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Number of pages: 155 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Financial Management and Budgeting, September 2019, abstract according to the duties of the legislator to implement financial supervision in order to properly implement the budget and comply all payments with laws and regulations.

Number of pages: 163 Category: Architectural Engineering

Abstract Considering the sensitivity of the geographical location and the potentials in the Azad Qeshm Special Zone and the idea of ??improving the level of social interactions with other regions of the country and attracting domestic and foreign investors and improving the economic relations of the organization

Number of pages: 84 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis of Ardakan Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department: Carpets, November 2013 Abstract: Some contemporary (mostly commercial) carpets have defects in color, which are checked by a restorer upon the customer's request.

Number of pages: 223 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in public management Human Resources Winter 2013 The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between the quality of work life and customer relationship management in

Number of pages: 120 Category: Librarianship

Master's thesis in accounting, the present research was done to provide evidence to clarify the relationship between the quality of profit and the liquidity of stocks, as well as to evaluate the impact of the quality of profit on the liquidity of stocks. In this research, 96 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the 5-year period of 1387-1392 (with one year in ...

Number of pages: 168 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis of Educational Sciences Abstract Introduction: Family is the first environment in which a child grows up. The birth and presence of a child with intellectual disability in any family can be considered an undesirable and challenging event and affect all aspects of the family. The general purpose of this research is to compare the performance and compatibility of ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation or thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of industrial engineering with a focus on social-economic systems in September. 2013 Summary of unexpected incidents and medical disasters

Number of pages: 146 Category: Educational Sciences

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of educational management in the field of educational sciences. Abstract: The problem of many companies and educational centers today is the problem of human resources and the lack of proper efficiency of these forces in organizations. This research has been prepared for all industries, companies, organizations and educational ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Industrial Engineering

Thesis for receiving the degree of M.Sc. Field: Industrial Engineering, Orientation: System Management and Productivity, Winter 2013, abstract of the problem of locating the axis of one of the fields.

Number of pages: 152 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""MA"" Field of industrial engineering: industries – Winter Industries 2013 Abstract Today attention is paid to the issue of supply chain and its management, in Asr

Number of pages: 191 Category: Industrial Engineering

Thesis of master's degree in industrial engineering, focusing on system management and productivity, March 2013. Due to the extensive reorganization of business processes and structures, as well as the changing world

Number of pages: 86 Category: Librarianship

Master's Thesis in Accounting (M.A) Abstract The explosive growth of the world's financial markets has created competition among investment institutions, and in order to achieve better investment results, investment institutions must make predictions about their decisions, including the most important issue raised in the field of financial management, assuring real and legal ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.A.) orientation: educational management, abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and obtained results): The aim of the current research was to investigate the impact of school smartness on the learning styles (Kolb model) of the fifth grade students of elementary education in Tehran. The ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Psychology

Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences - Department of Psychology Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) Dissertation Abstract (including summary, objectives, methods of implementation and results obtained): The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of storytelling on the signs of stubborn-disobedience behavior. The study was an experimental type with a ...

Number of pages: 77 Category: Psychiatry

Master's Thesis of School Counseling Abstract: In line with the need to teach ""emotional management"" skills, the current research under the title, the effectiveness of anger management group counseling, based on cognitive restructuring, on increasing social intimacy and reducing deterministic thinking among male high school students in Shiraz city, was conducted. The study ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Psychiatry

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A) in the field of school counseling. The effectiveness of teaching children's behavior management to mothers on the mental health of mothers and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. The purpose of this study was the effectiveness of teaching behavior management to mothers of children with attention ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) orientation: industrial and organizational, job satisfaction model based on the components of job burnout, work-family conflict in women working in universities in Yasuj city, Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the job satisfaction model based on the issue of burnout in women working in universities in Yasuj city. The ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field: accounting. Abstract One of the existing mechanisms in order to reduce the agency problem and reduce the information asymmetry between shareholders and managers in the capital markets is the corporate governance system. The role of institutional shareholders in corporate governance and their presence in companies has ...

Number of pages: 84 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A) Orientation: General Abstract: The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between parents' parenting style and the academic performance of the second year students of the first year of high school in Ilam city. To achieve this goal, questions and hypotheses were raised and information was collected ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Urban Affairs Management Abstract Municipality is one of the most key organizations that plays an important role in providing urban services to citizens. By applying the knowledge of information technology and telecommunication systems as well as the ability of internal and experienced specialists in urban management, this organization has created a system ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group counseling in the way of self-knowledge resources on increasing the self-expression of recovering addicts. The type of study is a pilot study. The statistical population of people undergoing rehabilitation in Kamranieh Center, Tehran, were from the ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (MS): Geography and Tourism Planning Tourism activity as a cross-sectoral activity has directly and indirectly affected other economic sectors. With the expansion of urbanization, cities have become important tourist destinations. Meibod city can be a destination for interested tourists with its rich and lasting historical potential of religious ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Political Science

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Political Geography Abstract Iran-Turkey relations throughout history have always gone through many ups and downs and these relations are not specific to the recent decades, because the two countries are neighbors with each other since the time of the Ottoman Empire, their relations have continued in the usual way. As can be seen ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in accounting, accounting major. Abstract: The strong position of a production gives the company a lot of staying power. Pricing power gives these companies more profit and allows them to maintain their superior position. High security of these companies against lack of cash, their ability to face unfavorable economic situation

Number of pages: 85 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering Abstract: In recent years, due to the growing number of requests and the joining of new customers to the world of computing, computer systems Computing should also change and be more powerful and flexible than before. In the meantime, cloud computing was presented as a model beyond a system that currently has the ability to respond to most ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree in Business Administration, Orientation: International. Abstract The purpose of this research is the impact of service customization on the satisfaction, trust and loyalty of customers of Bank Melli branches in Langrod city. The statistical population of the research consists of all the customers of Bank Melli branches in Langrod city. Based ...

Number of pages: 200 Category: Management

Thesis for Master's Degree in Industrial Management Abstract Maintenance and repairs play an important role in maintaining reliability, availability, product quality, reducing risk, increasing efficiency and security of equipment. Manufacturing companies are always trying to reduce production costs. One of the basic costs of these enterprises is the cost of repairs, which mainly ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Management

Department of Business Management, Master's Dissertation Transformation, while in today's changing conditions, organizations need creativity to succeed, there are a number of job stressors such as ambiguity and role conflict in organizations that have a negative effect on the creativity of employees, but the noteworthy point is that if a person in this situation believes that he ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A"" field: psychology, orientation: clinical Abstract of the purpose: The aim of the present study is to compare parenting styles, quality of life and personality dimensions of nature and character in people with gender identity disorder and normal people. Method: 40 people with gender identity disorder and 40 normal people were ...

Number of pages: 205 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: Political Geography of the Balkan Peninsula has always been and is one of the most important regions in world history. It owes its importance to its geographical location, the existence of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, being the gateway to Europe, its proximity to the Near East and the Middle East, its surrounding seas, its ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in electrical engineering, electronics, abstract, accurate measurement and control of temperature in industrial and research systems is of particular importance, and the correct operation of some industrial and laboratory tools is possible only in a certain location with a small number of channels (maximum 8 channels). Therefore, the ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in electrical engineering, electronics, abstract. The many advantages of on-site calibration compared to calibration in the calibration center have led to the formation of mobile calibration teams in all companies that work in the field of calibration. Therefore, in recent years, the design of standards and equipment suitable for ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Art - Graphics

The abstract of this research, which was carried out by the analytical-historical method and collected information in library and field methods, was carried out with the aim of investigating the visual capabilities of Persian writing in calligraphy and painting, and in it, it was tried to examine the scope of writing activities, including the semantic load and visual ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc. Abstract In this thesis, we have presented a new method in network processing with Ant algorithm. The model we used in the network space is a continuous two-way auction. Due to their simplicity and dynamics, these models are used in many algorithms used to control resources and schedule tasks. Many of these models have weaknesses in their response time ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: IT Information Technology Engineering

Master thesis of information technology engineering, information systems management, abstract cloud computing as a new computing model in which software, hardware, infrastructure, platform, data and other resources are provided to cloud users virtually and as a service, on demand and through the internet by cloud providers. This model is based on pay-per-use, that is, users pay ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electronics Abstract Nowadays, according to the advantages of wireless sensor networks, which are simple and cheap implementation, low power consumption and high scalability, they are used in many applications. Designing sustainable wireless sensor networks is a very challenging issue. Sensors with limited energy are expected to operate automatically for a ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis of Handicrafts Design and Production of Wooden Products Abstract Chair is one of the practical devices that people constantly deal with during the day due to its type of use and has always been the focus of artisans and designers. Therefore, motifs and symbols that have their roots in the valuable treasure of our traditional arts have the ability to be used in ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.Sc) Abstract: A sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes that are widely distributed in an environment and collect information from the environment. Since the nodes are powered by batteries, an important issue that is considered in sensor networks is the issue of energy consumption. One of the methods that are very common in ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Computer Engineering, Software Orientation Abstract: With the advancement of hardware, then operating systems, followed by software, the demand for more services and higher speed and power has also increased, and this situation has reached a point where users cannot run their desired software without suitable hardware. By producing and ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Computer Engineering

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: computer, software, abstract. In a sensor network, which is a pervasive distributed system, communication synchronization is one of the discussed cases. One of the main tasks of synchronizing processes is mutual exclusivity. The new algorithms provided are more fair compared to the old algorithms. In this thesis, we present a ...

Number of pages: 244 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in MBA General Orientation Abstract: The common destiny of humans has placed planning for the world in a special position, whose inherent differences with planning for companies, non-profit institutions, and international and global organizations have necessitated further exploration. Recognizing the current process of planning for the world was ...

Number of pages: 73 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of computer engineering (software), the abstract of Turin computing networks (GRID) has provided a context that can be used from heterogeneous sources in Different geographic locations are used to solve complex scientific, engineering and business problems. Timing operation plays a key role in grid performance. In this thesis, using the advantages of ...

Number of pages: 191 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) in the field of public administration, the trend of transformation, the first chapter, the generalities of the research, the abstract of organizational communication, has always been one of the major topics of interest in organizations. With the advent of information and communication technology, tremendous changes in this field occurred in ...

Number of pages: 72 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering (Software) Abstract: Reducing energy consumption in the cloud environment using virtual machine migration Reducing energy consumption is one of the most important issues of the day, especially in the industry sector. In recent years, the ever-increasing human needs for computer systems have caused the creation and expansion of more and ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc Computer Engineering (Software Orientation) Abstract With the developments in networks and communication technologies, wireless networks are used more. Among them, we can refer to ad hoc networks. Due to the many applications of these networks, the need for security is very important for their proper functioning. One of the problems that ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Computer Engineering

Computer Engineering (Artificial Intelligence) Master's Dissertation Abstract Recommender systems are software tools and techniques that introduce items according to the user's needs. Content-oriented methods and shared filtering are successful solutions in recommender systems. The content-oriented method is defined based on the characteristics of the items. This method checks ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: ""International Marketing"" The abstract of the present research discusses the effects of globalization on the country's road construction machinery manufacturing industry. The hypotheses raised in this research were analyzed by PLS test. The results show that the membership of the World Trade Organization will have an effect on ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of electrical engineering-communication system for removing interference in the passive radar reference channel based on digital TV broadcast signal by terrestrial transmitters with a reproduction approach. In this thesis, a digital receiver for signal processing in a passive radar reference receiver based on orthogonal frequency division modulation ...

Number of pages: 185 Category: Foreign Languages

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) majoring in French translation Introduction ""Draw a beautiful picture for me"". Which parent has not encouraged his child with this suggestion? Which school teacher has not offered such an activity to his students? Because we are fascinated or at least interested in children's drawings. We expect them, we hope for them, we request them and ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Computer Engineering (M.Sc.) Specialization: Software Abstract Today, moving ad hoc networks are more widely used and popular than in the past. Therefore, paying attention to the category of security in such networks is of great importance to the extent that it has become one of the important topics in scientific and research circles in the ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering Major: Software Abstract: Cloud processing and cloud environment and cloud databases are the place to store information on the web and the best solution should be used to increase their security. Our problem here is the classification of confidential and top-secret data and then their encryption for storage in the cloud. For this, speed ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Computer Engineering

Computer Engineering Master's Thesis Abstract Web development that lacks an integrated structure creates many problems for users. Not finding the information needed by users in this huge warehouse is one of the problems of web users. In order to deal with these problems, web personalization systems have been provided, which by finding the behavior patterns of users without their ...

Number of pages: 73 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of computer engineering (Torin Computational Networks Abstract Software (GRID) has provided a context that heterogeneous resources can be used in different geographic locations to solve complex scientific, engineering and business problems. Scheduling operations play a key role in GRID's performance. Due to the dynamics of resources and imprecise ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation of the master's course in computer engineering, software orientation. Abstract The necessity of increasing use of distributed data in computer networks is clear to everyone. A large number of computing and storage resources are placed together and form the grid. In recent years, grid technology has grown significantly, so that it has been used in most scientific ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Management

Abstract: The ever-increasing expansion of information and communication technology on one hand and competitive pressures as well as the changing expectations of customers on the other hand have made the use of information and communication technology more necessary for all industries, organizations and businesses. E-insurance as a part of e-commerce and a wave that is no less ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) Chapter 1 Introduction: In today's world, which has made it possible to mass produce goods and services to increase supply compared to demand, producers have no choice but to satisfy customers, and it is no longer possible to define the scope of the market and supply with the limited tools of the past. Experience has shown that ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Management

Master's Thesis of Business Management International Business Abstract In the business world today, any organization that cannot produce faster, cheaper and with higher quality than its global competitors will be removed from the market. In this highly competitive field, organizations can be successful if they use all their human capacity. Today, one of the most important ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation to receive a master's degree, specialization: civil engineering-water engineering Abstract: In this research, the effect of land slope, difference in height of pressure booster stations, height above sea level on the characteristics of the length of the water transmission systems in order to verify the feasibility and facilitate the prediction of its use and optimal ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc Computer Engineering - Software Abstract: The rapid growth in demand for computing power has led computing to move towards a cloud computing model based on massive virtualized data centers. Cloud computing allows users to provide computing resources efficiently and dynamically to meet their needs. The use of these resources certainly requires payment by the ...

Number of pages: 190 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis of Computer Software Engineering (M.Sc) Abstract The dynamic nature of the global network and its growing dimensions have made accurate information retrieval difficult. Incorrect answers returned by search engines, especially for query terms with different meanings, have caused the dissatisfaction of web users who need accurate answers to their information ...

Number of pages: 135 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Business Management - Marketing Orientation Abstract: The customer is one of the important elements that managers of any organization care about. Now, organizations can have a competitive advantage in marketing matters, especially in marketing, if they can recognize the needs of customers before their request. that these demands are ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Public Administration (M.A.) Major: Human Resource Management Abstract: The main purpose of this research is the relationship between managers' commitment to employees and their job performance in the General Department of Tax Affairs of Gilan Province. The statistical population of the current research is 840 employees of the General ...

Number of pages: 135 Category: Librarianship

Master's Thesis: MBA Abstract This research examines the effect of ownership concentration on audit fees in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The amount and nature of external audit fees requested by auditors, with three descriptive factors; The volume of the operation, the complexity of the operation and the audit risk are related. The research showed that the ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of executive management with a focus on marketing. Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of social marketing on the loyalty of customers of Qarz al-Hasneh Mehr Bank of Iran, branches of Ardabil province. The current research is survey in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. The ...

Number of pages: 56 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education, Movement Behavior, Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of general and specific video self-control feedback on the performance and learning of the fixed basketball shot in 15-17-year-old boys. The research method was semi-experimental. The research sample included 56 students aged 15-17 from ...

Number of pages: 74 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Master's Thesis: MBA Executive Management Abstract In this research, we investigate and identify the factors influencing the choice of travel packages by travelers. First, according to the knowledge of the existing market and the current activity of travel service offices, and according to the knowledge of the behavior of travelers and tourists, we prepare a model for choosing ...

Number of pages: 207 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer-Software (M.Sc) Abstract The quality of service in wireless sensor networks is very different compared to traditional networks. Some of the parameters that are used in evaluating the quality of service in these networks are: network coverage, optimal number of active nodes in the network, network lifetime and energy consumption. In this thesis, three ...

Number of pages: 77 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining the master's degree ""M.Sc."" Abstract Mechatronic Engineering Considering the reduction of potable water resources and also the increasing population of cities, the increase in the number of subscribers, the need to increase the speed and accuracy in meter reading and reduce excess costs, in order to achieve modern technologies, extensive research has ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Persian Language and Literature (M.A.) Abstract: Nasser Khosrow's travel book is a book attributed to Nasser Khosrow Qabadiani Balkhi, this book is a report of a seven-year journey of 2220 miles. This trip started from Marv on the 6th of Jumadi al-Akhr 437 lunar year and ended on the last Jumadi al-Akhr year 444 lunar year by returning to ...

Number of pages: 61 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for obtaining master's degree in MPH field Summary: About 1/3 of the budget of each hospital is spent on the purchase of drugs and related equipment. Considering the high amount of Rials that is spent in the pharmacy sector, there is a need for a process design and detailed planning to achieve the goals of the system in order to provide appropriate and profitable ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's thesis in the field of civil and environmental engineering. Abstract The main problem in using landfill biogas is the presence of pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide gas is colorless, toxic, flammable, and has an unpleasant odor. It is highly toxic and produces SO2 when biogas is burned. In addition, hydrogen sulfide has a corrosive effect. It costs a ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis Abstract: Short-term load forecasting, in the form of one-hour to several days load forecasting, has a significant impact on the operation of power systems. Because many energy management measures, such as setting up a cost-effective plan to use existing power plants, planning the purchase of fuel needed by power plants, entering and exiting units, developing ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Physical Education - Sports

An academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: physical education, specialization: exercise physiology of women suffering from occupational back pain. The statistical population of this study was working women suffering from back pain in Rasht, from which 50 people were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups of yoga and massage and a control ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Management

Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Techniques and Master's Dissertation Support in Management and Human Resources Abstract Social capital is the potential and actual aggregate that is the result of owning a durable network of institutionalized relationships between individuals and membership in a group to access the resources of that group. Today, the concept of social ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: Executive Management Abstract Human economic efforts have always been aimed at obtaining the maximum result with the least available facilities and factors. This tendency can be called achieving higher efficiency. Performance measurement is the most basic step to improve its level. The banking system plays a very important role ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) specialization: ""Insurance Management"" Abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): Due to the very poor coverage of basic treatment in the dental insurance sector, such services are considered as luxury services for people and the health indicators of oral and dental health in Iran ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electronics Abstract Nowadays, according to the advantages of wireless sensor networks, which are simple and cheap implementation, low power consumption and high scalability, they are used in many applications. Designing sustainable wireless sensor networks is a very challenging issue. Sensors with limited energy are expected to operate automatically for a ...

Number of pages: 168 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, specialization: accounting. Abstract: The main role of financial reporting is the effective transfer of information to external people in an authentic and timely manner, which is realized in the shadow of reporting transparency and quality disclosure of financial information. A review of past studies shows that the transparency and ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.Sc."" Electrical engineering field - control trend. Abstract: One of the effective methods that has attracted the attention of electricity authorities in recent decades is the use of existing lines to build new lines with higher voltage. It is natural that with the increase in voltage, the width of the boundary on both sides of ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree Abstract Today, preventing losses caused by blackouts and undistributed energy is very important. Therefore, one of the most important issues in the operation of the distribution network is the renewal of the load, which has a great impact on the constant service to the subscribers. When a part of the network is cut off due to an error or ...