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Number of pages: 119 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 88 Category: Electronic Engineering

The master's thesis in the field of power. Abstract Control of scattered productions and their planning is one of the important issues of power systems operation. The purpose of this issue is to minimize the cost of operation and pollution and to supply cargo by observing the operation restrictions. The increase in the desire to use renewable resources and the move towards the ...

Number of pages: 47 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering, Major: Current abstract software using wireless sensor networks (Wireless Sensor Network) in its expanded form. Due to the predominant use of batteries to supply the energy consumption of these sensors and also the lack of easy access to sensors in many of these applications, engineers and researchers are encouraged to design routing ...

Number of pages: 52 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electrical field, orientation: power. Abstract The concept of microgrid is a set of loads, sources of production and energy storage that act as a controllable load or generator and can provide power and heat for a local area. Management of production power in microgrid is one of the main current topics in the design and operation of microgrid. ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis Field: Electric Power Abstract: In this thesis, a new framework is presented for the planning and development of the participation strategy of virtual power plants in the energy and storage markets. According to the definition, a virtual power plant is a set of small-scale production units with a covered load and network managed by a certain entity. Dispersed ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

The master's thesis in the field of power. Abstract Control of scattered productions and their planning is one of the important issues of power systems operation. The purpose of this issue is to minimize the cost of operation and pollution and to supply cargo by observing the operation restrictions. The increase in the desire to use renewable resources and the move towards the ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of electrical engineering - Power Abstract The importance of the energy issue has increased the need to use new energy sources as a producer of electrical energy. Nowadays, one of the suitable options for providing electric energy are scattered production sources. The use of distributed generation has many positive effects, such as increasing the ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering, Electronics Orientation Abstract: Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of small sensor nodes, which have limitations in energy level, bandwidth, processing power, and memory. Therefore, routing, clustering, reducing energy consumption, and increasing network life are the main challenges of routing in ...

Number of pages: 151 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering, Power Systems, Abstract: During the last two decades, the electricity industry has undergone fundamental changes in the way it is produced, transmitted and distributed, which is referred to as restructuring. With the restructuring in the electricity industry, reactive power has been introduced as one of the most ...

Number of pages: 51 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of electrical engineering, power orientation. Abstract In this thesis, a new method for the optimal location of power plants has been discussed in order to simultaneously optimize the development of production and network. In the considered optimization problem, the goal is to choose the type and capacity of new power plants and the ...

Number of pages: 66 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in the field: Power Electrical Engineering Abstract Due to the extent and complexity of distribution networks, the probability of an accident occurring in them is very high, and the occurrence of an accident can affect many subscribers. Therefore, reliability is one of the key parameters determining the success rate of the system in providing ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of: Power Electricity, the increase in the presence of non-linear power electronic loads in distribution networks, on the one hand, and the ongoing changes in distribution networks, such as the presence of scattered production sources and the possibility of forming power microgrids [1], have increased the need for new ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Electronic Engineering

Abstract The reduction of fossil fuel resources, adverse environmental effects and low efficiency of traditional power grids have increased the desire to produce electricity near the load and the level of the distribution network using renewable sources. One of the basic solutions to solve the problems raised is the use of microgrids. A set of small sources of energy production ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master of Electrical Engineering (M.A.) Direction: Power Abstract Reliability assessment in power networks is essential. With the discussion of smart grids in traditional power systems, a lot of attention has been paid to the use of renewable resources, electric cars that can be connected to the grid, and also other types of energy sources such as CHPs[1]. On ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis of Electrical Engineering - Restructuring Abstract The trustees of distribution systems, as the last link in the chain of electricity supply to subscribers, face problems in their long-term decisions. Paying attention to electricity markets and rates affected by the performance of electricity market players challenges distribution companies, which are responsible ...

Number of pages: 88 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Dissertation in Electrical Engineering (M.Sc.) Focus: Power Abstract Reliability in any system is a concept that refers to the safe and reliable operation of the system. Although this concept is undefined in most systems such as electrical, mechanical, pneumatic, etc., it is of interest to designers and consumers, but with the advancement of technology and the increase ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Dissertation in Electrical Engineering (M.Sc.) Focus: Power Abstract Reliability in any system is a concept that refers to the safe and reliable operation of the system. Although this concept is undefined in most systems such as electrical, mechanical, pneumatic, etc., it is of interest to designers and consumers, but with the advancement of technology and the increase ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis in the field of power, power electronics, power electronics, abstract. Distributed generation power plants have a production capacity of several kilowatts to 10 megawatts, which are used to produce electric energy in places close to consumers. Among their types, we can mention solar cells, fuel cells, micro turbines, wind power plants, etc. If these power plants ...

Number of pages: 42 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of electrical engineering, power orientation. Abstract In this thesis, a new method for the optimal location of power plants has been discussed in order to simultaneously optimize the development of production and network. In the considered optimization problem, the goal is to choose the type and capacity of new power plants and the ...

Number of pages: 71 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis of Power Electricity Abstract: Photovoltaic energy is one of the clean and efficient energies that is expanding rapidly. With the increase in the penetration percentage of these power plants in the power grid, problems arise that may lead to errors and problems in the distribution system. One of the problems that may occur is the issue of voltage increase at the ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Orientation: Power Abstract In recent years, with the advances made in data processing and transmission technology, distribution companies are more and more interested in using distribution automation systems. One of the most effective users of automation is the renewal of the distribution network, which is often analyzed as an ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of: Power Electricity Abstract The increase in the presence of non-linear power electronic loads in distribution networks on the one hand and the ongoing changes in distribution networks such as the presence of scattered production sources and the possibility of forming power micro-grids[1] have increased the need for new ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering - Renewal Abstract The trustees of distribution systems, as the last link in the chain of electricity supply to subscribers, face problems in their long-term decisions. Paying attention to electricity markets and rates affected by the performance of electricity market players challenges distribution companies, which are responsible and ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering Abstract: Nowadays, due to the increase in population in big cities, building high-rise buildings and residential towers may seem inevitable. But in locating these types of buildings and placing them together, a series of environmental requirements must be observed. In this thesis, an attempt has been made to re-evaluate ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree Abstract Today, preventing losses caused by blackouts and undistributed energy is very important. Therefore, one of the most important issues in the operation of the distribution network is the renewal of the load, which has a great impact on the constant service to the subscribers. When a part of the network is cut off due to an error or ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Power System Abstract: The trend of reducing fossil fuel resources, adverse environmental effects and low efficiency of traditional power grids has increased the tendency to produce electricity near the load and the level of the distribution network using renewable sources. One of the basic solutions to solve the problems raised is the use of ...

Number of pages: 62 Category: Biology - Environment

Abstract In this research, the effect of different degrees of burial in windy sand on some physiological and vegetative characteristics of Qara Dagh and Rames species was measured. One-year-old saplings of Qarhadagh and Rames species were obtained from the nursery of the General Department of Natural Resources of Yazd province and subjected to five control treatments, burial ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's degree thesis in the field: Electrical Engineering - Power Orientation Abstract: In recent years, with the increasing expansion of electricity consumption, the need to increase energy production and the use of renewable sources in the production of electrical energy has increased due to environmental and economic reasons, among which scattered production units have been ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering, Power Systems, Abstract: During the last two decades, the electricity industry has undergone fundamental changes in the way it is produced, transmitted and distributed, which is referred to as restructuring. With the restructuring in the electricity industry, reactive power has been introduced as one of the most ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master of Electrical Engineering (M.A.) Direction: Power Abstract Reliability assessment in power networks is essential. With the discussion of smart grids in traditional power systems, a lot of attention has been paid to the use of renewable resources, electric cars that can be connected to the grid, and also other types of energy sources such as CHPs[1]. On ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.Sc."" Orientation: Agriculture Abstract Effect of different levels of super absorbent (A-200) on the yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Shahriar at different levels of irrigation in two types of soil with different textures. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of the application of different ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Electrical Engineering

A master's thesis in the field of electrical-power engineering. Time series load distribution. In this research, the application of time series models in the power system is discussed. Time series are used to model different power grid parameters and in various applications. These models are able to consider the time correlation of power grid variables. According to the modeling ...

Number of pages: 174 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for the M.Sc. Field of agriculture, the effect of water stress, zeolite and salicylic acid foliar spraying on some agronomic and physiological traits of spring safflower 1: General: 1-1: Introduction: Environmental stresses are the most important factors that reduce the yield of agricultural products in the world. If environmental stresses did not occur, the actual ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master Thesis (M.Ss) Abstract The desire to use distributed generation (DG) resources is increasing day by day due to their numerous advantages. The disproportion between the consumption load and the production power will cause the power systems to be operated close to the corresponding nominal capacity, which will seriously aggravate this issue by using FACTS control tools with ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering (Power) Abstract Optimum placement of fault current limiters in microgrids in order to improve service continuity due to the increase in consumption demand and the ever-increasing penetration of scattered production sources into the power network, production and distribution systems are becoming more and more complex. Connecting these ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Public Administration Human Resource Orientation Abstract Human resource accounting is a new approach in accounting that has a relatively short lifespan. Human resource accounting can be considered as a combination of human resource management and accounting. By quantifying the value of resources, human resource accounting has provided ...

Number of pages: 76 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis of Electrical Engineering - Power Abstract Microgrids are networks with small scales at the low voltage level, which are used to supply thermal and electrical loads to small places and places that do not have access to the main power grid. Microgrids are used to supply energy to all types of consumers such as household, industrial and agricultural, and their cost ...

Number of pages: 214 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of architecture, Mehr 2013 Abstract: One of our needs today is to have a space to get acquainted with new architectural technologies in the world

Number of pages: 163 Category: Architectural Engineering

Abstract Considering the sensitivity of the geographical location and the potentials in the Azad Qeshm Special Zone and the idea of ??improving the level of social interactions with other regions of the country and attracting domestic and foreign investors and improving the economic relations of the organization

Number of pages: 143 Category: Economics

In order to obtain a master's degree in the field of economics, economic sciences December 2013 Abstract Globalization can be considered a process in which the economic borders between countries are becoming less and less every day.

Number of pages: 112 Category: Biology - Environment

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in environmental economics, Shahrivar 2019 Abstract: In this research, the relationship between gross domestic product, energy intensity, population, urbanization rate and Co gas emission rate

Number of pages: 102 Category: Economics

Chapter 1 Introduction and Generalities 1-1 Introduction Since long ago, humans have been thinking about the effective and useful use of their abilities, facilities and resources, but in today's industrial world, this is more than ever.

Number of pages: 165 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A."" » Field of Educational Research Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the establishment of the Pars Energy Special Economic Zone on the quality of life of the people of Asalouye region. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of data collection. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Public Administration - Financial Management, Abstract: In the past years, the trend of electric energy consumption has been increasing due to national growth and development, until the amount of fossil fuels consumed, natural gas and petroleum products, was equal to 385.5 barrels of crude oil in 2013. Of this amount, 306.1 barrels of crude oil have been ...

Number of pages: 164 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A."" » Field of Educational Research Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the establishment of the Pars Energy Special Economic Zone on the quality of life of the people of Asalouye region. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of data collection. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering Abstract: In recent years, due to the growing number of requests and the joining of new customers to the world of computing, computer systems Computing should also change and be more powerful and flexible than before. In the meantime, cloud computing was presented as a model beyond a system that currently has the ability to respond to most ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: ""Domestic Business"" Introduction in Management Science To increase the performance of employees of an organization, various strategies have been proposed, such as increasing job satisfaction, applying continuous monitoring and implementing incentive and punishment programs, and other cases. In addition to the above solutions, ...

Number of pages: 172 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning Chapter 1 General Research 1-1- Introduction Although urbanization in the world has a long history, the creation and expansion of new cities was mainly influenced by the industrial revolution in the 19th century. Population growth, diversity in production methods, the formation of public goods production system and changes in ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Management

Dissertation for the degree of Master of Executive Management (M.A.) Orientation: Strategic Abstract: The present research was conducted with the aim of determining the impact of human resources development in achieving organizational agility in the urban water and sewage company of Ilam province. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Business Management, Transformational Orientation Abstract: Purpose: This research was designed with the aim of determining the relationship between human resource capability and the rate of acceptance of banking services and attracting financial resources in the branches of the National Bank of Greater Shahr-Rasht. Method: The current ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of electrical-power engineering. Abstract: In recent years, attention to high productivity and efficiency in various industries has rapidly expanded the scope of application of power electronic equipment. These equipments have increased power quality problems in distribution networks due to their non-linear ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electronics Abstract Nowadays, according to the advantages of wireless sensor networks, which are simple and cheap implementation, low power consumption and high scalability, they are used in many applications. Designing sustainable wireless sensor networks is a very challenging issue. Sensors with limited energy are expected to operate automatically for a ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree, specialization: Power, Power, Abstract One of the important design challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to prolong the lifetime of the system (node), while achieving an acceptable quality of service for the applications. Extending the life of the node is directly related to reducing energy consumption. In WSN, each sensor node works ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of power electronics, power electronics, Abstract: The use of pulsed power sources in various plasma processes is increasing due to the relationship established between them. According to the research done in this case, the design of pulsed power sources with the aim of reducing losses and increasing efficiency can have important effects on plasma ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of power electronics, power electronics, Abstract: The use of pulsed power sources in various plasma processes is increasing due to the relationship established between them. According to the research done in this case, the design of pulsed power sources with the aim of reducing losses and increasing efficiency can have important effects on plasma ...

Number of pages: 72 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering (Software) Abstract: Reducing energy consumption in the cloud environment using virtual machine migration Reducing energy consumption is one of the most important issues of the day, especially in the industry sector. In recent years, the ever-increasing human needs for computer systems have caused the creation and expansion of more and ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Computer Science (M.Sc) Software Orientation Abstract Smart phones and other mobile devices are becoming an ideal platform for continuous measurement of user activities by a large number of embedded sensors. In this way, energy consumption has become the most important challenge for mobile devices. Individual activity detection on smart phones ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) orientation of organizations and methods Abstract Human resources are considered the most important factor in organizations, the development of human resources is related to the training and development of human activities in organizations and helps organizations to create special cultural conditions in which employees achieve the ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Management

Master's Thesis Field: MBA Abstract About two-thirds of the world's energy is consumed in cities. Along with the many solutions that have been provided to reduce the energy demand, some technologies and researches have also been aimed at optimizing the energy supply. The technology of simultaneous production of electricity and heat is among the technologies that have been ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Physics

Abstract Gas hydrates are a group of solid host compounds that play an important role in many processes such as gas storage, transfer and separation, heterogeneous catalysis and water purification. These crystals are formed at a temperature higher than the freezing point of water and high pressure. There are different methods to calculate the free energy difference: 1) ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering (M. S. C) Major: Power Abstract At present, fossil resources are rapidly running out, and with increasing concern about air pollution and global warming, experts are thinking of using cleaner energy sources and more compatible with the environment. Among these, wind power and solar energy are two types of huge renewable energy sources. ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electronics Abstract Nowadays, according to the advantages of wireless sensor networks, which are simple and cheap implementation, low power consumption and high scalability, they are used in many applications. Designing sustainable wireless sensor networks is a very challenging issue. Sensors with limited energy are expected to operate automatically for a ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree, specialization: Power, Power, Abstract One of the important design challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to prolong the lifetime of the system (node), while achieving an acceptable quality of service for the applications. Extending the life of the node is directly related to reducing energy consumption. In WSN, each sensor node works ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for M.Sc. Chemical Engineering-Environmental Engineering Abstract: Microbiological fuel cells (MFC) are considered as one of the important potentials in providing clean and renewable energy in the future. In addition to providing electrical energy, which is the most widely used and flexible among other types of energy, MFCs not only do not cause the slightest ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Health - Health

Dissertation for Master's degree in Healthcare Management Abstract: Introduction: Energy resources are considered one of the most important sources of service in the hospital. The purpose of this research was to compare the amount of energy consumption before and after the implementation of the targeting plan of subsidies in the hospitals of the Ilam Institute of Medical ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis Abstract In this project, the coat cracker unit of Abadan refinery has been simulated using Hysys refinery software. In simulating and receiving information, feed properties and solving mass and energy balance equations have been used. Simulation data and operational data of Abadan Cat Cracker unit have been compared. Also, by changing some important operational ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electricity, power orientation Abstract: In the past, the structure of energy production and consumption systems, such as electricity and natural gas, were independent of each other. But due to the ever-increasing growth of energy consumption and the development of control systems and the need for coordination between energy production and ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering-Energy Conversion Abstract The goals of this project include providing a solution for calculating the calorific value of waste based on the knowledge of the composition of waste and also proposing a combined cycle of waste incinerator power generation using the cold energy recovery of liquefied natural gas along with the ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of electrical-power engineering. Abstract: In recent years, attention to high productivity and efficiency in various industries has rapidly expanded the scope of application of power electronic equipment. These equipments have increased power quality problems in distribution networks due to their non-linear ...

Number of pages: 48 Category: Research Methodology

Introduction Since ancient times, energy supply has been a very important issue for human societies. In today's era, due to the industrial and technological advances that have a very important place in the daily life of people, the importance of the problem is manifested in a more obvious way. But the common sources of energy production, which are mostly non-renewable, will be ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis in Mechanical Engineering, Energy Conversion, Abstract Due to the lack of fresh water resources, it is of great importance to discover new ways of water production. One of the new methods of producing fresh water in low capacity is the use of air humidity, which is known as condensation water production system. In this method, the flow of hot and humid air is ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Fisheries

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in natural resources engineering - reproduction and breeding of aquatic animals Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility and effects of replacing plant resources in the diet of rainbow trout. For this purpose, a combination of vegetable protein sources with the main source of wheat gluten along with corn ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Agricultural Engineering

The thesis for receiving a master's degree (M.Sc.) in the direction of agricultural mechanization is an abstract of greenhouse cultivation, a growing industry in many countries. But due to off-season production, greenhouses have high energy consumption. The purpose of this research is to analyze the economic and energy production of greenhouse products and investigate the effect ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis - Master's Degree in Geophysics - Winter Seismology 2012 Abstract In this research, the effect of a branch fault in a subduction zone on tsunami waves using numerical modeling of tsunami waves.

Number of pages: 140 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering/ Cold Water Engineering 1392 1-1- Introduction In this chapter, an overview of the concept of climate change and its causes and the effect of this phenomenon on natural resources and

Number of pages: 145 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering (M.Sc) Orientation: Structure Winter 2013 Abstract: Resilient construction of important government buildings, infrastructure facilities and vital arteries due to the increase

Number of pages: 135 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of civil engineering, oriented towards soil and foundation mechanics, Shahrivar   2013 Abstract Dams are always considered as infrastructure structures

Number of pages: 92 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of master's degree in civil-structural engineering Abstract: Divergent bracing frames are considered earthquake-resistant systems for steel structures. These braces are from my difficulty