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Number of pages: 170 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis Abstract Thinking about the surrounding social phenomena begins when a question occupies the mind of the thinker. Philosophers of science believe that science begins with a problem and the problem will be extracted from the heart of the theory. In this research, while agreeing with the first part of this statement, the author refuses to accept the monopoly of ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering (M.Sc) Abstract The power system stabilizer is added to the excitation system in order to improve the damping of the power system during low frequency disturbances. For large-scale power systems that include a large number of connected generators, setting the power system stabilizer parameters will be a complex and ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering (M.Sc) Abstract The power system stabilizer is added to the excitation system in order to improve the damping of the power system during low frequency disturbances. For large-scale power systems that include a large number of connected generators, setting the power system stabilizer parameters will be a complex and ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of executive management, strategic management, June 2013. Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior of employees.

Number of pages: 117 Category: Industrial Engineering

Master's Thesis M.Sc. Industrial Engineering Industries-Industries trend of academic year 1389-1392 Abstract: With increasing government supervision and the increasing attention of public opinion to environmental issues, companies

Number of pages: 147 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's thesis in the field of educational sciences, orientation, abstract, the purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the use of information technology and the expansion of equal educational opportunities in Mazandaran province, which was carried out in a survey way. The statistical population consisted of all the employees of the education ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Psychiatry

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A) in the field of school counseling. The effectiveness of teaching children's behavior management to mothers on the mental health of mothers and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. The purpose of this study was the effectiveness of teaching behavior management to mothers of children with attention ...

Number of pages: 210 Category: Art - Graphics

Dissertation for master's degree in handicrafts, Iranian painting. Abstract: The rise of the religion of Islam and the emergence of the word of revelation prompted the Muslims of the beginning of Islam to seek to preserve and record the Qur'an. Therefore, the writing of the Holy Quran in the first centuries of the Hijri began, and calligraphy and gilding were given special ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M. A"" Field: Management, Tendency: Human Resources, abstract is a general concept of servant leadership types in the management group, that this type of leadership can be the basis for classifying and evaluating the characteristics of servant leadership in the organization, which helps managers. Currently, the research and study ...

Number of pages: 77 Category: Art - Graphics

Abstract For more than two decades, documentary animation has emerged as an independent film style in the world. However, most of the studies and reviews have been conducted in line with the general knowledge and general structure of this style. Therefore, the need to investigate and investigate this method of filmmaking from different perspectives is very noticeable. As a ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.sc) Civil Engineering, Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract In this research, the stability of soil reinforced with geogrid located on an underground cavity was analyzed using plaxis software, and the effect of several factors such as the number of geogrid layers, the length of the geogrid layer, the stiffness of the geogrid layer, the optimal location of ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for M.A. Field: Persian language and literature Abstract In the works of many poets, elements such as ""water and fire"" and ""light and darkness"" are more widely used than other phenomena. In popular culture and various sciences, ""water and fire"" are two elements that can never exist together, and the presence of one will definitely cause the destruction of the ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Psychiatry

The first chapter of the project title: The effect of infant massage on the amount of father-infant attachment - a randomized controlled clinical trial Statement of the problem Research on fetuses and newborn animals has shown that unusual sensory experiences (both overstimulation or overprivilege) can affect brain development. Touch sensitivity starts from the 7th fetal week ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Psychiatry

Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children Thesis for Master's Degree Abstract Lack of attention is one of the most common problems in mentally retarded children and this problem leads to psychological, academic and social damage. Helping mentally challenged children to increase their attention span will moderate many of their basic problems. Among the many therapeutic ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Management

Dissertation for Obtaining an M.A. degree in the field of educational management in the academic year 1393-1394. Abstract: Recently, a new concept has been proposed in the theoretical foundations of management, which is called organizational maturity.

Number of pages: 106 Category: Management

Thesis of the master's degree in the educational field: MBA 2013 Farsi Abstract Many business managers consider marketing to mean sales or advertising, while the concept of market

Number of pages: 229 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.A) in the field of architectural engineering for the academic year 2011-2018 Abstract: The similarity between cinema and architecture in terms of concept, idea development and the process of producing a work, can be read into these two artistic categories.

Number of pages: 101 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Major: Curriculum Planning Abstract of Dissertation (including summary, objectives, methods of implementation and results obtained): The main purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship of satisfaction with in-service training in a virtual way on the productivity of the broadcasting organization. The statistical population ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Geography and Rural Planning Abstract Creating industries is one of the strategies that help the development of villages Industrialization of rural areas as an accelerator to create sustainable employment and is the most effective solution to the problem of rural unemployment The theory of industrialization and the optimal ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in architectural engineering in March 2012 1-­ The first chapter (research plan) stating the problem of the relationship between man and nature is an attractive and interesting topic in M

Number of pages: 182 Category: Architectural Engineering

Abstract Architecture, as a scientific-artistic profession, has always covered a part of human needs. After modernity and entering the industrial age in Iran, public buildings, especially markets, in urban scale

Number of pages: 146 Category: Management

Thesis of master's degree, field of industrial management, research trend in operations, Shahrivar 2019. Abstract How and what to choose has long been the subject of discussion among philosophers and scientists, therefore, obtaining satisfactory results requires

Number of pages: 207 Category: Management

Master's Thesis: MBA Management Abstract In recent years, the organization's participation in economic, social and environmental issues is considered one of the basic issues for organizations and society. In this regard, various researchers are trying to provide practical and creative models by obtaining new methods, through which, on the one hand, they improve the attitude of ...

Number of pages: 128 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

The abstract of the present research has studied the extent and manner of representation of national identity in the 21:00 detailed news section of the first channel of Sima using the method of categorical content analysis. The first channel of Sima is a national network and can be found all over the country, and its detailed news section at 21:00 is one of the late and popular ...

Number of pages: 186 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in the field of Propaganda and Cultural Communication. The abstract of the present study is an attempt to explain the preaching career of Imam Sadiq (a.s.) for the dissemination and expansion of Islamic knowledge and his audience. In this research, after describing various schools of communication, finally, a synthesis of the school of transmission and ritual ...

Number of pages: 301 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The effectiveness of the regulations of detailed plans on the renovation and improvement of the dilapidated fabric of Isfahan city. Abstract Considering the problems existing in big cities, such as the expansion of the city on the surrounding valuable agricultural lands and the spatial-physical wear and tear of the inner fabrics of the city, the need to adopt methods and ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's thesis in the field of educational psychology. Abstract: Prediction of fear of intimacy, based on attachment styles and identity processing styles in male and female students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of fear of intimacy, based on attachment styles and identity processing styles in male and female students. The participants of this ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Management

The thesis of the Master's course (business orientation) has an abstract of management closely related to anthropology and human cognition, which is presented differently in the two schools of Islam and liberalism. The thinking of material anthropology in the school of liberalism has caused man today to face the expansion of the spirit of consumerism and the production of needs ...

Number of pages: 191 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Clinical Psychology Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of individual metacognitive treatments in increasing self-esteem and reducing aggression among juvenile delinquents. For this purpose, 40 delinquent juveniles from correctional and educational centers in Tehran were divided into two random groups ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Major: General, investigating the effect of communication skills training on social adjustment of high school girls. Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of communication skills training on social adjustment of high school girls. For this purpose, among the female high school students referred to education ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A.) Direction: Clinical The purpose of education and training is to flourish and actualize all human talents with well-considered programs, this requires identifying and realizing their strengths and weaknesses, counselors have played a sensitive and effective role in this field for a long time, so the main goal of this research ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Psychology

Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences - Department of Psychology Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) Dissertation Abstract (including summary, objectives, methods of implementation and results obtained): The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of storytelling on the signs of stubborn-disobedience behavior. The study was an experimental type with a ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Counseling and Guidance Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training on the mental health of bright female students in Kermanshah city. The current research was a pilot study of pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was made up of bright ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A.) Orientation: Clinical Abstract The main goal of people with rhinoplasty is to achieve an imaginary shape of the nose that they think is more in harmony with their face in order to achieve a more favorable image of their body. Research has shown that there is a relationship between metacognitive components and cosmetic surgery. The present ...

Number of pages: 191 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree, Field: Human Geography, Orientation: Urban Planning Abstract In the not-so-distant past, the entrance to the city, as the first urban space, was the first image of the city that was formed in the minds of travelers. Therefore, these spaces were not only of high spatial qualities, but they were part of the characteristic features of the cities. ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Psychology

Field of Psychology - General Thesis for Master's Degree Abstract Risky behavior is behavior that exposes a person to bad or unpleasant consequences. The purpose of this research is to determine and measure the relationship between illogical beliefs and negative spontaneous thoughts with a tendency to risky behaviors in female students. Based on the nature and method, the ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, orientation: industrial and organizational. Abstract: The aim of the present study is to explain the relationship between spiritual leadership and moral intelligence with organizational commitment among the employees of the Islamic Azad University of Maroodasht branch in 2013. The descriptive research method is correlational. The ...

Number of pages: 219 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree major: Accounting Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between changes in dividends, earnings per share and changes in earnings per share with changes in future earnings. In this research, information related to the balance sheet, profits and cash flow of 100 companies active in the Tehran Stock ...

Number of pages: 73 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master of Social Sciences (M.A) Degree: Research Abstract The general purpose of this research is to investigate the level of particularism among the citizens of Ardabil city and the factors related to it. The theoretical framework of the research is derived from the theories of Parsons, George Herbert Mead, Giddens, Fukuyama, Putnam, Inglehart, Malekpour, ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Psychology

Faculty of Humanities, Department of Psychology, specialization: Industrial and Organizational Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Examining the relationship between occupational stress and mental health with emphasis on the mediating role of coping strategies in the employees of the Jihad Agricultural Organization of Zanjan province. Abstract The main purpose of this ...

Number of pages: 178 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in urban planning, department of geography. Abstract The most important criterion for analyzing the state of spatial justice in the city is the distribution of urban facilities and services, and the amount and distribution of facilities can play an effective role in the spatial movement of the population and demographic changes in urban areas. ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis of History and Philosophy of Education (Islamic Education) Abstract Ethics and moral education is considered one of the most important human issues in schools and especially human education. Because moral education provides happiness and salvation. The category of ethics has various dimensions such as reason and emotion. Intellect and emotion are two high human ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis of Educational Management (M.A.) Abstract Job stress variables and organizational commitment are among the important issues that are considered in successful organizations today. One of the variables that has been associated with job stress and organizational commitment is work ethic. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: General The relationship between sexual components and communication skills with marital satisfaction in married women of Gachsaran city Abstract This research was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between sexual components and communication skills with marital satisfaction in married women. The current research ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis Major: Psychology Major: General Abstract The main aim of the upcoming study is to investigate the relationship between family functioning, attachment styles and social adjustment of high school students in Bandar Abbas. The method used in this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research includes all male and female high ...

Number of pages: 201 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Sciences Title: Examining Types of Urban Comprehensive Plan Planning Abstract: Today, urban planning is one of the most important issues in cities. Several factors are effective in city master plans. An effective factor in comprehensive urban plans is social problems. According to the studies, the factors of social damage such as ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Art - Graphics

Theoretical thesis of master's course in dramatic literature, screenwriting orientation. Abstract: The research problem is to examine the assumptions to reach a religious screenplay. A descriptive-analytical method has been used to answer this question. The theoretical framework, the transformation of the sensible world into the sensible world in the theory of Ayatollah Javadi ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis, Department: M.A., Field: Psychology, Major: Clinical Abstract Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between marital incompatibility with behavioral problems and academic progress of students. The research method is a description of the type of correlation and the statistical population of male students referred by the ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's degree ""M.A"" in Business Management International Business Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of brand personality on trust, attachment and commitment to the brand in the detergent industry. For this purpose, 385 consumers of detergents who buy from chain stores in Tehran were selected as a sample and answered the standard ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: Industrial and Organizational Research Abstract: The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between occupational and personality characteristics and the level of organizational commitment among the exploration management staff of National Iranian Oil Company. Descriptive research method is correlation type. The ...

Number of pages: 159 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Introduction: The present research is devoted to the investigation and study of the bottlenecks of the physical development of Shiraz from the perspective of geomorphology. In a general definition, geomorphology is: The science of swimming is the unevenness of the earth's surface and its task is to recognize and classify (classify) these shapes for planning in the environment. ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc) Field: Natural Geography - Applied Climatology Abstract Due to its location in a special geographical location, topographic conditions and climatic systems affecting the region, the city of Kavus has a relatively cold climate. So that the air temperature in the coldest month of the year reaches 9.2 degrees Celsius and has the highest ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: geography, urban planning, abstract. Sustainable development is one of the concepts that has been receiving serious attention in international forums for several decades due to the negative and sometimes irreparable effects of development plans. It can be said that improvement and renovation are in harmony with the goals of ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc degree in natural geography-geomorphology in environmental planning. Abstract The city expands in the geographical environment not based on capacity and facilities but on the basis of urgency and necessity. This issue is very noticeable in today's cities. It is noteworthy that the city must be in harmony with its natural location and it is essential that ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree (M.A) in Public Administration (Human Resources) Abstract Compared to research in other fields of management, the issue of women's presence in management as a research field is relatively new. Also, obtaining key positions for women is very complicated and includes many variables. The problem investigated in the current research is why, ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree (MA) field: Geography, orientation: political. Abstract The Islamic world has a set of heterogeneous geopolitical features. Muslim countries have extremely important facilities for regional convergence and the formation of a regional system based on indigenous elements and mixtures. This thesis was done with the aim of analyzing the ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of psychology ""M.A."" Objective Abstract: Social health is a function of various social and cultural factors, and after entering high school and adolescence and adulthood, the elementary school student faces a new environment and conditions that are different from his previous life and past social environment. This ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in natural geography, climatological orientation in environmental planning, abstract: the abundance of altitudes and extreme changes in altitude, and of course wide fluctuations in temperature, humidity, annual precipitation, etc., have caused Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, located in the southwestern half of the country, to be a bridge between the ...

Number of pages: 184 Category: Psychology

Papannameh for receiving a master's degree in the field of psychology, general orientation. The abstract of the present research was conducted in order to construct and standardize the academic compatibility test. To make this test, all tests related to compatibility were studied and reviewed, and after conducting interviews with a number of students and removing and changing a ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A."" Orientation: urban planning Abstract One of the criteria of sustainable urban development is paying attention to the balanced distribution of the population and the amount and manner of distribution of urban services, which can play an effective role in the displacement of population space and demographic changes in urban ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in human resources. Abstract The general purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between servant leadership and trust in the leader. The research method is descriptive and its purpose is practical, and the method of collecting data is field and the instrument is a questionnaire. In the current research, the statistical ...

Number of pages: 164 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: business management, marketing orientation. Abstract: Serious attention to service management and marketing can bring about a new transformation and orientation in banks. Some discomforts and dissatisfactions are the result of ignorance and carelessness of people who are weak in managing services, understanding contacts and ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Pasture and Watershed Department Thesis for Master's Degree in Desertification Abstract Menarid International Project is the first multi-land project that seeks to establish partnership and organizational cohesion at three levels of people, governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations for the purpose of sustainable land management with an emphasis on sustainable ...

Number of pages: 227 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract Social justice means respecting the rights of others and respecting public interests. In fact, social justice is the result of social evolution. The realization of social justice depends on the proper distribution of urban public uses and services. The purpose of this research is to investigate the ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Art - Graphics

Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): In the subject of designing and illustrating and compiling a textbook, expertise is required and illustrators in this field can design and present the best images according to the characteristics of their audience. The educational books of the primary school period have a special ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: International Business Abstract of the Dissertation (Includes Summary, Objectives, Implementation Methods, and Results): Organizational awareness is how one can benefit from organizational knowledge to achieve goals, how one can use the acquired knowledge, prescribed practices, official channels of communication and ...

Number of pages: 179 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of business management, international business orientation. Abstract In this study, we have tried to describe the attitude of consumers towards the country of manufacture in Iran's garment industry. For this purpose, the attitude of Iranian consumers towards the clothes made in the three countries of Iran, Türkiye and ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Art - Graphics

1 The abstract of the present study was written with the aim of investigating color in film titles. What can be seen in this project are excerpts from the collected materials about the cinema industry, psychology of color, meanings of colors and film titles. In this project, it is trying to familiarize the audience with what is ahead with a brief explanation. Color is a ...

Number of pages: 191 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree Abstract: Organizing and designing the entry way to cities is always considered one of the important issues in today's urban spaces. The reason for this is the transformation of the concept of the city and the category of entry and exit of the city in the eyes of people in the past. So that the first image of any city that was ...

Number of pages: 174 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Abstract: Music is the prominent element of poetic language and the main factor that differentiates poetry from everyday language and normal speech. It also creates an emotional relationship between the creator of the work and the audience and the reader. In fact, by writing poetry, the poet puts the audience in an emotional space and thereby evokes different mental and ...

Number of pages: 178 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: business management, orientation: international. Abstract: Customs as a commercial gateway has long played a significant role in foreign trade and, as a result, in the economy of countries. Therefore, according to the key topic of the relative advantage of the ever-increasing expansion of trade, creating suitable grounds for ...

Number of pages: 99 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering (Artificial Intelligence) Abstract Extracting common and understandable classifications[1] from data is an important role in many fields and issues. So far, several methods for classification [2] and pattern recognition [3] have been introduced. One of the successful and unique methods in the field of classification and pattern recognition ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for the degree of Master of Islamic Architecture Engineering Abstract: In the design of many existing buildings of our time, instead of considering the psychological and cultural needs of users, paying attention to organ functions and the latest examples built in advanced countries without regard to the culture of that region has been prioritized. This weakness is ...

Number of pages: 73 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Master's Thesis in Persian Language and Literature (M.A) Abstract: Examining the role of animals in the Shahnameh and their place in the stories is so exciting that the reader of the Shahnameh learns from its study that some of these animals and animals have a fundamental function and role in the national epic process, and from their connection with the warriors, it can be ...

Number of pages: 43 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's thesis in composition Abstract: The present piece named ""Fantasy for violin and symphony orchestra"" is written in the form of the first movement of a concerto (sonate form) and contains various parts of the first movement of a violin concerto, including introduction, exposition, development, cadenza, reprise and coda. Although this piece is written in the form of a ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of executive management, strategic orientation. The abstract of this research was carried out under the title of investigating the effect of technical and vocational training on the employment of released prisoners in Meshkinshahr city, using a survey method in 2012. Since one of the main factors and parameters of the ...

Number of pages: 195 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Business Management, Insurance, Abstract In an age where the economy revolves around knowledge, knowledge is considered as a vital factor in maintaining a sustainable competitive advantage in organizations. Today, the art of management in organizations is becoming the art of ""knowledge management"", and leadership means providing the right conditions for the ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of information technology management, advanced information systems, abstract. In today's business world, the difference between organizations in growth and sustainability is the degree of importance they give to the valuable and strategic source of knowledge, and accordingly, the extent of their use of this important and key source lies in the ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Management

The thesis for receiving the master's degree (M.A) in the field of business management, marketing, the abstract of this research with the title ""Comparison of the effect of emotional intelligence and marketing intelligence on the success of economic enterprises in marketing"" was carried out with this overall goal and 5 sub-goals in 2013 in Bo Ali Industrial Town, Hamedan. This ...

Number of pages: 160 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Tourism Management Abstract: Tourism is one of the major industries that has been highly regarded by various countries in the last decades of the 20th century and has turned this industry into one of the largest industries in the world. The importance of this industry necessitates the existence of comprehensive and up-to-date studies, among which the study of ...