Download the thesis about risky behavior✅ Word Document

Download more than 100 examples of thesis, proposal and project topics about risky behavior in editable WORD file format at undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels for use and reference in research, articles, theses, student and academic projects.

Number of pages: 106 Category: Psychology

Field of Psychology - General Thesis for Master's Degree Abstract Risky behavior is behavior that exposes a person to bad or unpleasant consequences. The purpose of this research is to determine and measure the relationship between illogical beliefs and negative spontaneous thoughts with a tendency to risky behaviors in female students. Based on the nature and method, the ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Clinical Psychology Abstract Objective: The purpose of the current research was to determine the effectiveness of the matrix method on reducing high-risk sexual behaviors of addicted men in Kermanshah. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 193 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) orientation: industrial and organizational predicting anti-productive behaviors based on five major personality factors and organizational citizenship behaviors in employees of Khomeinishahr Islamic Azad University Abstract The purpose of this research was to predict counterproductive behaviors based on five major personality factors and ...

Number of pages: 221 Category: Psychiatry

Thesis for Master's Degree in Educational Psychology Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of ""resilience training"" on the quality of life and reducing risky behaviors in middle school students. The research method is semi-experimental and its design is pre-test-post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General, the relationship between personality traits and emotional intelligence with the driving behavior of intercity bus drivers. Researcher: Arman Minajati. Abstract: The present research is of a descriptive-correlation type, which was conducted with the general purpose of investigating and explaining the predictive role of ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Psychology

Investigating the role of primary maladaptive schemas in predicting students' high-risk behaviors. Abstract Maladaptive schemas as cognitive infrastructures lead to the formation of irrational beliefs. When primary maladaptive schemas are activated, levels of excitement are released and directly or indirectly lead to various forms of psychological disturbances such as ...

Number of pages: 155 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in public administration-transformation. Abstract: Extensive changes and globalization in today's world require a different and new leadership style that realizes the goals of the organization with the optimal use of material and human resources and assets and is able to develop capacities and use them. Leaders who by creating new ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Psychology

Master's thesis in the field of clinical psychology. Abstract of the comparison of coping skills, impulsivity and behavioral disorders in three groups of unsupervised, poorly supervised and normal adolescents. Unfortunately, today we witness that the number of unsupervised and poorly supervised children and adolescents is increasing every day. Many social variables are involved ...

Number of pages: 164 Category: Management

end­ Letter for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) in the field of business management, financial orientation, fall 2013. Abstract of this research is a group of items from the exploration of the basics of research evaluation regarding motivation.

Number of pages: 147 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's thesis in the field of communication, research orientation in communication Abstract: In the present research, the direction of moral behavior of positive, normal and negative characters of the series ""Zero Degree Circuit"" has been investigated with the method of content analysis. According to the criteria in Islamic texts, moral and immoral behaviors are divided into ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation to receive M.A. degree Abstract: The present study investigates the relationship between the influence of the composition of ownership and the board of directors of companies on corporate social responsibility in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the level of compliance with social ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in General Psychology Abstract The purpose of this research is to compare methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatments on cognitive functions by examining the role of dosage modifier. The research design is causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study includes 156 drug abusers who underwent maintenance treatment with ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Psychiatry

Dissertation for Master's Degree in General Psychology Abstract: The purpose of this research was to compare cognitive emotion regulation strategies, attachment styles, self-expression and locus of control in runaway and normal girls. The research method in this study was causal-comparative. The subjects included 36 girls (18 runaway girls and 18 normal girls). The group of ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for the Master's degree ""M.A"" Major: Educational Psychology Farsi Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parenting methods and personality traits with resilience in adolescence. The statistical population of the research was female secondary school students of one Khorramabad district in the academic year of 1392-1393. The ...

Number of pages: 174 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) major: general, comparing the personality characteristics of delinquent and non-delinquent people Abstract: This research was carried out with the aim of comparing the personality characteristics of delinquent and non-delinquent people in Mahshahr city. Method: This research was a causal-comparative descriptive research. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: business management, specialization: insurance management. Abstract: One of the risks facing mankind is a disease that imposes a lot of medical expenses on patients. The risk of illness can be compensated through medical insurance. The purpose of the present study is to estimate the demand function of complementary health ...

Number of pages: 241 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) Field of Study: Public Management (Transformation Orientation) Abstract In the current research, the relationship between organizational learning and organizational entrepreneurship in Noordulule Safasaveh company has been investigated. In this regard, organizational learning based on Nifa's model and organizational entrepreneurship based ...

Number of pages: 112 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree (M.A) in Public Administration, Transformation Management, Abstract This research was conducted with the purpose of the relationship between organizational culture and organizational entrepreneurship of Bank Sepe Shabat, Central Province, in 2012. The statistical population of the research included 316 employees working in Sepeh Shabat Bank ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for M.A. Field: Physical Education and Sports Science Major: Sports Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the causal relationship between feelings of self-efficacy, psychological risk taking and performance of swimmers. The method of this research is causal-correlation and the field method was used by means of a questionnaire to collect ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: IT Information Technology Engineering

Master's Thesis of Information Technology Engineering, Information Systems Management, Abstract In today's world, due to the change in lifestyle, people are looking for a way to improve and improve their economic situation, one of the most important ways to improve their financial situation is to increase their income. One of the easiest ways is investment, which has different ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Management

Dissertation to receive a master's degree (M.A.) field: public management, specialization: human resource management, research abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the decision-making style of managers and analyze the financial approach of commercial banks in the fiscal year 2013. For this purpose, 96 middle managers of 6 commercial banks, including Mellat ...

Number of pages: 140 Category: Economics

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in public administration with a focus on finance. Abstract: Basically, investors should do extensive research when buying or selling common stocks. Because they convert their most liquid assets into shares and if they do not pay attention to certain things, they will not receive favorable results from that investment. Therefore, this ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Medical Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree in Health Sciences in Nutrition Abstract Introduction Researches indicate the prevalence of blood lipid disorders in childhood and adolescence. Considering the formation of eating habits from childhood and adolescence and the impact on health or illness in adulthood, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the correlation ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for M.A. Field: Physical Education and Sports Science Major: Sports Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the causal relationship between feelings of self-efficacy, psychological risk taking and performance of swimmers. The method of this research is causal-correlation and the field method was used by means of a questionnaire to collect ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Health - Health

The first chapter of the research field: lifestyle[1] is the normal and routine daily activities that people accept in their lives, so that these activities affect people's health(1). By choosing a lifestyle to maintain and improve his health and prevent diseases, a person performs actions and activities such as following a proper diet, sleep and activity, exercise, body weight ...

Number of pages: 67 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Field: Physical Education Major: Sports Physiology Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and body mass index and waist circumference in 8-10-year-old student boys in Rasht city. For this purpose, 324 students were selected by cluster-random sampling method and participated in the research. At first, height ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Nursing, Internal Medicine-Surgery, Research Introduction, Problem Statement, Definition of Words, Research Questions, Research Objectives, Research Limitations, Research Introduction, Research Title: Investigating the views and performance of operating room personnel regarding patient safety in educational-treatment centers affiliated to ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Management

Thesis for receiving the degree of master's degree (M.A) in the field of executive management  

Number of pages: 154 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in civil engineering – Spring 2014 structure trend, first chapter, general research 1-1- Introduction: Mostly structures for severe earthquakes and surface acceptance

Number of pages: 75 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of executive management, strategic management, June 2013. Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior of employees.

Number of pages: 108 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in civil-structural field winter 2012 Abstract In recent years, the number of buildings that have suffered damage due to the loss of their gravity-bearing members has increased. Therefore, it has become important to design structures so that they are resistant to progressive damage in addition to the effects of earthquakes. One of the factors ...

Number of pages: 204 Category: Management

Thesis of master's degree in business management, international business orientation, winter 90, abstract, rapid growth under the structures of the Internet, new opportunities and methods for doing business to all the world.

Number of pages: 104 Category: Librarianship

Master's Thesis in Accounting Abstract The creation of joint-stock companies and the emergence of conflict of interests between owners and managers necessitated the formulation of practical solutions to eliminate this conflict, which is known as agency problems in the literature of finance and accounting. This issue caused a lot of research to be done in the field of accounting ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of master's degree in structural engineering February 2019 Chapter 1: Introduction 1-1. General, one of the most important natural events that always affects the lives of human beings

Number of pages: 117 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's thesis in the field of demography, abstract of the study of the relationship between women's independence and fertility behavior (case study: women aged 15-49 in Shiraz city) Despite the different conditions under which many women live around the world, population growth rates have decreased significantly over the past 30 years. Reproduction is a key factor in women's ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) orientation: industrial and organizational evaluation of the effect of the quality of work life and organizational citizenship behavior on the organizational effectiveness of the employees of the Fars Medical Emergency Management Center. The statistical population of this research is made up of all the employees of Fars Medical Accident ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Educational Sciences

The thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of librarianship and communication. The abstract of the present research examines and compares the information-seeking behavior of graduate students of Islamic Azad and Kurdistan University, Sasandaj branch, on the global web based on the Ellis model. The research method is a survey and the data is collected through a ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychiatry Abstract The union of couples is an official social initiation, the continuation of which strengthens the foundation of the family. Nowadays, spouses benefit from interventions and specialized training in order to increase intimacy and improve marital relations. The general purpose of the current research is to investigate the effectiveness of group ...

Number of pages: 228 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Industrial and Organizational, Predicting Employees' Job Performance Based on Empowerment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Psychological Capitals Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive role of empowerment, organizational citizenship behavior, and psychological capitals on the job performance ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of psychology for exceptional children. Abstract The field of independence is an important topic of study and research in the field of mental health and education in the world. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy methods are offered to deal with concerns such as anger, anxiety, perfectionism, aggression, separation, social ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in the field of Educational Psychology Abstract Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of bold behavior skill training on decision-making and perfectionism of female students in the third grade of high school in district 8 of Tehran. Method: This research was an experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design. One school ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) field: educational research. The abstract of the present study was prepared and compiled in order to investigate the impact of security-oriented leadership components on the behavior of health care network employees in Behshahr city. Data collection in this research is a descriptive survey method. The statistical population of this ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Psychiatry

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A) in the field of school counseling. The effectiveness of teaching children's behavior management to mothers on the mental health of mothers and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. The purpose of this study was the effectiveness of teaching behavior management to mothers of children with attention ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.Sc) Major: Accounting Abstract: The main purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of management insight and sales changes on the asymmetric behavior of costs of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the current research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Psychology

Dissertation to receive a master's degree (M.A.) orientation: industrial and organizational, the relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness with organizational citizenship behavior of Euclid sugar factory employees. The sample of this research consisted of 170 employees who were selected by simple random from among all employees and evaluated using relevant ...

Number of pages: 223 Category: Psychology

Faculty of Humanities, Department of Psychology, Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Investigating the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral stress management group training on resilience, health control center, general health, and blood glucose hemoglobin in patients with diabetes by: Masoume Izadpanahi Abstract: The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M. Sc.) Direction: Clinical Abstract Hypothyroidism is a chronic disease that can cause depression and sleep problems in people, therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching emotional distress tolerance skills based on dialectical behavior therapy on depression and sleep problems of women with hypothyroidism ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Educational Sciences

In order to obtain a master's degree in the field of educational psychology, the aim of the study was to compare behavioral disorders, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in orphaned and normal adolescents. The design of this research was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the present study consists of the unaccompanied boys and girls of Semnan and Tehran and ...

Number of pages: 146 Category: Psychology

Dissertation: To receive a master's degree in the field of clinical psychology, abstract depression is a well-known term, but a challenging issue in the field of mental health. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the feeling of loneliness and general self-efficacy of patients with major depression. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 171 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of business management (marketing) Abstract: The present research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between internal marketing and organizational citizenship behavior with regard to the moderating role of distributional leadership in Bank Mellat branches of Ilam province. The research method used is descriptive and ...

Number of pages: 159 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's thesis in the field of social sciences Today, psychological operations include various methods and techniques, but this meaning cannot be limited to a specific technique or method, from this point of view, psychological operations is a process that affects the audience through various tools and devices, a process that has changed over the centuries and has produced ...

Number of pages: 144 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A) Major: Clinical Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare parenting practices and mental health of mothers of children with behavioral disorders and mothers of normal children aged 5 to 12 years old in Bandar Lange and Bandar Kang cities. Method: This research was designed and implemented using a descriptive-causal ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis Field: Educational Sciences (M.A) Specialization: Educational Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between knowledge sharing and organizational creativity with citizenship behavior in the employees of education departments in Bandar Abbas city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms ...

Number of pages: 177 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's thesis in the field of educational management. Abstract: Examining the relationship between organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior with the mediating role of organizational climate in Kabul University by Ahmad Shah Bina. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between organizational culture and organizational citizenship ...

Number of pages: 156 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Educational Management Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between social intelligence, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational creativity of the employees of Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, in the academic year of 2013-2014. The statistical population included all 777 employees (587 men ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Industrial and Organizational Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction with Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Finance Employees of Fars University of Medical Sciences Abstract In this research, the effect of organizational citizenship behavior, emotional intelligence on job satisfaction of finance ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis, Department: M.A., Field: Psychology, Major: Clinical Abstract Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between marital incompatibility with behavioral problems and academic progress of students. The research method is a description of the type of correlation and the statistical population of male students referred by the ...

Number of pages: 137 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Business Management Abstract In today's age, due to the advancement of technology and information, the competition between businesses has also intensified. It is very important how to present brands, products or services in order to attract the attention of consumers and highlight their distinctiveness so that people are attracted to them or have the desire to ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Business Administration, Orientation: ""Transformation Management"" Abstract: Currently, the success of organizations directly depends on the effective use of human resources. In contemporary attitudes to organizations, human beings play a pivotal role in organizational transformation, and great organizational transformations originate ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology ((M.A)) Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing identity styles and coping styles and behavioral activation/inhibition systems in addicts and normal people. The method used was causal-comparative and the research tool included Berzonsky's Identity Styles Questionnaire, Andler Parker's Coping ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) Major: Sports Management Abstract To improve the performance and cohesion of the team and group, several factors are involved. Among the important cases, the behavior of leaders is influencing the group and the purpose of this research was to investigate the causal relationship between leadership behavior and the level of group cohesion in ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Management

Thesis for Master's Degree in Educational Management Persian Abstract The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between negative emotions and organizational citizenship behavior among the employees of Razi University, Kermanshah. The statistical population studied in this research is all the members of the faculty of Razi University of Kermanshah who ...

Number of pages: 149 Category: Management

Academic Thesis for Master's degree in the field: Public Administration, Human Resources, Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of team atmosphere and leadership empowerment on knowledge sharing behavior among employees of educational groups in Rasht district. Therefore, it is practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of the method of data ...

Number of pages: 128 Category: Management

Master's Thesis (Training and Human Resources Improvement) Abstract: In today's era, the importance of citizens is understood as one of the most important resources of the organization, and their behavior is also considered very important. This is why many researchers have analyzed citizenship behavior, and on the other hand, the work environment is one of the factors that play ...

Number of pages: 269 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Business Management (International Marketing) Abstract: During the last decade, the intensification of competition among banks in order to gain a greater share of the market has led them to pay attention to a more detailed and deeper understanding of the needs and demands of customers. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to the ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: management, orientation: business-marketing Abstract: Medical equipment is one of the important and influential factors in human life, and the medical equipment market also accounts for a significant part of financial transactions. Therefore, the marketing of medical equipment is an important matter. On the other hand, ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Clinical Psychology Abstract: The purpose of this research is to compare the dimensions of perfectionism, brain/behavioral system and resilience in coronary artery patients and normal people. For this purpose, 150 people with coronary heart disease and 150 healthy people with an average age of 44 years were selected as the sample ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Public Administration, Human Resources, Abstract: In today's competitive world, organizations are looking for ways to maximize the efforts of their employees, and one of the most important of them is to motivate employees to play more important roles in the organization. Ethics means observing the principles and values ??governing the ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Business Management Abstract In today's age, due to the advancement of technology and information, the competition between businesses has also intensified. It is very important how to present brands, products or services in order to attract the attention of consumers and highlight their distinctiveness so that people are attracted to them or have the desire to ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: ""Strategic"" Dissertation Abstract (including summary, goals, implementation methods and results obtained): Throughout history, one of the basic desires of man has been to implement justice and realize it in society. The implementation of justice in society and especially in organizations makes people perform their duties with ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Executive Management, Strategic Orientation Abstract: Strategic decision-making is considered vital and necessary in today's changing and complex world. Managers often use different methods to make strategic decisions. The most important of these methods is the use of a rational approach or the use of political behaviors. Rational process ...

Number of pages: 230 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Industrial and Organizational, Predicting Employees' Job Performance Based on Empowerment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Psychological Capitals Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive role of empowerment, organizational citizenship behavior, and psychological capitals on the job performance ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Management

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: public administration, human resource management, abstract, organizational citizenship behavior is an individual and voluntary behavior that is not directly designed by the official reward system in the organization, but it improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization's performance. The purpose of ...

Number of pages: 179 Category: Management

Master's Thesis (M.A.) Orientation: Transformation Abstract Today, organizations or in broader terms businesses are faced with many challenges such as globalization, value chain for business competitiveness, technological changes, etc. (Elrich, 2018). And considering the competitive environment, it is necessary to create suitable platforms for the effective management of human ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Dissertation to receive a master's degree thesis, abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods, and results obtained) Today, positive behaviors beyond the role, under the title of ""Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)"" have been considered, in research, several variables such as job satisfaction, organizational justice, organizational ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Master's thesis in the field of physical education and sports science, sports management, abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between work ethics and organizational citizenship behavior of employees of sports and youth departments in Mazandaran province. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of descriptive-correlation ...

Number of pages: 220 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree in Business Administration, International Business, Abstract: The information revolution and network hyperspace have transformed the marketing landscape and its traditional players, and new opportunities have been provided to business owners. Easy access to information, the possibility of quick comparison of products and many other Internet ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Attitude Management: Executive Summary Behavioral interactions are an area that has received increasing attention from researchers and managers. However, there is still little knowledge about the effects of face-to-face interactions in the financial field. One of the basic ways that an organization can differentiate itself from other ...

Number of pages: 128 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Business Administration Abstract: In this project, the title of the research is the specific value of the brand name and brand on the buying behavior of food consumers (case study: Mana pasta in Alborz province).

Number of pages: 103 Category: Management

Academic Dissertation for Master's Degree Abstract In today's highly competitive world, organizations are constantly searching for new ways to maximize performance and effort. are their employees. Organizational citizenship behavior is extra-role and spontaneous behavior that puts employees in a position to voluntarily go beyond the expectations of their duties and job ...