Download the thesis about urban groups✅ Word Document

Download more than 100 examples of thesis, proposal and project topics about urban groups in editable WORD file format at undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels for use and reference in research, articles, theses, student and academic projects.

Number of pages: 175 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of research overview Introduction: In a world that is rapidly increasing urbanization, the role of cities as a means of economic growth is more important. This issue has made the need to use informed decisions and adopt new approaches in urban development planning inevitable in less developed countries that are facing an unprecedented increase in the rate of ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A degree in geography and urban planning. This research examines the role of people's participation in the development of Ardabil city. After reviewing the theoretical literature and the research conducted in relation to the topic, the research hypotheses were formulated as follows. There is a significant relationship between public participation and the ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) specialization: general, investigating visual memory performance among a group of urban and rural population (Fars province, 2013) Abstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate visual memory performance among a group of urban and rural population in Fars province. For this purpose (50 women and 50 men) from the city of Shiraz ...

Number of pages: 178 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in urban planning, department of geography. Abstract The most important criterion for analyzing the state of spatial justice in the city is the distribution of urban facilities and services, and the amount and distribution of facilities can play an effective role in the spatial movement of the population and demographic changes in urban areas. ...

Number of pages: 201 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Sciences Title: Examining Types of Urban Comprehensive Plan Planning Abstract: Today, urban planning is one of the most important issues in cities. Several factors are effective in city master plans. An effective factor in comprehensive urban plans is social problems. According to the studies, the factors of social damage such as ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Psychology

Master's thesis in the field of clinical psychology. Abstract of the comparison of coping skills, impulsivity and behavioral disorders in three groups of unsupervised, poorly supervised and normal adolescents. Unfortunately, today we witness that the number of unsupervised and poorly supervised children and adolescents is increasing every day. Many social variables are involved ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA) specialization: urban planning Abstract Informal settlement is one of the undesirable consequences of urbanization in the contemporary world, which has been formed especially as a result of rapid industrialization and regional inequalities, and has made cities face many problems. The expansion of informal settlements has a direct ...

Number of pages: 170 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

To receive a master's degree in geography and urban planning. Abstract: The extent of how urban services are distributed can play an effective role in the spatial displacement of population and population changes in urban areas, and since one of the criteria of sustainable urban development is paying attention to the balanced distribution of population. Therefore, urban services ...

Number of pages: 200 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Chapter 1 1-1-Introduction Climate[1] is a complex system[2] that is changing mainly due to the increase of greenhouse gases. During the 20th century, especially in the last two decades, the climate of the earth lost its balance and showed a tendency to increase the temperature (Rahimiu et al., 2012). According to many experts, climate change is a natural phenomenon[3] that has ...

Number of pages: 171 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning. Abstract: The sustainability of sustainable transportation systems is not only limited to their creation. The spaces resulting from these systems are also important due to the evaluation of the efficiency of the above systems that provide the possibility of presence, movement and access in them. For this purpose, ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Abstract Large and active faults located in the east of Minab city are considered to be one of the most important tectonic factors in the region, which have caused numerous and severe earthquakes in the past years, and their activity may cause heavy damages in the future. Therefore, the city ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning (M.A.) Summary of quality of life as a concept to show the level of satisfaction of a person with life and in other words a measure to determine the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and groups from different aspects of life. The quality of urban life is one of the most important areas of urban ...

Number of pages: 227 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract Social justice means respecting the rights of others and respecting public interests. In fact, social justice is the result of social evolution. The realization of social justice depends on the proper distribution of urban public uses and services. The purpose of this research is to investigate the ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: The quality of urban life is one of the most important areas of urban studies in different countries. This is important because of the increasing importance of quality of life studies in monitoring public policies and its role as an efficient tool in urban management and planning. Urban areas are the main ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA) specialization: urban planning Abstract Informal settlement is one of the undesirable consequences of urbanization in the contemporary world, which has been formed especially as a result of rapid industrialization and regional inequalities, and has made cities face many problems. The expansion of informal settlements has a direct ...

Number of pages: 150 Category: Urban Development

Master's Thesis in Urban Management Abstract All organizations, whether public or private, need to evaluate the performance of their activities and processes for development, growth and sustainability in today's competitive arena, so that they can measure the efficiency and effectiveness of their organization's programs, processes and human resources. Monitoring and evaluation ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Business Management Abstract: By creating urban unit management, it is possible to manage affairs in a proper way and provide services in less time and more quickly. The management of the urban unit seeks to satisfy the clients. This satisfaction is achieved through providing diverse, fast and quality services. The purpose of this research is ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in educational management (M.A.) academic year: 1392-93 Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the leadership style of educational managers and the mental health of teachers

Number of pages: 117 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Educational Planning Summer 2019 Abstract: This research aims to investigate the quality of services of educational complexes in districts 1 and 2 of A

Number of pages: 140 Category: Management

Thesis of Master's Degree in Business Management, Marketing Orientation, Summer 2013 Abstract With the emergence of phenomena such as e-commerce and e-business, the methods used in the field of increasing

Number of pages: 124 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Degree in Architectural Engineering (M. A) June 2013 Abstract: This article is taken from a research that aims to identify the factors affecting the communication of spaces.

Number of pages: 167 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in architectural engineering, specialization: Architecture, July 2019. Abstract Children have a very special place in today's world, as far as the future of nations and their global position can be predicted based on the characteristics of their children. In advanced countries, educational methods are determined for the flourishing of ...

Number of pages: 151 Category: Management

Thesis of master's degree in the field: business management, orientation: international marketing Academic Year: 1391-1390 Abstract: This research aims to investigate investment attraction strategies and its obstacles in industrial development from

Number of pages: 145 Category: Economics

Thesis for receiving the master's degree (M.A) in the field of economic sciences, summer 2019. Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the field. Economic corruption is in government tenders. to reach

Number of pages: 121 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree M. A) Field: Geography and Urban Planning Chapter 1 (Research Plan) 1-1- Introduction The establishment of any urban element in a specific physical-spatial location of the city is subject to specific principles and rules and mechanisms (mechanisms) which, if followed, will lead to the success and functional efficiency of that element ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract Introduction and Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Hastinger's cognitive therapy on reducing the symptoms of depression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Method: The study was a single-case study using a purpose-based sampling method. Three women infected with human ...

Number of pages: 222 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis of Advertising and Cultural Communication Abstract: Taizieh is a clear example of the performing arts of Iranians, whose traces can still be seen in various provinces from the northernmost cities of Khorasan and Azerbaijan to the southernmost cities of Sistan and Ahvaz, from the desert to the edges of Zagros and Alborz, and from the Caspian Sea to the Persian ...

Number of pages: 196 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A) in the field of architecture – Architectural engineering trend spring 2014 Urban safety area, fire training centers are one of the most effective places in the three training departments

Number of pages: 172 Category: Architectural Engineering

Academic Thesis in Master's Degree in Islamic Architectural Engineering, Summer 1993, Abstract of Historical Textures Considering that in the process of expanding cities from the past to the present, including the documented history of each period

Number of pages: 160 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Thesis, Architectural Engineering, Shahrivar 2013 Abstract: The issue is that the structure of neighborhoods in the contemporary era of Iran, due to changes in the form of contemporary urban development, including networks and

Number of pages: 207 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Urban Planning Dissertation Abstract: Urban competitiveness as a new approach in urban planning tries to discuss urban development from a new perspective with the existence of some kind of competition between cities, on the attraction of funds effective in development, and emphasizing on competitive advantage. This approach is a very efficient tool that can be ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Psychology

Master's thesis in the field of clinical psychology, abstract of evaluating a model for predicting students' mental health based on religious faith, with the mediation of happiness, ambivalent attachment style, and locus of control. The research method is correlational. The research community is all the students of Shiraz University who are studying in 1992-1993

Number of pages: 89 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of psychology for exceptional children. Abstract The field of independence is an important topic of study and research in the field of mental health and education in the world. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy methods are offered to deal with concerns such as anger, anxiety, perfectionism, aggression, separation, social ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Introduction Today, due to the process of urbanization, the development of societies and the spread of mass media, and finally the phenomenon of globalization in many developed and developing countries, the birth rate has decreased to the replacement level or even lower than that. Iran is also one of the countries that has suffered a sharp drop in fertility rate in the last ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Thesis abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): Changes in the age structure of the world population are the results of demographic transition and reduction of mortality and fertility. With increasing age, the health of the elderly can be threatened. The elderly have the fastest population ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Architecture Orientation: Winter Architecture 2013 Foreword: Bushehr's historical context is one of the most valuable historical contexts in the country, which is unique in its kind.

Number of pages: 286 Category: Architectural Engineering

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree in Islamic Architectural Engineering, second year of academic year 1392-93 Abstract: Endowments in establishment and continuation

Number of pages: 101 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Clinical Psychology (M.Sc) Abstract Reading is the most basic learning tool for students. Dyslexia accounts for the largest percentage of learning disabled students, which is defined by the lack of success in language skills such as reading, writing and spelling. Memory, especially active memory, is one of the important factors in learning that these students ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Abstract Due to the great attention paid to the dimensions of environmental sustainability and quality of life and healthy communities in recent years, the debate and examination of the qualitative dimensions of urban residential environments has become extremely hot and the quality of the urban environment has become one of the new ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Librarianship

Presented to receive a master's degree in accounting. Abstract: Emotions play an important role in organization management, emotional intelligence is a skill that improves people's performance in the fields of leadership, teamwork, communication with customers, and decision-making. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the teaching of accounting ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Economics

Thesis of Master's Degree in Economic Sciences, Mehr 2013 Abstract Although the achievement of economic development should be considered as a result of several factors, but without a doubt, one of the most important factors in creating it can be entrepreneurship.

Number of pages: 193 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

The first chapter of the general research, introduction, active citizenship is one of the issues that can be measured with different indicators, but family and social capital can play an effective role on this issue. Young people who

Number of pages: 77 Category: Psychiatry

Master's Thesis of School Counseling Abstract: In line with the need to teach ""emotional management"" skills, the current research under the title, the effectiveness of anger management group counseling, based on cognitive restructuring, on increasing social intimacy and reducing deterministic thinking among male high school students in Shiraz city, was conducted. The study ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A.) Orientation: Clinical Abstract The main goal of people with rhinoplasty is to achieve an imaginary shape of the nose that they think is more in harmony with their face in order to achieve a more favorable image of their body. Research has shown that there is a relationship between metacognitive components and cosmetic surgery. The present ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General Examining the relationship between mental health and academic progress in a group of middle school girls taking into account the employment status of mothers; Shiraz 2013 Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between mothers' employment and mental health and the academic progress ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of the general research 1-1- Introduction The increasing development of natural resources and environmental science in the world has led to the creation of new branches of related sciences and industries, each of which in turn has the ability to influence the natural environment. The knowledge of ecotourism or nature tourism is considered as one of the most ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Management

Thesis for Master's Degree in Executive Management Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors in reducing administrative corruption through the improvement of the organizational structure in government organizations, and then it tries to provide appropriate solutions to reduce administrative corruption in the National Bank of Iran. The present ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M. Sc.) Direction: Clinical Abstract Hypothyroidism is a chronic disease that can cause depression and sleep problems in people, therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching emotional distress tolerance skills based on dialectical behavior therapy on depression and sleep problems of women with hypothyroidism ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of guidance and counseling. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of narrative therapy on the quality of married life of women in Isfahan city. . The current research is a semi-experimental type of research. The statistical population of this research was women who referred to cultural centers ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Psychology

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A) in Clinical Psychology Abstract Introduction and Objective: Internet addiction is a new and widespread issue that has been the focus of researchers and experts on social issues as a behavioral addiction in recent years. The purpose of this research is to predict internet addiction based on two personality traits: attraction, immersion, ...

Number of pages: 112 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A) Major: Clinical Abstract Considering that addiction is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, ""Cognitive Therapy"" is a tool that therapists use to control and treat addiction by influencing thoughts and beliefs. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Master's thesis in information technology management, comprehensive quality trend, first chapter, introduction, the emergence of the global village, which has been in existence for several decades, has brought about tremendous changes in matters related to the management and organization of organizations, which unfortunately, not only did our country not contribute to its ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Political Science

Dissertation for M.A. degree. The field of social research abstract of the Middle East countries due to the similarity in political systems, common religion, neighborhood and relatively high communication, are strongly affected by each other's developments and provide the possibility for researchers to compare the types of their developments. Therefore, this research is ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group counseling in the way of self-knowledge resources on increasing the self-expression of recovering addicts. The type of study is a pilot study. The statistical population of people undergoing rehabilitation in Kamranieh Center, Tehran, were from the ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of regional development planning Abstract: Rural entrepreneurship is an activity that helps rural people to recognize economic opportunities in local communities and learn how to turn these opportunities into profitable economic activities. Today, entrepreneurship has become a strategy in the development, prosperity and growth of ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) orientation: general. Comparison of executive functions in patients with schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms, major depression without psychotic symptoms and normal people in Shiraz (2013). Abstract Various researches have proposed cognitive deficits as one of the important aspects of schizophrenia. In addition, the ...

Number of pages: 277 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Educational Department of Human Geography Master's Thesis Research Plan Abstract: The neighborhood is considered as the smallest urban space, the cell of urban life and a dynamic element in proper urban governance. The divisions and boundaries of urban neighborhoods have undergone changes and transformations from the Islamic period to the new period. In the past, neighborhood ...

Number of pages: 140 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation to receive a master's degree ""M.A"" Field: Social Sciences Major: Demography Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the amount of social capital among the marginal residents of Ahvaz city. Using the multi-stage cluster sampling method, 400 people were selected as the sample size. The unit of analysis is the individual. field and

Number of pages: 59 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The introduction of the changes in the rural society of Iran after the 40s in terms of fundamental and basic changes in the direction of development, which was mostly influenced by the colonialist policies of global arrogance, led to the destruction of villages and as a result of the emergence of basic problems and dilemmas in the country, these changes happened not only in our ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in geography, urban planning, first chapter, research plan, introduction, the purpose of presenting this chapter is to present the problem and the necessity of conducting research, present the hypothesis and determine the objectives of the research, after which the literature of the subject and the method of conducting the research are discussed, and finally, the ...

Number of pages: 188 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract: There are many tourism opportunities in our country that have not been paid much attention to. The general management in the tourism industry should identify the opportunities and include them in the comprehensive tourism plan of the country and provide the basis for investment in them. Iran ranks 56th among the 200 countries that attract tourists in the world and ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Urban Development

Abstract The old neighborhoods of the cities not only because of their cultural heritage, but because they are located inside the cities, they have provided a valuable opportunity to improve and modernize and respond to the growing needs of the city. Many such dilapidated structures have been left alone in Iranian cities, and planning to renovate and organize such areas has ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Psychology

Investigating the role of primary maladaptive schemas in predicting students' high-risk behaviors. Abstract Maladaptive schemas as cognitive infrastructures lead to the formation of irrational beliefs. When primary maladaptive schemas are activated, levels of excitement are released and directly or indirectly lead to various forms of psychological disturbances such as ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

An academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of: geography, orientation: political, abstract of this research, using descriptive and analytical methods and using questionnaires, studies and field observations, analyzes the role of Bandar Anzali city in the organization of the political space of Gilan province, and the purpose of this research is to analyze the ...

Number of pages: 170 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Urban Planning Dissertation Abstract: Due to the unbridled growth of urbanization in developing countries, poverty and deprivation are central and fundamental issues that cities are struggling with. The growth of the phenomenon of urban poverty and the deepening of the class gap in big cities has caused the formation of low-income groups in the majority of ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography, Tourism Planning, Abstract: In recent years, rural tourism has received serious attention as one of the aspects of rural development in the whole world. In this type of tourism, the goal is to identify the various natural and human talents of the villages and develop the factors that cause tourists to enter and use ...

Number of pages: 187 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for receiving master's degree in social sciences, the abstract of Hadi village project is one of the rural development projects that can play a fundamental role in the development of all aspects of rural areas. This project, using its potential and capabilities, can become the basis for improving public and welfare facilities such as renovation of rural housing, ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Abstract Many evidences indicate the reduction of social trust in all dimensions and emotional and particularistic bias in the relations of activists at all levels in Iran. On the other hand, the issue of social trust in the university as an environment that includes people from different groups and cultures, the necessity of trust as a glue that binds these different groups ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis of Social Work Abstract Considering the extent and variety of problems and problems of societies, governments inevitably sought help from non-governmental organizations so that they could solve these problems and problems with each other's help. Among these cases, we can mention the lack of empowerment of street children in the society, considering the position ...

Number of pages: 139 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Chapter 1: Overview of the research Foreword Today, cities are growing rapidly and have presented themselves as the first human settlement. This trend is related to the recent centuries, especially after the industrial revolution, which caused many problems in the physical and population growth of cities. In response to these problems, various plans were implemented, perhaps the ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A) Major: Clinical Abstract Objective: The objective of this research is the relationship between emotional intelligence and irrational beliefs with mental health in middle school teachers. Method: The method of this research is correlation type. The statistical population includes all male and female teachers (number of 240 ...

Number of pages: 99 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A. degree in Political Geography Abstract: The aim of the current research is to investigate the demographic and ethnic structure in Islamshahr and its role in the security of the region with an emphasis on the integration of ethnic groups. This research, which has been conducted with a review method (documentary-library), aims to investigate the role of this ...

Number of pages: 247 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Natural Geography Major: Climatology Abstract Floods are one of the natural phenomena that mankind has been witnessing since a long time ago. In Iran, due to the large area, multiple climates, and temporal and spatial density of rainfall in most watersheds, every year we see huge floods in most regions of the country. ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography, specialization: Climatology in environmental planning. Abstract: In this research, the monitoring and zoning of drought as well as the investigation of its different dimensions in the country of Iran using statistics and information related to precipitation and temperature for 30 years (1981-2010) of the country's ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Faculty of Humanities, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Sports Management Abstract The main purpose of this research is to investigate the priorities and limitations of leisure time with an emphasis on sports among the education retirees of Shiraz city. The current research is a descriptive-analytical type of research. ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Faculty of Humanities, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Sports Management Abstract The main purpose of this research is to investigate the priorities and limitations of leisure time with an emphasis on sports among the education retirees of Shiraz city. The current research is a descriptive-analytical type of research. ...

Number of pages: 225 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) majoring in Persian language and literature. Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, methods of implementation and results obtained): In the late 4th and early 5th centuries of Hijri, Iran, especially Khorasan, was in chaos and anxiety in the political situation, civil wars, the increasing number of religious sects and the ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc degree in geography and rural planning Abstract There are relationships between urban and rural settlements as components of the spatial organization of an area, and these relationships are effective in the development or non-development of these two areas. Studies conducted by foreign and Iranian researchers show that in Iran, most of these relationships ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: geography, urban planning, abstract. Sustainable development is one of the concepts that has been receiving serious attention in international forums for several decades due to the negative and sometimes irreparable effects of development plans. It can be said that improvement and renovation are in harmony with the goals of ...

Number of pages: 137 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in the field of Geography and Urban Planning Abstract The enjoyment of space, facilities and cultural, recreational and sports per capita is considered one of the rights of citizenship, and in an era known as ""leisure civilization"", planning to optimize the way of spending leisure time of different groups and strata of people is considered necessary and ...