht Municipality Square with the approach of revitalizing historical cultural identity. Therefore, this aspect is a generalization of the classic relationship between organization and identity. Here, the main emphasis is on the impact ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation or thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of industrial engineering with a focus on social-economic systems in September. 2013 Summary of unexpected incidents and medical disasters

Number of pages: 160 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Thesis, Architectural Engineering, Shahrivar 2013 Abstract: The issue is that the structure of neighborhoods in the contemporary era of Iran, due to changes in the form of contemporary urban development, including networks and

Number of pages: 133 Category: Industrial Engineering

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in industrial engineering, Fall 2012 Abstract During the past years, many efforts have been made to reduce the cost of transportation by using different models.

Number of pages: 100 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Industrial Management - Operations Research. Abstract Many researches have been conducted in the field of urban transportation, each of them trying to improve these networks by specifying the type of vehicle and also a specific purpose. The current thesis also tries to provide a mathematical model to increase the income of Tehran subway. For this purpose, we ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in GIS and Remote Sensing in Urban and Rural Studies Abstract: Choosing a suitable place for activity at the neighborhood and regional level is one of the basic decisions to carry out a research project that requires research in a studied place from different perspectives. At the scale of localities and regions, locating is an activity that ...

Number of pages: 188 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis of Geography and Rural Planning Abstract In the past, tourism and tourism were special for nobles and elites and due to economic and technical bottlenecks and..... It did not play a significant role in the social, economic, and environmental aspects of human life. But in sync with the events and profound social and economic developments in the life of societies ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of the general research 1-1- Introduction The increasing development of natural resources and environmental science in the world has led to the creation of new branches of related sciences and industries, each of which in turn has the ability to influence the natural environment. The knowledge of ecotourism or nature tourism is considered as one of the most ...

Number of pages: 258 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Geography Abstract: Cities are complex and dynamic systems that have undergone physical, social, economic, etc. changes over time. In order to achieve urban development, achieving social welfare and improving the quality of life is one of the inalienable rights of every individual and society; thus, ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Master's thesis in information technology management, comprehensive quality trend, first chapter, introduction, the emergence of the global village, which has been in existence for several decades, has brought about tremendous changes in matters related to the management and organization of organizations, which unfortunately, not only did our country not contribute to its ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Natural Geography, Climate Hazards Abstract Dust storms are destructive weather phenomena that cause irreparable damage to urban areas, fields, facilities, roads, etc. every year. This phenomenon is affected by special weather conditions, and if the mechanism of its development and expansion is known, it is possible to ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract One of the important issues in crisis management of unexpected natural events, especially earthquakes, is optimal location in order to accommodate citizens during or after an accident. One of the major problems of the organizations involved in urban ...

Number of pages: 221 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of geography and urban planning. Abstract: Managing and guiding the movement of people and goods on the level of the roads of a city with the aim of increasing the speed, safety and reducing the cost of transportation is the most important goal of creating urban transportation systems. One of the most important infrastructures ...

Number of pages: 168 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) specialization: Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems Abstract The uneven growth and unprincipled urban development due to the incompatibility between different urban uses and the lack of urban unit management has caused problems in the urban system in Region Three (in the area of ??Vanak Square). In this area, the lack of ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A) in Natural Geography, Climatology in Environmental Planning Abstract Nowadays, due to the fact that landfilling waste without respecting environmental issues poses many threats to the environment and climate, it is necessary to choose the right place and sanitary landfill of waste. In this research, an attempt has been made to ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of computer engineering (artificial intelligence) Today, the success of intelligent transportation systems depends not only on the information of the current traffic situation, but also to a large extent on the knowledge of the traffic situation in the next few minutes. Therefore, a lot of research has been done in the field of short-term prediction ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Academic Thesis for Master's degree in the field: Natural Geography-Climatology in Environmental Planning Abstract Rains of more than 100 mm in one day are one of the causes of floods and natural hazards, and knowing how they occur and the extent of their effects helps greatly in reducing possible environmental damage. The current research was conducted to identify and ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management (Financial Orientation) Abstract Locating an economic activity, whether it is a retail business, factory, service center or... is one of the most important questions facing an economic enterprise as far as this issue can determine the success or failure of the enterprise. So far, many models have been created to help make ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Industrial Engineering (System Management and Productivity) Introduction and Objective: In Mazandaran province, part of the transportation problems are related to road accidents. The resulting costs are one of the most important challenges of the province and the financial losses caused by them are imposed on the budget of the family and the province. It is ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering Majoring in Environmental Engineering Abstract In this research, the effect of biological reactions on the removal of organic substances in wastewater during transfer from production sources to the treatment plant in conventional networks and new small diameter networks was investigated. For this purpose, a part of these ...

Number of pages: 220 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA) specialization: regional planning Abstract of the thesis: The studies that were carried out in this research based on the problems and dilemmas of Tehran, which some suggested ""moving the capital"" as a way out of the current situation of the metropolis of Tehran, were examined, considering the long history of this plan since 1368 and the ...

Number of pages: 199 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.Sc) in Civil Engineering majoring in Engineering and Construction Management Abstract: The transportation industry as a vital artery and an important economic, social, cultural and political connecting link has always been considered and the strategic role and sensitivity of this industry in providing services that meet the needs of various sectors of society ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering - Transportation Planning Abstract Ramp control is one of the most effective highway management strategies and has created many benefits in terms of increasing output in bottlenecks, reducing travel time, number of accidents, etc. Ramp control consists of two competing constraints: freeway capacity and ramp queue. The ...

Number of pages: 65 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis of Civil-Environmental Engineering Abstract Garbage is one of the environmental pollutants that cause many problems such as the spread of pollution in water, air and soil and transmission to humans and animals directly or indirectly. Today, with the ever-increasing expansion of urban and industrial societies, we are witnessing the widening of the amount of these ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Dissertation for the Master's Degree in Business Administration (M.A) Major: Marketing Abstract The aim of this research is to design a conceptual model of sustainable tourism based on sustainable marketing. This model includes independent variables of social stability, political stability, service quality, environmental sustainability, cultural sustainability, sustainable ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Management

Dissertation for master's degree in executive management, marketing and export orientation. Abstract: This research seeks to investigate and identify the causes and factors affecting the incidence or severity of road accidents on the Ardabil-Maghan axis, in line with which the relationship between road, human, environmental and vehicle variables with the occurrence of accidents ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Engineering Persian Abstract The purpose of this project is to introduce a new approach for troubleshooting gas transmission pipelines using mechanical waves, which is much cheaper and easier than other methods. who are currently working. These lines are usually located in difficult environmental conditions and far away and in ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of research overview Introduction: In a world that is rapidly increasing urbanization, the role of cities as a means of economic growth is more important. This issue has made the need to use informed decisions and adopt new approaches in urban development planning inevitable in less developed countries that are facing an unprecedented increase in the rate of ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Chapter 1: General Research 1- 1- Proposing the issue of urbanization expansion and its relationship with social and economic harms is one of the main characteristics of the country's urban development pattern in the last few decades, and accelerated growth and development and unbalanced distribution in the new era ...

Number of pages: 196 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving Master's degree (M.A) in the field of business management, financial orientation. Abstract: The current research seeks to examine the pathology of the internal and external factors of the urban service outsourcing system using the SWOT model. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of research method. The ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Cartography - Drawing

Master's Thesis of Mapping Engineering Field of Remote Sensing Abstract Updating land databases in urban environment is a difficult and costly task. Satellite remote sensing techniques have been widely used in the extraction and control of land cover change at different scales, which have led to useful results. Doing this becomes easier with the help of automatic change ...

Number of pages: 170 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Civil Engineering – Earthquake Engineering 2013 Abstract: Concrete beam and slab bridges with neoprene supports are among the most common highway bridges in the country.

Number of pages: 139 Category: IT Information Technology Engineering

Master's Thesis of Information Technology Management (M.Sc) academic year 1389-1390 Abstract In order to study and predict the distribution pattern of economically important benthic fish, catch data of 10 species

Number of pages: 248 Category: Management

Abstract of the thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of executive management in May 2013, every year a huge amount of the country's national capital is consumed in the form of building construction projects and related industries, it is necessary

Number of pages: 127 Category: Urban Development

Thesis of master's degree in the field of economics in Islamic economics, February 2013, abstract of worn out fabrics and urban inefficiency are areas of the city that over the past years, its constituent elements, including

Number of pages: 182 Category: Architectural Engineering

Abstract Architecture, as a scientific-artistic profession, has always covered a part of human needs. After modernity and entering the industrial age in Iran, public buildings, especially markets, in urban scale

Number of pages: 153 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract In general, earthquakes are one of the natural disasters that have destructive effects on human settlements and cause heavy loss of life and money to their residents. At the same time, the vulnerability of the city has a direct effect on the human casualties caused by the crisis, and the vulnerability caused by the ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of geography, urban planning, abstract Urban crises are an integral part of urban management, and this issue takes a much more complicated form in metropolitan cities, considering the large and growing population of Isfahan metropolis and its location in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, the occurrence of a large earthquake or other natural and human ...

Number of pages: 327 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning. Dissertation/dissertation abstract: The rapid expansion of Iran's megacities without predicting and establishing the necessary institutional and legal arrangements to control and guide the development and provide appropriate services in the entire region causes numerous content problems and challenges. The ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A degree in geography and urban planning. This research examines the role of people's participation in the development of Ardabil city. After reviewing the theoretical literature and the research conducted in relation to the topic, the research hypotheses were formulated as follows. There is a significant relationship between public participation and the ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of natural geography, geomorphology in environmental planning. Abstract: Studies on the effects of urban development on Zarjoub and Goharroud rivers in Rasht city have been carried out with the aim of improving the environmental quality of changing the conditions of the rivers from their pollution and flooding to favorable and ...

Number of pages: 206 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Chapter 1: General 1-Introduction: Social capital is considered one of the emerging and controversial fields in the interdisciplinary studies of sociology and economics. Economic stability, enjoying health and wellness and having friendly relations with others are part of the essential elements needed to improve the quality of life. After World War II, most development theories ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Urban Affairs Management Abstract Municipality is one of the most key organizations that plays an important role in providing urban services to citizens. By applying the knowledge of information technology and telecommunication systems as well as the ability of internal and experienced specialists in urban management, this organization has created a system ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) specialization: general, investigating visual memory performance among a group of urban and rural population (Fars province, 2013) Abstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate visual memory performance among a group of urban and rural population in Fars province. For this purpose (50 women and 50 men) from the city of Shiraz ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning Abstract One of the issues that most cities in the world are struggling with is natural disasters. Due to the unpredictability of natural disasters and the need to make quick and correct decisions and implement operations, theoretical and fundamental foundations have created a knowledge under the title of crisis ...

Number of pages: 201 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Sciences Title: Examining Types of Urban Comprehensive Plan Planning Abstract: Today, urban planning is one of the most important issues in cities. Several factors are effective in city master plans. An effective factor in comprehensive urban plans is social problems. According to the studies, the factors of social damage such as ...

Number of pages: 208 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Social capital is considered one of the emerging and controversial fields in the interdisciplinary studies of sociology and economics. Economic stability, enjoying health and wellness and having friendly relations with others are part of the essential elements needed to improve the quality of life. After the Second World War, most development theories and theories that tried to ...

Number of pages: 186 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: The increase in the population of cities and how to settle them is one of the problems of today's cities, and due to the need to preserve agricultural and natural lands as well as reduce urban costs, the issue of the optimal distribution of population density is of particular ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Management

Dissertation for the master's degree in the field of executive management, strategic orientation, abstract of the traditional approaches of urban management in Iran has created a confrontational atmosphere instead of an interactive atmosphere between citizens and municipalities, which good urban governance is one of the ways to deal with it. The purpose of this research is to ...

Number of pages: 172 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning Chapter 1 General Research 1-1- Introduction Although urbanization in the world has a long history, the creation and expansion of new cities was mainly influenced by the industrial revolution in the 19th century. Population growth, diversity in production methods, the formation of public goods production system and changes in ...

Number of pages: 187 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) major: urban planning, abstract of the increasing development of the country's urban population and the lack of prediction of sufficient and suitable land for the development of cities, the need to locate land for urban development, either by evaluating the possibilities of physical growth and development of existing cities along with ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Management

Dissertation for the degree of Master of Executive Management (M.A.) Orientation: Strategic Abstract: The present research was conducted with the aim of determining the impact of human resources development in achieving organizational agility in the urban water and sewage company of Ilam province. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of ...

Number of pages: 262 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation to receive a doctorate degree in the field of geography and urban planning Abstract: The issue of the safety of cities against natural hazards is one of the main goals of urban planning, and one of the issues that most major cities in the world are dealing with is the issue of natural disasters. Due to the unpredictability of natural disasters and the need to make ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.Sc.) Field: Geography and Urban Planning Abstract of the 20th century considering the increase in urban population, change in lifestyle, the distance between stakeholders, managers and urban planners, sustainable development has been proposed as one of the most important paradigms of urban management at different levels. One of the main ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of remote sensing and geographic information system, abstract distribution and optimal location of fire stations is very important because of the increasing importance and attention to the issue of safety in cities and providing measures in the field of preventing and dealing with fire and accidents. Urban planning has a ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Management

Dissertation to receive a master's thesis on the impact of organizational resource planning system on supply chain performance in Iran Khodro Company 1-1) Introduction In today's era, the global competition, customer demand for high quality, increased variety of products and fast service, has increased pressures on organizations that did not exist before. As a result, ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Abstract Large and active faults located in the east of Minab city are considered to be one of the most important tectonic factors in the region, which have caused numerous and severe earthquakes in the past years, and their activity may cause heavy damages in the future. Therefore, the city ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning (M.A.) Summary of quality of life as a concept to show the level of satisfaction of a person with life and in other words a measure to determine the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and groups from different aspects of life. The quality of urban life is one of the most important areas of urban ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electrical engineering, power orientation. Abstract The limitation of fossil fuel resources and the possibility of running out of fossil energy reserves, global warming, environmental pollution, price instability, as well as the increasing need of industrial and urban centers for energy, have made the international community think of suitable ...