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Download more than 100 examples of thesis, proposal and project topics about synoptic analysis of precipitation in editable WORD file format at undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels for use and reference in research, articles, theses, student and academic projects.

Number of pages: 142 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The field of natural geography, climatology trend in environmental planning Abstract: Ardabil province in the northwest of the country with its long and elongated shape has faced climatic anomalies in recent years such as: increase in temperature especially in winter season, increase in the occurrence of hot winds, increase in evaporation and transpiration potential, decrease in ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of natural geography in the field of climate change. Abstract: With the process of global warming and water resources becoming more valuable due to population growth and the needs of industries and agriculture, numerous investigations have been conducted in line with water conservation and protection programs in line with ...

Number of pages: 181 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) Major: Climatology Abstract: Geographically, Iran has little rainfall due to its proximity to the subtropical high pressure center of STHP and the prevailing weather conditions of this system. In the southern regions of the country, as a result of the longer rule of this system, the drought phenomenon becomes more acute. Rainfall changes ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Academic Thesis for Master's degree in the field: Natural Geography-Climatology in Environmental Planning Abstract Rains of more than 100 mm in one day are one of the causes of floods and natural hazards, and knowing how they occur and the extent of their effects helps greatly in reducing possible environmental damage. The current research was conducted to identify and ...

Number of pages: 159 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation to receive the master's degree in civil engineering ""M. Sc"" Major: Water. Abstract The aim of this thesis is to investigate the trend of annual rainfall changes in 37 selected stations in the whole of Iran using non-parametric method. The two Mann-Kendall tests and the age estimator, which are among the most common non-parametric methods, were used for the trend ...

Number of pages: 149 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

In order to receive a master's degree in geography and climatology in environmental planning, in order to identify the synoptic patterns leading to torrential rain, first, daily rainfall equal to 20 mm and more during the statistical period of 1991 to 2010 was determined as the basis for analyzing the torrent for the synoptic stations of Astara, Anzali, Rasht and Ramsar with the ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Abstract Today, rice is the main food of more than half of the world's population and rice is cultivated in five continents and more than forty countries. Rice is one of the main meals of the people of Iran, until 1340, Iran exported more or less rice annually, and since then, as a result of the improvement of the economic situation of the people and the rapid increase of the ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography, specialization: Climatology in environmental planning. Abstract Different climatic parameters such as temperature, humidity and rainfall in a place are factors that influence the climate of that region and knowing them determines the climate of that region. Climate change is one of the most important climate issues ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Natural Geography, Climate Hazards Abstract Dust storms are destructive weather phenomena that cause irreparable damage to urban areas, fields, facilities, roads, etc. every year. This phenomenon is affected by special weather conditions, and if the mechanism of its development and expansion is known, it is possible to ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for M.Sc. Natural Resources Engineering, Watershed Management Abstract Currently, flood spreading on aquifers is considered one of the suitable methods for controlling and optimal use of floods and artificial feeding of groundwater in arid and semi-arid areas. Chenaran watershed in the northwest of Mashhad with an area of ??299,624 hectares is located at 36.36 19.59 ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in the field of meteorology with an urban orientation. Abstract: The researches conducted in the world mainly indicate a gradual increase in the average temperature. Today, the trend of freezing temperatures is one of the most important climate parameters that are evaluated to prove climate change in a region. Analyzing the trend of the ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A Master's Degree Field: Natural Geography Major: Climatology in Environmental Planning Abstract Climate is one of the most important basic factors for identifying the natural areas of the earth, among the climatic elements, precipitation is of great importance. By examining the rainfall areas, it is possible to identify the potential of the country's water ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Urban Affairs Management Abstract Municipality is one of the most key organizations that plays an important role in providing urban services to citizens. By applying the knowledge of information technology and telecommunication systems as well as the ability of internal and experienced specialists in urban management, this organization has created a system ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's degree thesis in the field of geography and urban planning summarizes the physical development and growth of Iranian cities until a few decades ago, coordinated and appropriate to the needs of the urban society. With the emergence of new developments, cities quickly accepted changes and transformations. These transformations have been in the form of rapid population ...

Number of pages: 173 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of natural geography, climatology and environmental planning, abstract human civilization is based on the stability of climatic conditions, therefore climate change can be considered a threat to human civilization. In recent years, climate scientists have tried to trace these changes for some climatic elements, the most important of which is ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract One of the problems of advancing the management of pastures and forests in the northern regions of the country is fires that cause heavy environmental and financial damages. Fire risk management in connection with preventive measures can protect the natural ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography, specialization: Climatology in environmental planning. Abstract: In this research, the monitoring and zoning of drought as well as the investigation of its different dimensions in the country of Iran using statistics and information related to precipitation and temperature for 30 years (1981-2010) of the country's ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc) Field: Natural Geography - Hydrology and Synoptic Meteorology Abstract Damages caused by critical cold temperatures are increasing, especially in natural ecosystems and densely populated urban areas. Central Iran is a dry land prone to cold weather, especially during winter, and lacks resources to moderate temperature tensions, such as ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in natural geography, climatological orientation in environmental planning, abstract: the abundance of altitudes and extreme changes in altitude, and of course wide fluctuations in temperature, humidity, annual precipitation, etc., have caused Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, located in the southwestern half of the country, to be a bridge between the ...

Number of pages: 205 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) major: geography and tourism planning. Iran, with a variety of important tourist attractions, is one of the ten most touristic countries in the world and the fifth ecotourism country in the world, which can play a very important role in economic, social, and cultural terms. The city of Sanghar Kaliati is located in the ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A) in the field of geography and climatology in environmental planning. Abstract Due to the significant role of snow cover in the hydrological cycle, it seems necessary to investigate the characteristics of snow cover (snow cover level) with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The measurement of this parameter is generally done ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving the M.A. degree in the Department of Geography. The field of natural geography, the trend of climatology in environmental planning, is the abstract of a flood, a water flow that exceeds the capacity of the river channel and then flows into the adjacent floodplain. Although many local hydrological factors related to the catchment may affect the flood, ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Natural Geography Abstract Iran is a vast country that, due to its special location and topographic features, lacks water and It has a different atmosphere. For this reason, most of Iran is in the dry climates of the world. In addition to the lack of rainfall, the extreme fluctuations of rainfall in daily, seasonal and annual scales are among ...

Number of pages: 63 Category: Biology - Environment

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of chemical engineering, environmental orientation. Abstract: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, due to its ability to solubilize and deactivate metal ions by forming a complex in the aqueous environment, has many applications, especially as a chelating agent for iron fertilizer. The synthesis of this substance is done in ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Analytical Chemistry Abstract Nowadays, nanostructures have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their new features and applications in different fields and branches of science and technology. Meanwhile, nanocomposites, due to their unique physical and chemical properties, as well as potential applications in catalytic, ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Natural Resources Engineering - Watershed Abstract After glaciers and ice sheets, underground water resources are the largest fresh water reserves on earth and are one of the important sources of fresh water supply needed by humans. Since in most parts of the country, rains are often insignificant and sometimes appear as destructive floods, ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Water Resources Engineering Abstract Nowadays, due to the issue of water crisis and the need for accurate planning, the use of statistical models and methods is increasing. The research conducted in this field has also shown the usefulness of using statistical methods. The use of different forecasting methods has many advantages, including ...

Number of pages: 185 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of industrial engineering, Shahrivar's industrial trend. 2013 Abstract: Many economists consider agriculture as the driving force of economic growth.

Number of pages: 100 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of civil engineering, structural orientation. Abstract In this study, the evaluation and comparison of nonlinear and numerical analysis of deep reinforced concrete beams with openings without reinforcement with deep concrete beams with openings reinforced with FRP sheets and deep reinforced concrete beams without openings by Abaqus finite element ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for M.Sc Master's Degree, Mechanical Engineering - Applied Design Abstract Modern wind turbines today tend to vibrate a lot due to their elastic, long and narrow structure. Therefore, all components of wind turbines should be subjected to vibration and modal analysis in the design stages, and their natural frequencies should be reviewed with turbine excitation ...

Number of pages: 149 Category: Management

Abstract The main purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between business strategy and profit quality in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange market. The statistical sample of the research includes 145 companies accepted in Bo

Number of pages: 149 Category: Librarianship

Abstract The main purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between business strategy and profit quality in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange market. The statistical sample of the research includes 145 accepted companies

Number of pages: 124 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis - Master's Degree in Geophysics - Seismology 2012 Abstract Seismic hazard estimation to calculate a certain level of damage and vulnerability in the design of structures is one of the most important topics and principles of earthquake engineering, but

Number of pages: 209 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis of master's degree in civil engineering, soil and foundation mechanics orientation, September 2019, abstract: analysis of dynamic interaction between soil and structure (due to the mutual effect of the structure and its retaining soil on each other), D

Number of pages: 142 Category: Educational Sciences

Abstract The general purpose of the research is to analyze the content of social studies books for the fourth and fifth grades of elementary school based on metacognitive skills. Descriptive research method and basically a ""research"" Content analysis " is cup

Number of pages: 133 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A."" Management Shahrivar 1390 Abstract The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of establishing the proposal system on the efficiency of Merck's professional response system

Number of pages: 108 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in civil-structural field winter 2012 Abstract In recent years, the number of buildings that have suffered damage due to the loss of their gravity-bearing members has increased. Therefore, it has become important to design structures so that they are resistant to progressive damage in addition to the effects of earthquakes. One of the factors ...

Number of pages: 112 Category: Nutritional Sciences

Dissertation of master's course in the field of educational sciences, history and philosophy of education, winter 93 Abstract: This research aims to analyze the content of moral concepts and themes in the Holy Quran and with the aim of

Number of pages: 147 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.A) Business Management - Marketing Orientation Summer 2019 Abstract Considering the ever-increasing speed of changes and competition in the economic world, managers should have

Number of pages: 224 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Dissertation for receiving master's degree (M.A) in regional planning orientation, winter 2013 Abstract: Today, many researchers pay attention to the role of tourism in economic and social development

Number of pages: 128 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in industrial management (production orientation) (case study of universities in Semnan and Golestan provinces) Summer 2011 Abstract: In the world economic system and increasing competition

Number of pages: 172 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining the master's degree (M.A.) (Trend: Human Resource Management Winter 1391 Abstract: Naza University

Number of pages: 104 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Master's Thesis in (Agricultural Economics Engineering) Winter 2013 Abstract: Drought is one of the major problems that Kerman province is facing. And in the last decade, it has gained critical dimensions

Number of pages: 101 Category: Economics

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Economic Sciences October 1392 abstract In economic literature, population, both in terms of level and size and in terms of its growth rate, is one of the most important variables.

Number of pages: 121 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree M. A) Field: Geography and Urban Planning Chapter 1 (Research Plan) 1-1- Introduction The establishment of any urban element in a specific physical-spatial location of the city is subject to specific principles and rules and mechanisms (mechanisms) which, if followed, will lead to the success and functional efficiency of that element ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, specialization: accounting, is an abstract of the present research and research work in order to determine the effective factors in the selection of accounting methods for the inventory of materials and goods and its effect on the quality of profitability of companies admitted to the stock exchange. This thesis prepares a framework ...

Number of pages: 76 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for master's degree in accounting, accounting major. Abstract: The present research was conducted in order to provide evidence regarding the effect of ""privatization"" on the quality of profit of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. The spatial domain of this research is Tehran Stock Exchange and its temporal domain is 1382 to 1392. In order to test the ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Economics

Master's Thesis of Industrial Engineering, Financial Orientation, November 2013. Abstract: Evaluation of the performance of organizations and intra-organizational units is a necessary tool for their continued life and growth. Among various models and techniques.

Number of pages: 107 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering – Summer Industries 2013 Abstract A supply chain is a collection of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors.

Number of pages: 107 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering - Systems Management and Productivity Orientation Fall 2019 Abstract: The growing and rapid movement of today's societies to acquire and exploit information, causes an ever-increasing expansion

Number of pages: 131 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Major: Accounting. Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): In this research, the efficiency of stock purchase methods using technical strategies compared to the buy and hold method was investigated. The tested technical strategies are exponential moving average, movement size ...

Number of pages: 93 Category: Librarianship

Master's Thesis in Accounting (M.A) Abstract In this research, the relationship between the joint board of directors, discretionary disclosures and profit quality in 57 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange from the beginning of 2015 to the end of 2010 is examined. In this research, stock volatility, joint management board and independent director are considered as ...

Number of pages: 146 Category: Educational Sciences

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of educational management in the field of educational sciences. Abstract: The problem of many companies and educational centers today is the problem of human resources and the lack of proper efficiency of these forces in organizations. This research has been prepared for all industries, companies, organizations and educational ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Clinical Psychology (M.Sc) Abstract Reading is the most basic learning tool for students. Dyslexia accounts for the largest percentage of learning disabled students, which is defined by the lack of success in language skills such as reading, writing and spelling. Memory, especially active memory, is one of the important factors in learning that these students ...

Number of pages: 112 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's thesis in the field of educational sciences, history and philosophy of education. Abstract: This research was conducted in order to analyze the content of moral concepts and themes in the Holy Quran and with the aim of presenting a model of the educational moral system based on the moral concepts of the Quran. In this study, descriptive, analytical, and inferential ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of information technology management, e-business orientation Abstract: In today's era, one of the most important human inventions that have brought about tremendous changes in the life of humanity is the emergence of the computer, followed by the Internet, which has created a virtual world and an incentive for universities to invest in the field of ...

Number of pages: 303 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a doctorate degree in the field of geography and rural planning. Dissertation/dissertation abstract: The development of the agricultural sector in rural areas is based on the existence of natural talents and the realization of planning goals for the establishment of development facilities and requirements. This is despite the fact that some rural ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's thesis in the field of philosophy of education Abstract Study of professional ethics from the point of view of secondary school counselors The purpose of this research is to investigate the study of professional ethics from the point of view of secondary school counselors. This research was conducted in a qualitative paradigm using the dominant-less dominant model. In ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Clinical Psychology Abstract: Objective: Social anxiety is a very debilitating disorder that can disrupt many aspects of a person's life. In this research, the researcher seeks treatment using neurofeedback methods and the presence of mind as new treatments in the field of psychology. Method: The design of this research is quasi-experimental with pre-test and ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A."" Accounting - Abstract accounting is a main factor of successful investment, management's ability to predict the efficiency of projects; Because forecasting plays a major role in investment evaluation methods. Therefore, corporate investment decisions require managers to predict expected cash flows from potential ...

Number of pages: 346 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's degree thesis in advertising and cultural communication, the abstract of the upcoming research has been written so that the reader can get a relatively comprehensive and complete knowledge of the factors affecting the issue of women's clothing in today's Iranian society. This research has been done with the assumption that Iranian women's clothing is largely influenced ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Economics

Sources a) Persian sources: 1- Abrishmi, Hamid; Mehrara, Mohsen (1383), Deviation of equilibrium real exchange rate and woodworking policies in Iran's economy. Business research paper. Quarterly No. 33. 2- Abrishmi, Hamid; Mehrara, Mohsen (1384), methods of regulating and balancing the foreign exchange market and encouraging the purchase of goods and services from within. ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for the Master's degree (M-A) in the field: Political Geography Abstract Soft war is a new concept in terms of scientific research and a very old concept in terms of history. This concept is known in the world as soft power. Soft war in its modern concept with features such as software orientation, mentalization, emptying from within, changing cultural identity, ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract In geography, geographic facts or geographic information are different from other facts and information. Thus, every geographical fact and information is linked with a place. When this link is made, we enter the topic and field of political geography, political geography is a branch of human geography. Today, according to the latest definition, the special role of ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract In the not-so-distant past, when the boundaries of cities were defined by gates, the entry points to the city had a high spatial quality and were considered among the prominent elements and distinctive features of every city. Today, with the expansion and development of cities, the entry points have turned into expressways for the movement of motor vehicles, and the ...

Number of pages: 219 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree major: Accounting Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between changes in dividends, earnings per share and changes in earnings per share with changes in future earnings. In this research, information related to the balance sheet, profits and cash flow of 100 companies active in the Tehran Stock ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, orientation: accounting. Abstract In this research, we have examined the relationship between dividend policy and productivity. The intended research is an applied research. In terms of the type of research design, it is retrospective in order to rely on historical information, and its inference method is inductive and correlational. ...

Number of pages: 194 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Geography and Rural Planning Abstract Rural growth and development is closely related to the participation of villagers, because participation actually increases the efficiency of economic, social and cultural programs and the quality of decision-making for rural areas. The weak participation of the people in the rural society ...

Number of pages: 135 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography and Tourism Planning Abstract: Due to the increase in population and the resulting pressure on natural resources and the environment, tourism can also leave favorable and unfavorable effects on the environment. Lahijan city is one of the most tourist-friendly cities in Gilan province and has favorable natural ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree, field: Geography, specialization: tourism planning. Abstract The scope of study in this research is certain parts of the mountainous areas of Lahijan and Masal cities in Gilan province, which are known as Bam Sabz. The green roof of Lahijan, which has attracted the attention of many tourists in recent years, is located in the middle of ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Political Science

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Political Geography Abstract Iran-Turkey relations throughout history have always gone through many ups and downs and these relations are not specific to the recent decades, because the two countries are neighbors with each other since the time of the Ottoman Empire, their relations have continued in the usual way. As can be seen ...

Number of pages: 178 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in urban planning, department of geography. Abstract The most important criterion for analyzing the state of spatial justice in the city is the distribution of urban facilities and services, and the amount and distribution of facilities can play an effective role in the spatial movement of the population and demographic changes in urban areas. ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis of History and Philosophy of Education (Islamic Education) Abstract Ethics and moral education is considered one of the most important human issues in schools and especially human education. Because moral education provides happiness and salvation. The category of ethics has various dimensions such as reason and emotion. Intellect and emotion are two high human ...

Number of pages: 269 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Ph.D. Dissertation, Geography, Urban Planning, Abstract: Iran is considered one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world, and its cities have suffered a lot of damage due to this natural phenomenon. Due to its geographical location, Iran is always exposed to various natural disasters that affect different parts of it from time to time and leave harmful effects. Iran's ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Psychology

In order to obtain a master's degree in the field of general psychology, the general aim of this research is to compare learning styles, resilience and problem solving skills in professional and non-professional chess players. The method of this research is descriptive correlational. The statistical population includes all chess players under the supervision of the Chess ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, Major: Accounting Abstract: We have started this research with the basic question that adjustments in accounting profit, such as profit smoothing, will have an effect on new indicators of performance evaluation, such as economic added value, or not? For this purpose, we have investigated this issue under the title ""Investigation of ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of geography and rural planning, abstract considering that today, empowerment has become one of the main concepts of sustainable development and its relationship with sustainable development is in such a way that it is either considered as one of its components or as a factor or as a result of sustainable development, ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Geography and Urban Planning Abstract With the increase in the population of cities, the term green space and uses of urban green space have received more attention. Therefore, as the cities get bigger, the feeling of need for the presence of green spaces increases, both for the direct use of citizens and in terms of the ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

An academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of: geography, orientation: political, abstract of this research, using descriptive and analytical methods and using questionnaires, studies and field observations, analyzes the role of Bandar Anzali city in the organization of the political space of Gilan province, and the purpose of this research is to analyze the ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Accounting Major: Accounting Abstract: Profit smoothing is defined as the effort applied by management to reduce abnormal changes in profit in terms of accounting principles. In this research, the relationship between profit smoothing and information asymmetry in the life cycle of business units has been investigated and measured. In order to ...