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Download more than 100 examples of thesis, proposal and project topics about spondylitis disease in editable WORD file format at undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels for use and reference in research, articles, theses, student and academic projects.

Number of pages: 59 Category: Animal Husbandry - Poultry Farming

Abstract: Spondylitis is one of the diseases affecting the spine, which damages the poultry industry worldwide and causes lameness in the bird. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the common microbial factors in spondylitis disease of broiler chickens, which was done through the cultivation of necessary samples in a number of special culture environments. For this ...

Number of pages: 195 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field: executive management, orientation: strategic management. Abstract: Information technology, which until several years ago was considered a competitive advantage and a strategic weapon by organizations, is now considered as a competitive need. The use of information and communication technology and research devices that have up-to-date information ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's thesis in computer engineering, software orientation, Abstract In today's society, due to the progress of medical science, the amount of medical data is increasing rapidly. For faster and more efficient analysis of these data, we need electronic storage of these data. The data related to genetic diseases are also considered from this category of data. Considering this ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in natural geography majoring in climatology in environmental planning Abstract One of the diseases of this century that unfortunately young people especially girls and young women are suffering from is the disease (MS), the cause of which is still unknown according to the expert doctors of the world and unfortunately they state various theories ...

Number of pages: 161 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education and Sports Science, Sports Physiology, Abstract The purpose of this research was to study the effect of aerobic exercise on some risk factors of coronary artery disease in moderate multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In this practical study, 15 women (33.68 ± 8.22 years old) with EDSS>4 were randomly divided into control (7 ...

Number of pages: 84 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) Field: Physical Education and Sports Sciences Abstract Introduction: Statistics show that the prevalence of coronary artery disease and its mortality is increasing in Iran, such that about forty percent of all deaths are caused by this complication. At the same time, cardiovascular disease causes the highest rate of death, disability and ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education and Sports Science, Sports Physiology, Abstract The purpose of this research was to study the effect of aerobic exercise on some risk factors of coronary artery disease in moderate multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In this practical study, 15 women (33.68 ± 8.22 years old) with EDSS>4 were randomly divided into control (7 ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation to receive a professional doctorate Abstract Introduction and purpose: One of the risk factors during pregnancy is the age of the mother. Nowadays, a large number of women get pregnant over the age of 35. Also, in women over 35 years of age, the possibility of pregnancy complications such as placental abruption, diabetes, macrosomia and high blood pressure and fetal ...

Number of pages: 77 Category: Veterinary Medicine

Doctoral Dissertation of Veterinary Professions Abstract: One of the best management tools is to give a body score, which is considered as a factor for producers to evaluate health and nutritional status. This method helps to evaluate a group or herd of cows in terms of body reserves, especially fat and muscle. Body score may change at all stages of the production, feeding and ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of: Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Management. Abstract: Rice is one of the major crops of Gilan province and plays an important role in the income of rural households. The amount of rice yield is threatened every year by various factors such as pests, diseases and weeds. Blast disease is one of the most damaging ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for the Master's Degree in Plant Pathology (M.Sc.) Abstract Wilt is caused by different species of Verticilium and is one of the most important diseases of cotton in most regions of the world. Among the disease-causing species, V. dahliae is the dominant species in most parts of the world. Fungus is the cause of soil disease and causes quantitative and qualitative ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Educational Management Spring 2014 Introduction The basis of power and vitality in today's world comes back to the level of having science and knowledge. Today, the majority of the directions of the world are towards the production and development of science and technology, and developed countries are transitioning from industrial ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in educational management (M.A.) academic year: 1392-93 Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the leadership style of educational managers and the mental health of teachers

Number of pages: 137 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Educational Management (M.A.) Academic Year 2012-1393 Abstract The subject of the current research is to examine the relationship between the organizational excellence model (EFQM) and the performance of education

Number of pages: 199 Category: Management

Thesis for receiving the M.A. degree. Trend: Autumn 1391 transformation abstract The present study under the title ""Investigation and pathology of the decision system of G

Number of pages: 119 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology of General Orientation, Shahrivar 2013 Abstract Objective: The purpose of this research is to determine the role of resilience, self-efficacy and hope in predicting students' happiness.

Number of pages: 140 Category: Management

Thesis of Master's Degree in Business Management, Marketing Orientation, Summer 2013 Abstract With the emergence of phenomena such as e-commerce and e-business, the methods used in the field of increasing

Number of pages: 104 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis of Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department: Carpet (Painting), October 2013 Abstract: Today, in today's advanced and industrialized world, using new methods, it is trying to make Tul products

Number of pages: 231 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis­ academic certificate for obtaining the master's degree Major: Architecture, architectural trend, February 2013 Abstract of the influential role of therapeutic spaces and the environment in general, in the behavior and mood of Mes children

Number of pages: 145 Category: Economics

Thesis for receiving the master's degree (M.A) in the field of economic sciences, summer 2019. Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the field. Economic corruption is in government tenders. to reach

Number of pages: 101 Category: Psychology

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of personality traits on suicide attempts. For this purpose, 54 people with a history of suicide attempts were randomly selected as a sample in the emergency room of hospitals in Bandar Abbas city. In addition, the same number of normal people (with no history of suicide) were selected by the researcher taking ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Clinical Psychology Abstract Objective: The purpose of the current research was to determine the effectiveness of the matrix method on reducing high-risk sexual behaviors of addicted men in Kermanshah. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of the Dosa method on the theory of mind of high-functioning autistic children. The present research is a quasi-experimental type and the design used is a single-group pre-test-post-test design with follow-up and without the use of random selection. ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract Introduction and Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Hastinger's cognitive therapy on reducing the symptoms of depression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Method: The study was a single-case study using a purpose-based sampling method. Three women infected with human ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Psychology

1.Introduction Life skills and problem solving are a set of abilities that provide the basis for the adaptation of positive and useful behavior. This ability enables a person to accept his personal and social responsibilities, without harming himself and others, and can effectively face the demands, expectations and problems of daily interpersonal relationships and in this way ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Social Welfare Field Abstract: A healthy lifestyle is a valuable resource for reducing the prevalence and impact of health problems and improving health, adapting to stressful life factors and improving the quality of life. Lifestyle helps us to understand what people do, the reason they do it, and the meaning of their actions for themselves and others. ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation of Master's Course in Auditing Abstract: The pressures caused by conflicts of interest, busy working periods and the like make auditing a stressful job; Such tensions affect many aspects of auditors' lives and activities; A person's physical and mental health is threatened, his personal and family life is affected, his social relations are weakened in the workplace ...

Number of pages: 227 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Welfare Planning Abstract: Social capital is one of the most important growing concepts in social sciences and its scope of application in other sciences is increasing. This concept is considered as the missing link in development and like other capitals, it is productive and is a suitable platform for the exploitation of economic, ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Psychology

Master's thesis in the field of clinical psychology, abstract of evaluating a model for predicting students' mental health based on religious faith, with the mediation of happiness, ambivalent attachment style, and locus of control. The research method is correlational. The research community is all the students of Shiraz University who are studying in 1992-1993

Number of pages: 148 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master of Public Administration (M.A) majoring in public financial management Abstract: Currently, the operational budgeting method is one of the budgeting methods used in developed countries. The history of this method goes back to the aftermath of World War II and the United States of America. In recent years, the term ""operational budgeting"" which ...

Number of pages: 155 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General Abstract The purpose of this research was to predict children's mental health and resilience based on marital satisfaction and mothers' attachment styles. The method of the present research was descriptive correlation of the predictive type. The statistical population of this research is made up of all the 10-12-year-old ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Psychology

Thesis for Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of healthy lifestyle education based on the global health model on death anxiety and life satisfaction of the elderly. The statistical population of this research consists of all the elderly living in nursing homes, comprehensive rehabilitation centers, and ...

Number of pages: 312 Category: Psychology

Dissertation: clinical for obtaining the degree of Master of Psychology (MA) The abstract of the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of therapy schemas on reducing marital conflicts and increasing the mental health of married students. In this study, a quasi-experimental method (pre-test, post-test with a control group) was used.

Number of pages: 147 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology Abstract In this research, the moderating role of coping strategies and social support in the relationship between quality of life, psychological symptoms and parenting styles has been examined and 120 female heads of households in Alborz province were selected as the research sample. Research evidence and the results of ...

Number of pages: 139 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General Introduction Diabetes is not only a common disease but also a major health problem that has spread widely in the contemporary world. Diabetes or sugar disease is a metabolic (fuel) disorder in the body. In this disease, the ability to produce insulin in the body is lost, or the body becomes resistant to insulin, and ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Psychology

Abstract: The aim of this study is the way of spending free time of Shahrized teachers with emphasis on sports activities and its relationship with job burnout in academic year 92-93. This research is of a descriptive and expressive type, and the method of collecting data and information, documentary and library studies and field studies, as well as the data collection tool, a ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of psychology for exceptional children. Abstract The field of independence is an important topic of study and research in the field of mental health and education in the world. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy methods are offered to deal with concerns such as anger, anxiety, perfectionism, aggression, separation, social ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Industrial Engineering

To receive a master's degree in polymer engineering - polymer industries, May 2013 abstract With the progress of various sciences and knowledge, the boundaries of knowledge have converged and in some fields we are witnessing

Number of pages: 124 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's degree in Social Sciences - Sociology major Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of social causes on the tendency of young people aged 18-35 in Bandar Abbas to consume alcoholic beverages in 2013. The sample of study is 400 young people of this city who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Some of the data ...

Number of pages: 146 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis for receiving the master's degree in architectural engineering (M.A) fall 2013 Abstract Today, the elderly constitute a large segment of the population of any society, due to the control of population growth and

Number of pages: 91 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Clinical Psychology Abstract The main purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of reality therapy on reducing shyness and emotional deficiency of students and its components including reality therapy, reducing shyness, and emotional deficiency. The statistical population of the current research is all students studying in ...

Number of pages: 169 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General, Investigating the effectiveness of exercise on the level of self-esteem, happiness and quality of life of young people. For this purpose, among the beginner athletes who referred to the Darab fitness club in the summer of 2013, 60 people were available and 60 people were selected from normal people and they were matched ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A) Orientation: General Abstract Cancer is one of the chronic diseases that carries a heavy economic, social and psychological burden for the patient, family and society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence and mindfulness training on psychological well-being and life expectancy ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in General Psychology Abstract This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between mental well-being and job performance and quality of life of employees of Bandar Shahid Rajaei in the academic year of 2011-2012. The current research method is correlational. Also, due to the fact that in this research the prediction ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Sciences - Sociology Abstract: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and progressive neurological disease that occurs as a result of a combination of environmental factors (such as mental pressure or tension) or genetics. The age of the disease is about 20 to 40 years, but it can develop at any age. Amas usually has periods of relapse and ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Anthropology Dissertation Abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): Since the beginning of civilization, people have had a relationship with the plants around them. Belief in the healing power of plants may have existed among people long before they were recorded. In addition to having a ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Economics

Dissertation to obtain a master's degree Department of Economic Sciences, February 2013 Abstract: One of the important and influential topics in economic issues is the asset market. On the other hand, including M

Number of pages: 100 Category: Psychiatry

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A) in the field of school counseling. The effectiveness of teaching children's behavior management to mothers on the mental health of mothers and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. The purpose of this study was the effectiveness of teaching behavior management to mothers of children with attention ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Counseling and Guidance Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training on the mental health of bright female students in Kermanshah city. The current research was a pilot study of pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was made up of bright ...

Number of pages: 221 Category: Psychiatry

Thesis for Master's Degree in Educational Psychology Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of ""resilience training"" on the quality of life and reducing risky behaviors in middle school students. The research method is semi-experimental and its design is pre-test-post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A.) Orientation: Clinical Abstract The main goal of people with rhinoplasty is to achieve an imaginary shape of the nose that they think is more in harmony with their face in order to achieve a more favorable image of their body. Research has shown that there is a relationship between metacognitive components and cosmetic surgery. The present ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General Examining the relationship between mental health and academic progress in a group of middle school girls taking into account the employment status of mothers; Shiraz 2013 Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between mothers' employment and mental health and the academic progress ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Psychology

The thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of psychology (M.A.) clinical orientation is an abstract of the family, the center of love, affection and upbringing and the basis of the formation of social life. It is the most basic and main social form and component. A healthy society depends on the health of the family and the realization of its health depends on the ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Psychology

Field: General Psychology Thesis for Master's degree (M.A.) The relationship between self-control and parenting styles with psychological well-being among high school students Abstract The main purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between self-control and parenting styles with psychological well-being among high school students. For this purpose, among ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree (M.A.) orientation: energy economy, first chapter: general research, introduction of the income from the sale of oil in oil exporting countries, in increasing prosperity and public welfare

Number of pages: 99 Category: Economics

(Strength – Orientation) Economics-Economics, January 2013 Abstract The revenues from the sale of oil have a significant share in the government's income and the government's gross domestic product in Iran. On the one hand, due to the importance of the industrial sector

Number of pages: 154 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of the general research 1-1- Introduction The increasing development of natural resources and environmental science in the world has led to the creation of new branches of related sciences and industries, each of which in turn has the ability to influence the natural environment. The knowledge of ecotourism or nature tourism is considered as one of the most ...

Number of pages: 251 Category: Psychology

To receive a Ph.D. in the field of General Psychology Abstract Objective: This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness and continuity of the effect of schema therapy and metacognitive therapy in a group manner on reducing symptoms, social health and quality of life of students with social anxiety disorder. Method: The current study was ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Psychology

Field of Psychology - General Thesis for Master's Degree Abstract Risky behavior is behavior that exposes a person to bad or unpleasant consequences. The purpose of this research is to determine and measure the relationship between illogical beliefs and negative spontaneous thoughts with a tendency to risky behaviors in female students. Based on the nature and method, the ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Management

Thesis for Master's Degree in Executive Management Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors in reducing administrative corruption through the improvement of the organizational structure in government organizations, and then it tries to provide appropriate solutions to reduce administrative corruption in the National Bank of Iran. The present ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's degree ""MA"" Major: General Psychology Abstract The aim of the current research was to investigate the relationship between resilience and spiritual intelligence with the mental health of students of Khorramabad Islamic Azad University. The research sample consisted of 225 students who were selected in a multi-stage cluster and responded to the ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M. Sc.) Direction: Clinical Abstract Hypothyroidism is a chronic disease that can cause depression and sleep problems in people, therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching emotional distress tolerance skills based on dialectical behavior therapy on depression and sleep problems of women with hypothyroidism ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in General Psychology Abstract The purpose of this research is to compare methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatments on cognitive functions by examining the role of dosage modifier. The research design is causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study includes 156 drug abusers who underwent maintenance treatment with ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Clinical Psychology Abstract: Anxiety disorders include disorders whose common feature is fear and severe anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. In this research, the importance of diagnosing anxiety disorders in the general population has been investigated. The aim of the present study is the epidemiology of anxiety disorders in South Khorasan. From the ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis Field: Psychology (M.A) Orientation: Educational Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between students' resilience and their different personality traits and attachment styles. The statistical population of this descriptive study included all pre-university students of Beshagard city. The sample size was ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis Field: Psychology (M.A) Major: Educational Psychology Abstract: This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of teaching self-awareness and problem solving skills on the marital satisfaction of drug addicts during the treatment of dynamic rehabilitation and therapy clinic, Bandar Lange city in 2012. The statistical population includes all clients with a ...

Number of pages: 146 Category: Psychology

Dissertation: To receive a master's degree in the field of clinical psychology, abstract depression is a well-known term, but a challenging issue in the field of mental health. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the feeling of loneliness and general self-efficacy of patients with major depression. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 112 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A) Major: Clinical Abstract Considering that addiction is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, ""Cognitive Therapy"" is a tool that therapists use to control and treat addiction by influencing thoughts and beliefs. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Natural Geography, Climate Hazards Abstract Dust storms are destructive weather phenomena that cause irreparable damage to urban areas, fields, facilities, roads, etc. every year. This phenomenon is affected by special weather conditions, and if the mechanism of its development and expansion is known, it is possible to ...

Number of pages: 173 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for M.A. Master's Degree Abstract Objective: Paying attention to social support and mental health and coping skills of addicts during addiction recovery is an important and valuable issue for success in addiction recovery. The general purpose of this research is to determine the social support, coping strategies, and mental health of addicts anonymous and addicts ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) orientation: general. Comparison of executive functions in patients with schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms, major depression without psychotic symptoms and normal people in Shiraz (2013). Abstract Various researches have proposed cognitive deficits as one of the important aspects of schizophrenia. In addition, the ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Psychology

Faculty of Humanities, Department of Psychology, specialization: Industrial and Organizational Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Examining the relationship between occupational stress and mental health with emphasis on the mediating role of coping strategies in the employees of the Jihad Agricultural Organization of Zanjan province. Abstract The main purpose of this ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for M.A. Abstract industrial tendency in a situation where manufacturing companies are engaged in activities under intense competition, they produce diverse products and sometimes they do not pay attention to the environmental effects of using different materials. This is while the implementation of environmental management practices such as green supply chain ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Management

Master's Thesis of MBA Management Abstract of the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between five-factor personality style, internet addiction and willingness to use the internet, and Semnan University was chosen as a study for this purpose. The research method is descriptive (non-experimental) and survey type, and using the obtained ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for receiving Master's degree (M.A) in the field of educational management. Abstract of the present research aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and mental health with students' academic performance. The statistical population includes all the male students of the conservatories of Maroodasht city, whose number in 2013 was equal to ...

Number of pages: 190 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A.) Orientation: Clinical Abstract The purpose of this research was to compare the emotional schemas and cognitive distortions in people with migraine with healthy people. To do it, a causal comparative (post-event) research method was used. The statistical population was all people with migraine under treatment in the neuropsychiatric clinics of ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Psychology

Investigating the role of primary maladaptive schemas in predicting students' high-risk behaviors. Abstract Maladaptive schemas as cognitive infrastructures lead to the formation of irrational beliefs. When primary maladaptive schemas are activated, levels of excitement are released and directly or indirectly lead to various forms of psychological disturbances such as ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A) Major: Clinical Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the prevalence of depression in patients with epilepsy. For this purpose, the researcher has estimated the level of depression in patients with epilepsy according to the gender, education level, age and economic status of the patients. The current research method of ...

Number of pages: 144 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology - Assessment and Measurement Abstract The psychometric properties of Harry's stress questionnaire were examined after translation and validity of appearance and content were checked with factor analysis method. A sample of four hundred people from Tehran city were selected by simple random method and available sampling and completed the 66-question ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A.) Clinical Orientation Abstract: Problem Statement: Identifying personality factors and drug addiction helps to diagnose and treat addiction as best as possible, and by providing counseling and psychological services on time, the addiction of susceptible people can be prevented to some extent. Therefore, the purpose of this ...