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Number of pages: 198 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of research overview Introduction: With the development of cities and the increase in demand for intra-city travel, the need to move people and goods has increased day by day in recent years. Meanwhile, transportation experts and urban planners have found the only way to manage transportation and traffic in cities is to increase the share of mass and public ...

Number of pages: 225 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of urban planning, urban planning, abstract Urban transportation is one of the main sub-sectors of urban development and planning. Every day, citizens are in contact with pedestrian and bicycle networks and different types of transportation and use urban transportation to meet a range of needs for work, education, shopping, recreation, etc.; ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract: The present thesis studies the role of the Republic of Armenia in the geopolitical development of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Caucasus region, and in this way, while examining different approaches in the field of international relations and regional and extra-regional powers, it studies the geopolitical and geoeconomic characteristics of the region and the ...

Number of pages: 221 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of geography and urban planning. Abstract: Managing and guiding the movement of people and goods on the level of the roads of a city with the aim of increasing the speed, safety and reducing the cost of transportation is the most important goal of creating urban transportation systems. One of the most important infrastructures ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Department of Graduate Studies in Geography to obtain a master's degree ""M. A » Summary The important role of stamps in the transportation of postal items, both within the countries and for sending them to the countries of the world, is not hidden by anyone; Considering its location in the political geography of countries, it becomes more important. And countries can use it, in ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Geography / Political Orientation Abstract: Border refers to a spatial phenomenon that reflects the territory of a government's political sovereignty and, according to certain rules, creates an obstacle to human movement, the transfer of goods, the dissemination of ideas, etc. One of the important topics about international ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of architecture, architectural trend, autumn 2013, chapter 1- general 1-1- statement of the problem: Iran is a special example among other countries in terms of climate diversity.

Number of pages: 192 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis of master's degree in the field of restoration and revitalization of historical buildings and textures, Shahrivar 2013 Abstract: Iran's traditional markets, as a part of the long-standing Iranian cultural heritage, have long been a

Number of pages: 151 Category: Management

Thesis of master's degree in the field: business management, orientation: international marketing Academic Year: 1391-1390 Abstract: This research aims to investigate investment attraction strategies and its obstacles in industrial development from

Number of pages: 209 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract In this research, the changes in urban land use in Tabriz Region Three Municipality (comparison of new and old detailed plan) have been investigated. The statistical population consists of the municipality of Seh Kalanshahr region of Tabriz. This research is considered to be an applied type of research, ...

Number of pages: 217 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of geography and urban planning Abstract The purpose of this research is to emphasize the importance of organizing Rasht Municipality Square with the approach of revitalizing historical cultural identity. Therefore, this aspect is a generalization of the classic relationship between organization and identity. Here, the main emphasis is on the impact ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation or thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of industrial engineering with a focus on social-economic systems in September. 2013 Summary of unexpected incidents and medical disasters

Number of pages: 160 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Thesis, Architectural Engineering, Shahrivar 2013 Abstract: The issue is that the structure of neighborhoods in the contemporary era of Iran, due to changes in the form of contemporary urban development, including networks and

Number of pages: 89 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree Orientation: Architecture, summer 2013, industrial life has created fewer places for people to rest and relax. for

Number of pages: 174 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis (or dissertation) to receive the master's degree. In the field of architecture, the architectural trend of Bahman 93 abstract: Since the creation of multi-purpose and multi-functional spaces in

Number of pages: 120 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc. Natural Geography-Climate Chapter 1 General Research Introduction Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world, which has a fast growth. For many areas, tourism is the most important source of income, and for other areas, the economic return from tourism is very high (Masoompour, Khosh-Akhlaq). According to the forecast of the World Tourism ...

Number of pages: 185 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of industrial engineering, Shahrivar's industrial trend. 2013 Abstract: Many economists consider agriculture as the driving force of economic growth.

Number of pages: 152 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Public Administration, Financial Orientation Abstract: In recent years, the private sector has gradually tended to use temporary labor contracts in order to escape from the restrictions of the labor law. Under these contracts, workers are hired with contracts of less than 90 days and under the minimums set by the Supreme Labor Council. In this ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Industrial Management - Operations Research. Abstract Many researches have been conducted in the field of urban transportation, each of them trying to improve these networks by specifying the type of vehicle and also a specific purpose. The current thesis also tries to provide a mathematical model to increase the income of Tehran subway. For this purpose, we ...

Number of pages: 230 Category: Management

Dissertation to receive M.A. Master's degree Abstract: Human resources working in organizations are the main capital at the disposal of managers, and human resource management is the most important and perhaps the most important task of managers. The behavior and activity of humans is caused by their motives. Since the strengthening of motivations can lead to the improvement and ...

Number of pages: 215 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of: Geography and Urban Planning Abstract In this research, the changes in urban land use in Tabriz Region Three Municipality (comparison of new and old detailed plans) have been investigated. The statistical population consists of the municipality of Seh Kalanshahr region of Tabriz. This research is considered to be an ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Master's thesis in information technology management, comprehensive quality trend, first chapter, introduction, the emergence of the global village, which has been in existence for several decades, has brought about tremendous changes in matters related to the management and organization of organizations, which unfortunately, not only did our country not contribute to its ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: natural geography, specialization: tourism planning. This research deals with the development of geotourism in the Vashi Gorge of the Jalizjund basin of Firuzkoh city by using a descriptive and analytical method with practical objectives, and the method of collecting information is in the form of library, document and ...

Number of pages: 173 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for M.A. Master's Degree Abstract Objective: Paying attention to social support and mental health and coping skills of addicts during addiction recovery is an important and valuable issue for success in addiction recovery. The general purpose of this research is to determine the social support, coping strategies, and mental health of addicts anonymous and addicts ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis of Social Communication Sciences Abstract Iran, despite Iran's capabilities in the field of tourism, unfortunately has not yet been able to achieve a worthy position in this industry, and the most important thing is the weakness of the advertising industry in attracting tourists to Iran. The internet and electronic tools provide the basis for displaying tourism ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (MS): Geography and Tourism Planning Tourism activity as a cross-sectoral activity has directly and indirectly affected other economic sectors. With the expansion of urbanization, cities have become important tourist destinations. Meibod city can be a destination for interested tourists with its rich and lasting historical potential of religious ...

Number of pages: 188 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract: There are many tourism opportunities in our country that have not been paid much attention to. The general management in the tourism industry should identify the opportunities and include them in the comprehensive tourism plan of the country and provide the basis for investment in them. Iran ranks 56th among the 200 countries that attract tourists in the world and ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract The increase in population and the excessive development of cities, especially in their outskirts, regardless of environmental and human characteristics, has caused irreparable damage to the environment and its residents. For this reason, the issues of ...

Number of pages: 200 Category: Management

Master's Thesis of Business Administration, Insurance Management, Abstract The success of an organization is determined only by the set of clear goals that the organization sets for itself. For many service organizations, profit is an important goal and can be a combination of short-term financial results (increased resources or cash flow) and increased brand equity. Factors ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining the master's degree ""M.A"" field: business management, domestic business orientation. Abstract Turning to regionalism and economic integrations is one of the solutions that developing economies adopt to deal with the phenomenon of globalization. The country of the Islamic Republic of Iran cannot accept or reject the conditions of globalization all at once. ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for the Master's degree ""M.A"" Field: Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: Today, with the expansion of cities and the growth of urbanization, as well as the increase in problems and dilemmas caused by this process and the importance of finding integrated management and balanced, comprehensive and sustainable development of the city, the discussion of improving ...

Number of pages: 217 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis With the establishment and formation of fixed settlements in the form of ten villages, these settlements needed a place to exchange their products with each other. This place was named because of its nature (service-commercial) and related to the surrounding areas of the city. For this commercial center, the existence of an agricultural area and surrounding ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Management

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: public administration, human resource management, abstract, organizational citizenship behavior is an individual and voluntary behavior that is not directly designed by the official reward system in the organization, but it improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization's performance. The purpose of ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Management

Dissertation for M.A. degree. Abstract Considering the importance of customer satisfaction in the use of new technologies in the distribution of goods and services, as well as the widespread use of smart fuel cards, which are being implemented as one of the new methods of providing services; Therefore, investigating the impact of providing services in the form of new methods on ...

Number of pages: 168 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) specialization: Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems Abstract The uneven growth and unprincipled urban development due to the incompatibility between different urban uses and the lack of urban unit management has caused problems in the urban system in Region Three (in the area of ??Vanak Square). In this area, the lack of ...

Number of pages: 72 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (M. Sc. Orientation: Urban and Rural Abstract Considering the growth of the population today, agglomeration and settlement is an urgent need. Locating and allocating land is considered as a main pillar, which is done traditionally and by trial and error in most cases. Many criteria are involved in locating the ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Management

Dissertation to receive a master's thesis on the impact of organizational resource planning system on supply chain performance in Iran Khodro Company 1-1) Introduction In today's era, the global competition, customer demand for high quality, increased variety of products and fast service, has increased pressures on organizations that did not exist before. As a result, ...

Number of pages: 171 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning. Abstract: The sustainability of sustainable transportation systems is not only limited to their creation. The spaces resulting from these systems are also important due to the evaluation of the efficiency of the above systems that provide the possibility of presence, movement and access in them. For this purpose, ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis of Computer Engineering - Computer Architecture Abstract With the advancement of electronic device manufacturing technology and the cost-effectiveness of large-scale sensor networks, wireless sensor networks provide research fields with rapid growth and great interest, which have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Large-scale wireless sensor networks ...

Number of pages: 161 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Thesis for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering Today, creating a safe environment in which all harmful factors are identified, evaluated, eliminated or controlled in order to guarantee the health of people and facilities is one of the priorities of industrial management. Safety science has also been reactive like the traditional approach to safety, that is, managers did not ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of computer engineering (artificial intelligence) Today, the success of intelligent transportation systems depends not only on the information of the current traffic situation, but also to a large extent on the knowledge of the traffic situation in the next few minutes. Therefore, a lot of research has been done in the field of short-term prediction ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management, Financial Orientation Abstract After the Islamic Revolution and 8 years of holy defense, the economic situation was such that the government decided to pay subsidies to energy carriers in order to help the vulnerable and grow. In the following years, due to the sufficient economic growth and strengthening of the ...

Number of pages: 137 Category: Management

The end of Zanameh for obtaining a master's degree in the field: management. Abstract Today, the new developments in the global economy, including the sharp fluctuation in the price of raw materials, the increase in the wages of manpower, the increase in the cost of transportation, warehousing and other production factors, have made many developing countries think to enter the ...

Number of pages: 188 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the department of geography and urban planning. Abstract The increasing population growth and the increase in the rate of ownership of rides and the increase in the flow of urban traffic have caused problems in the movement of passengers. One of the most important urban elements is the public transportation systems of cities. On ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in the field of Business Administration (Tendency of Transformation Abstract In today's competitive markets that are constantly changing and evolving, the survival and growth of new companies due to their impact on employment and economic growth are among the factors that are of great importance, so the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering Majoring in Environmental Engineering Abstract In this research, the effect of biological reactions on the removal of organic substances in wastewater during transfer from production sources to the treatment plant in conventional networks and new small diameter networks was investigated. For this purpose, a part of these ...

Number of pages: 220 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA) specialization: regional planning Abstract of the thesis: The studies that were carried out in this research based on the problems and dilemmas of Tehran, which some suggested ""moving the capital"" as a way out of the current situation of the metropolis of Tehran, were examined, considering the long history of this plan since 1368 and the ...

Number of pages: 199 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.Sc) in Civil Engineering majoring in Engineering and Construction Management Abstract: The transportation industry as a vital artery and an important economic, social, cultural and political connecting link has always been considered and the strategic role and sensitivity of this industry in providing services that meet the needs of various sectors of society ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering - Transportation Planning Abstract Ramp control is one of the most effective highway management strategies and has created many benefits in terms of increasing output in bottlenecks, reducing travel time, number of accidents, etc. Ramp control consists of two competing constraints: freeway capacity and ramp queue. The ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Business Management (Tendency of Transformation) Abstract In today's competitive markets that are constantly changing and evolving, the survival and growth of new companies due to their impact on employment and economic growth are among the factors that are of great importance, so the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of company and ...

Number of pages: 160 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Tourism Management Abstract: Tourism is one of the major industries that has been highly regarded by various countries in the last decades of the 20th century and has turned this industry into one of the largest industries in the world. The importance of this industry necessitates the existence of comprehensive and up-to-date studies, among which the study of ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Accidents Abstract: Vehicle traffic safety is one of the most basic principles in traffic engineering and transportation planning in the world. Non-observance of safety principles in the design of roads, maintenance and planning of transportation and traffic in the country has caused heavy damages to the society. Slip resistance[1] is considered as one of the ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Civil Engineering

Abstract Underground facilities are an integral part of modern society and are used for many applications, including subways and railway lines, highways, material storage and water and sewage transportation. is used Underground facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity must withstand both earthquake and static loading. By reviewing the historical cases of ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract Today, the use of inter-vehicle communication as one of the technologies to increase the safety and comfort of travel in the field of transportation and many car manufacturing companies is being considered. A type of waste of time and energy that includes a major part of street traffic is the problem of car parking. The ...

Number of pages: 130 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of public administration, human resources orientation. Management is the most important factor in the life, growth and development or death of organizations, and it is undoubtedly the duty of managers to guide the process of moving from the current situation to the desired situation according to the organizational goals. In management, it is ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Management

Dissertation for master's degree in executive management, marketing and export orientation. Abstract: This research seeks to investigate and identify the causes and factors affecting the incidence or severity of road accidents on the Ardabil-Maghan axis, in line with which the relationship between road, human, environmental and vehicle variables with the occurrence of accidents ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract: Fabrication of ceramic nanofiltration membrane for chloride ion separation (case study: gas condensate) In this research, chloride ion separation using alumina-titania double layer nanofiltration membrane has been investigated. For this purpose, first, the alumina-titania double-layer membrane is made based on ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Health - Health

Dissertation for Master's degree in Healthcare Management Abstract: Introduction: Energy resources are considered one of the most important sources of service in the hospital. The purpose of this research was to compare the amount of energy consumption before and after the implementation of the targeting plan of subsidies in the hospitals of the Ilam Institute of Medical ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract Today, the use of inter-vehicle communication as one of the technologies to increase the safety and comfort of travel in the field of transportation and many car manufacturing companies is being considered. A type of waste of time and energy that includes a major part of street traffic is the problem of car parking. The ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Food and Packaging Industries

Master's Thesis in Food Industry (M.Sc) Abstract Walnut kernel is an edible substance that has a lot of fat, protein, sugar and starch, but due to various reasons, it undergoes physical and chemical changes very quickly and loses its quality. The purpose of this study was the effect of packaging and storage conditions on the quality and shelf life of walnuts. In the research ...

Number of pages: 60 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering ""M.SC."" Direction: Abstract The power of using electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles in the transportation industry is increasing day by day. The battery of these cars can be charged through a home power socket or through public parking lots. Additional load caused by car battery charging can cause harmful consequences on ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Law and Jurisprudence

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Theology and Islamic Studies - Fiqh and Fundamentals of Islamic Law Abstract: The principle or rule of correctness is one of the principles that has been legitimized by jurisprudential documents such as verses, narrations, consensus and reasoning by the Holy Shariah in order to facilitate and prevent hardship and embarrassment for people in ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in mechanical engineering in the field of construction and production. Abstract: The growth and expansion of cities and the development of urban life require up-to-date and expandable infrastructure. Transportation systems are among the basic infrastructures in cities, among which the creation and development of subway networks is of ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Master's thesis in the field of mechanical engineering in the field of energy conversion. Abstract The increasing use of fossil resources, the increase of greenhouse gases and the strict standards of car pollutants are the main incentive to use biodiesels as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Air pollution, global warming, limited and expensive fossil resources are among ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Management

Abstract Balanced Scorecard is four sticks to describe the activities of an organization from four different aspects, which is done through a number of indicators, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the status of indicators and aspects of Balanced Scorecard in Pasargad Oil Company, the present research consists of two questions. 1- What is the status of the ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in educational management (M.A.) academic year: 1392-93 Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the leadership style of educational managers and the mental health of teachers

Number of pages: 190 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis of Social Communication Sciences, the field of research in communication. Abstract: Social capital as one of the components of growth and progress in general and social development in particular has received serious attention from social science research areas to measure the quality of social interactions. In general, the amount of social capital in each group or ...

Number of pages: 146 Category: Educational Sciences

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of educational management in the field of educational sciences. Abstract: The problem of many companies and educational centers today is the problem of human resources and the lack of proper efficiency of these forces in organizations. This research has been prepared for all industries, companies, organizations and educational ...

Number of pages: 188 Category: Psychology

Abstract: Evaluating employees' performance is one of the most effective tools for measuring efficiency and making decisions about their careers. Recruitment and training, retention, relocation, encouragement and punishment, retrenchment and other issues related to employees are all related to the performance evaluation system. The purpose of this research is to provide a ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation in Master's Degree in Social Sciences Abstract: Among the important issues in the field of women and family is the status and position of women's employment and the political, legal and planned measures designed for it, in order to realize the desired state of the policy-making system. Surely, the content and how the policy system deals with this issue is one of the ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Educational Management Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and work motivation of teachers in secondary public schools of Kamiyaran city. The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all teachers in the number of 203 people, and ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A degree in geography and urban planning. This research examines the role of people's participation in the development of Ardabil city. After reviewing the theoretical literature and the research conducted in relation to the topic, the research hypotheses were formulated as follows. There is a significant relationship between public participation and the ...

Number of pages: 187 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Advertising and Cultural Communication Abstract Investigating the manner in which competing media pay to the news of the day - on July 18, when the political history of the opposition events in Iran took place, and on October 9, when the Palestine Conference was held with the participation of Islamic countries as the cause of the Islamic Revolution and the ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for M.A. degree in Accounting Abstract One of the times when management's motivations are triggered for profit management is the initial public offering. Any public offering of securities that is offered to the public and investors for the first time is called an initial public offering (IPO). One of the ways to reduce profit management is to improve audit quality. ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract The Persian Gulf is one of the strategic and vital points from the point of view of international politics. In addition to the importance of shipping, the discovery and extraction of huge oil and gas resources and the strong dependence of countries on these materials as vital materials for industry have increased the geopolitical importance of this region. In such a way ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA) specialization: research in communication Abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): At first, the main idea of ??this project was formed from the poverty of a comprehensive and general plan regarding the place of rationality and its evolution as communication rationality in ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for the Master's degree (M-A) in the field: Political Geography Abstract Soft war is a new concept in terms of scientific research and a very old concept in terms of history. This concept is known in the world as soft power. Soft war in its modern concept with features such as software orientation, mentalization, emptying from within, changing cultural identity, ...

Number of pages: 180 Category: IT Information Technology Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Information Technology Abstract: Many preaching methods of the mentioned prophets relied on the common call to monotheism, resurrection, moral principles, etc. After the death of the beloved Prophet of Islam, preaching, especially in the form of a pulpit, was one of the main means of transmitting Islamic knowledge, and it has undergone many ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

No abstract 1.Introduction ""The foreign policy of any country is the continuation of the domestic policy of that country"", this phrase is considered one of the famous and classic phrases in the field of political science, which can be seen as a real example in the field of domestic and foreign developments of a country like Türkiye. In fact, the course of historical ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis (M.A) in the field of political geography. Sacrifice and martyrdom are valuable concepts in all human societies. All nations respect their devotees, veterans and warriors; But the methods of this sanctity and respect are different. In Islamic teachings, the essence of the culture of self-sacrifice and martyrdom is self-sacrifice, sincerity and intelligent and ...