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Number of pages: 61 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Abstract It is very clear that the society will not be able to continue living without law and government. And if there is no Islamic government, social laws and Islamic principles will not be fully implemented. God orders people not to be under the rule of tyrants and tyrants and not to allow tyrants and tyrants to rule. One of the objective evidences and indisputable reasons ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Sciences Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between social factors and the level of political awareness of women in Garami city. The research method in this study is a survey, and the statistical population includes all women over 20 years old in the city of Garami, which is about ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A degree in geography and urban planning. This research examines the role of people's participation in the development of Ardabil city. After reviewing the theoretical literature and the research conducted in relation to the topic, the research hypotheses were formulated as follows. There is a significant relationship between public participation and the ...

Number of pages: 74 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Sociology Abstract: The purpose of the research: The present research has been investigated with the aim of knowing the relationship between social influencing factors on the economic participation of working women in cultural institutions. In this research, the influential components of social factors have been discussed. Then, the relationship of each ...

Number of pages: 194 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Geography and Rural Planning Abstract Rural growth and development is closely related to the participation of villagers, because participation actually increases the efficiency of economic, social and cultural programs and the quality of decision-making for rural areas. The weak participation of the people in the rural society ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

No abstract 1.Introduction ""The foreign policy of any country is the continuation of the domestic policy of that country"", this phrase is considered one of the famous and classic phrases in the field of political science, which can be seen as a real example in the field of domestic and foreign developments of a country like Türkiye. In fact, the course of historical ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Political Science

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) field: Political Geography Abstract In the dictionary term, elite means chosen and selected. In the old general sense, the elite was referred to a small group who had gained a special position in terms of customs and traditions, spiritual position and social welfare. The power of this group is justified and defined in a social system based ...

Number of pages: 159 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Sports Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between participation in recreational sports and the dimensions Social capital in the youth of Tehran was 15-29 years old. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 384 people and sampling was done by random cluster method. The current ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Sports Management Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between participation in recreational sports and the dimensions of social capital in young people aged 15-29 in Tehran. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 384 people and sampling was done by random cluster method. The current ...

Number of pages: 192 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis in the field of Educational Sciences, Educational Planning, 2013 Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine the feasibility of product-oriented skill training in the country, which seeks to answer three questions:

Number of pages: 188 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree (M.A) in Finance, Winter 2013 Abstract: In this research under the title « Investigation of human resource management on the financial performance of Melli Bank branches » that d

Number of pages: 190 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis of Social Communication Sciences, the field of research in communication. Abstract: Social capital as one of the components of growth and progress in general and social development in particular has received serious attention from social science research areas to measure the quality of social interactions. In general, the amount of social capital in each group or ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's thesis in the field of demography, abstract of the study of the relationship between women's independence and fertility behavior (case study: women aged 15-49 in Shiraz city) Despite the different conditions under which many women live around the world, population growth rates have decreased significantly over the past 30 years. Reproduction is a key factor in women's ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

The thesis of the master of social sciences of this research intends to examine and analyze the social stratification structure of Balochistan, Iran and the social contexts affecting it during the first Pahlavi period. For this purpose, first of all, the research intends to refer to the social contexts involved in the structure of stratification, such as social traditions, ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation to receive a master's degree (M.A.) major: Curriculum planning Abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): The present research seeks to examine the components of professors' professional ethics. Since educational environments, especially universities, play an important role in the education of individuals and ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis in Curriculum Planning The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the characteristics of peace education in the primary school curriculum from the perspective of teachers and experts. The descriptive research method is of the contextualization type. The statistical population of the research included all primary school teachers in the 2nd ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Educational Psychology (MA) Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of psychological empowerment training on cognitive creativity and emotional creativity of students. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the female students of the third year of the first year of high school who were ...

Number of pages: 128 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

The abstract of the present research has studied the extent and manner of representation of national identity in the 21:00 detailed news section of the first channel of Sima using the method of categorical content analysis. The first channel of Sima is a national network and can be found all over the country, and its detailed news section at 21:00 is one of the late and popular ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in the field of Educational Psychology Abstract Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of bold behavior skill training on decision-making and perfectionism of female students in the third grade of high school in district 8 of Tehran. Method: This research was an experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design. One school ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation in Master's Degree in Social Sciences Abstract: Among the important issues in the field of women and family is the status and position of women's employment and the political, legal and planned measures designed for it, in order to realize the desired state of the policy-making system. Surely, the content and how the policy system deals with this issue is one of the ...

Number of pages: 70 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.A) in the field of social sciences (researcher orientation) when a brief look at today's societies and modern families! We have no doubt that kindergarten is an essential need. Mothers who leave the house early in the morning to do work and return tired in the evening, grandparents who are either absent or unable to take care of ...

Number of pages: 286 Category: Architectural Engineering

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree in Islamic Architectural Engineering, second year of academic year 1392-93 Abstract: Endowments in establishment and continuation

Number of pages: 167 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Foreword The ever-increasing expansion of cities and the inordinate increase in their population has caused numerous environmental problems and has made human societies face various mental problems. Since in the current situation, reducing the problems caused by industrialization, job creation, environmental protection, the interaction of cultures and finally sustainable ...

Number of pages: 327 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning. Dissertation/dissertation abstract: The rapid expansion of Iran's megacities without predicting and establishing the necessary institutional and legal arrangements to control and guide the development and provide appropriate services in the entire region causes numerous content problems and challenges. The ...

Number of pages: 213 Category: Management

Department of Business Management Thesis for receiving a master's degree (M.A.) orientation: transformation, the challenges faced by organizations due to environmental changes, have created the need to establish new behaviors, especially readiness for change, and the components of the learning organization are a response to this need. The purpose of this study is to examine the ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A) Major: General Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the perception of God and social identity in the lifestyle of students and employees of the Islamic Azad University of Dere Shahr and tries to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between the above-mentioned ...

Number of pages: 187 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Advertising and Cultural Communication Abstract Investigating the manner in which competing media pay to the news of the day - on July 18, when the political history of the opposition events in Iran took place, and on October 9, when the Palestine Conference was held with the participation of Islamic countries as the cause of the Islamic Revolution and the ...

Number of pages: 193 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

The first chapter of the general research, introduction, active citizenship is one of the issues that can be measured with different indicators, but family and social capital can play an effective role on this issue. Young people who

Number of pages: 303 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a doctorate degree in the field of geography and rural planning. Dissertation/dissertation abstract: The development of the agricultural sector in rural areas is based on the existence of natural talents and the realization of planning goals for the establishment of development facilities and requirements. This is despite the fact that some rural ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Title: The effect of ethnic groups on the elections of the Islamic Council in the last three terms of West Gilan. The abstract of this research, titled the effect of ethnic groups on the elections of the Islamic Council in the last three terms of West Gilan, was conducted in the cities of Astara, Talesh, Masal, Razvanshahr, Foman, Shaft, and Soumesara. However, only assigning a ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for the Master's degree (M-A) in the field: Political Geography Abstract Soft war is a new concept in terms of scientific research and a very old concept in terms of history. This concept is known in the world as soft power. Soft war in its modern concept with features such as software orientation, mentalization, emptying from within, changing cultural identity, ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Public Administration - Financial Management, Abstract: In the past years, the trend of electric energy consumption has been increasing due to national growth and development, until the amount of fossil fuels consumed, natural gas and petroleum products, was equal to 385.5 barrels of crude oil in 2013. Of this amount, 306.1 barrels of crude oil have been ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Sciences, Social Science Research, Abstract The world is entering a period where issues of fairness and justice will rise to the top of topics and studies in the field of organizational excellence in different forms. New millennium organizations are trans-industrial and knowledge-based organizations whose success and survival are based ...

Number of pages: 277 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Educational Department of Human Geography Master's Thesis Research Plan Abstract: The neighborhood is considered as the smallest urban space, the cell of urban life and a dynamic element in proper urban governance. The divisions and boundaries of urban neighborhoods have undergone changes and transformations from the Islamic period to the new period. In the past, neighborhood ...

Number of pages: 73 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master of Social Sciences (M.A) Degree: Research Abstract The general purpose of this research is to investigate the level of particularism among the citizens of Ardabil city and the factors related to it. The theoretical framework of the research is derived from the theories of Parsons, George Herbert Mead, Giddens, Fukuyama, Putnam, Inglehart, Malekpour, ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Social Communication. Abstract Paying attention to thematic theaters and their functions is an important issue due to their commonness in our country. It seems that the work of these theaters and being in their inflexible and framed form prevents the artist from freely dealing with this strong art and medium and creating creativity in ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis of Educational Management (M.A.) Abstract Job stress variables and organizational commitment are among the important issues that are considered in successful organizations today. One of the variables that has been associated with job stress and organizational commitment is work ethic. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in geography, urban planning, first chapter, research plan, introduction, the purpose of presenting this chapter is to present the problem and the necessity of conducting research, present the hypothesis and determine the objectives of the research, after which the literature of the subject and the method of conducting the research are discussed, and finally, the ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Degree in Geography, Urban Planning, Abstract: Dilapidated urban tissues, regardless of their different types, are the product of some negligence of urban management, which over time has become an area of ??the city that lacks the necessary stability and physical strength, proper access for their homes has not been established, and they suffer from a severe lack of ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geomorphology in Environmental Planning Abstract Geotourism is one of the newest and most popular branches of tourism and its fans are increasing every day and it is considered a tool for sustainable development. Geotourism or geotourism is a branch of tourism whose purpose is to enjoy seeing beautiful and amazing geological and ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of geography and rural planning, abstract considering that today, empowerment has become one of the main concepts of sustainable development and its relationship with sustainable development is in such a way that it is either considered as one of its components or as a factor or as a result of sustainable development, ...

Number of pages: 187 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for receiving master's degree in social sciences, the abstract of Hadi village project is one of the rural development projects that can play a fundamental role in the development of all aspects of rural areas. This project, using its potential and capabilities, can become the basis for improving public and welfare facilities such as renovation of rural housing, ...

Number of pages: 255 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Business Administration, Administrative Transformation, Abstract Nowadays, in addition to research and education, universities play a role in the new mission of participation in the economic development of society. In the current research, an attempt has been made to explain the process of commercialization and the results of university ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Abstract Many evidences indicate the reduction of social trust in all dimensions and emotional and particularistic bias in the relations of activists at all levels in Iran. On the other hand, the issue of social trust in the university as an environment that includes people from different groups and cultures, the necessity of trust as a glue that binds these different groups ...

Number of pages: 313 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Social Communication Sciences (M.A) Introduction: Now that the information and communication revolution has spread geographical boundaries and created tremendous changes in the field of globalization, a large volume of information and new knowledge is easily available to everyone through information networks, and it seems that a ""global village"" is being ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

In the current situation known as late modernity, where the lines and borders of social distinctions are formed based on lifestyles and cultural consumption, the dimensions, levels, qualities and methods of body management [1] have become very complex and important. In general, in this era when the world has become a multicultural phenomenon [2], advanced technology has pushed ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for the master's degree of the Faculty of Management Abstract Since the application of accrual accounting has an important contribution in improving the level of accountability and achieving the goals of financial reporting, therefore, in this research, the obstacles to the establishment of this accounting system and providing the necessary solutions to remove the ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis in the field of Islamic Art Abstract: The carpet is familiar with the material and spiritual life of Turkmen and it is considered as the identity and factor of unity of different clans. The motifs in the original Turkmen carpets have a specific and coherent structure, and until recent decades, the Turkmen mother considered herself obliged to comply with it. ...

Number of pages: 156 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree Abstract: One of the most important issues in Iran's insurance companies has always been to improve and improve performance and increase productivity in employees and organizations. One of the ways to increase the productivity and effectiveness of Iranian insurance companies in this situation is to produce, share and transfer knowledge among ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree (M.A) in Public Administration (Human Resources) Abstract Compared to research in other fields of management, the issue of women's presence in management as a research field is relatively new. Also, obtaining key positions for women is very complicated and includes many variables. The problem investigated in the current research is why, ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Management

Dissertation for the master's degree in the field of executive management, strategic orientation, abstract of the traditional approaches of urban management in Iran has created a confrontational atmosphere instead of an interactive atmosphere between citizens and municipalities, which good urban governance is one of the ways to deal with it. The purpose of this research is to ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree ""MA"" Field: Business Management Major: Marketing Abstract This research was conducted with the aim of identifying factors affecting tourism marketing in Shiraz city in 2013. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the research consisted of ...

Number of pages: 174 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning (M.A.) Abstract The way to achieve urban sustainability goes through the development of localities. As the smallest and most important urban unit, the neighborhood is one of the first priorities and a sustainable neighborhood can provide a suitable infrastructure for sustainable urban development. The instability ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for the Master's degree ""M.A."" Field of Geography and Tourism Planning Abstract: Although higher education systems have had aspects of globalization since their formation, this concept has gained wider dimensions in the present era, so that many experts have described the phenomenon of globalization in higher education as the internationalization of universities ...

Number of pages: 160 Category: Management

Master's Thesis Field: Public Administration Major: Human Resources Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of organizational justice on the organizational commitment of Refah Bank employees in Khuzestan province. The independent variable of this research is organizational justice. In this research, the three-dimensional model of Alavi and Abbasi 2012 ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in human resources. Abstract The general purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between servant leadership and trust in the leader. The research method is descriptive and its purpose is practical, and the method of collecting data is field and the instrument is a questionnaire. In the current research, the statistical ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Pasture and Watershed Department Thesis for Master's Degree in Desertification Abstract Menarid International Project is the first multi-land project that seeks to establish partnership and organizational cohesion at three levels of people, governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations for the purpose of sustainable land management with an emphasis on sustainable ...

Number of pages: 171 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning. Abstract: The sustainability of sustainable transportation systems is not only limited to their creation. The spaces resulting from these systems are also important due to the evaluation of the efficiency of the above systems that provide the possibility of presence, movement and access in them. For this purpose, ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: Human Resource Management Abstract With the expansion of the globalization phenomenon, the importance of trust in social, economic, political and organizational relations has been significantly noticed, so that most experts in various sciences have pointed out the importance of the role of trust in organizations. The purpose of ...

Number of pages: 339 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.SC) in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: In general, what is neglected in the scientific literature inside and outside the country is the role of faith-based organizations (SAM) in the management and sustainable development of urban neighborhoods. These organizations, which are divided into two categories, sacred and non-sacred, are more ...

Number of pages: 164 Category: Management

M.A. master's thesis Orientation: Human Resources Abstract Considering the transnational and international nature of the issue of corruption and fighting it, many measures have been taken at the international and regional level to fight this phenomenon. Meanwhile, the role of the United Nations and its members is very decisive. This organization can be very effective, efficient ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Business Management, Transformational Orientation Abstract: Purpose: This research was designed with the aim of determining the relationship between human resource capability and the rate of acceptance of banking services and attracting financial resources in the branches of the National Bank of Greater Shahr-Rasht. Method: The current ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: The quality of urban life is one of the most important areas of urban studies in different countries. This is important because of the increasing importance of quality of life studies in monitoring public policies and its role as an efficient tool in urban management and planning. Urban areas are the main ...

Number of pages: 244 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in MBA General Orientation Abstract: The common destiny of humans has placed planning for the world in a special position, whose inherent differences with planning for companies, non-profit institutions, and international and global organizations have necessitated further exploration. Recognizing the current process of planning for the world was ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Cultural Affairs Abstract The purpose of this research was to identify the cultural components that are effective on the efficient management of Bekaa Motbareke in Isfahan city. For this purpose, the components of values, norms, customs, art and cultural heritage, beliefs and religion were studied. This research investigated the cultural ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Art - Graphics

An academic thesis in the master's degree in animation, abstract of the relationship between modern painting of the 20th century and animation. In this research, by examining the evolution of modern painting styles and the experiences of animator painters, focusing on the events of the first half of the 20th century, a necessary ground has been provided for the analysis of the ...

Number of pages: 155 Category: Management

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree in Business Management Abstract The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of identified factors on the rice export of Gilan province in 2011-2012. For this purpose, considering that the theoretical structure of this research is designed based on Porter's diamond model, it has been tried to perform the results and analyzes ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Public Administration Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of social capital on strategic decision-making in branches of Tejarat Bank of Isfahan province. The research method is a description of the survey type and the researched population includes all the employees of Tejarat Bank branches in Isfahan province, which was 1300 ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Management

Master's Thesis: MBA Persian Abstract: The purpose of this research is to examine the causal relationship between social capital and the financial development of Iran's economy, emphasizing the long-term relationship between them. For this purpose, an inverse index of social capital and a basic index of financial development were used, and then the coefficients of the model were ...

Number of pages: 139 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree in public administration (M.A) in the field of abstract information systems in Iran, which was formed based on the Islamic system, because of religious beliefs, participation and cooperation in the direction of disenfranchisement is of particular importance. The Imam Khomeini (RA) Relief Committee is one of the institutions formed ...

Number of pages: 140 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Business Administration - The definition of social marketing has changed over the years and its tools, techniques and concepts have evolved and improved. A review of past research shows that although social marketing is most commonly used in the health sector, it also has potential in sectors such as protecting resources, energy and the ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Management Chapter 1 General Research Introduction The change in the conditions of today's organizations has led to a change in the attitude towards human resources. In this situation, human power is introduced as the main assets of the organization and a unique competitive advantage, and as a result, employees have become the main managers of ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Management

Thesis for Master's degree in the field: MBA Management. Abstract: The purpose of the current research is to investigate the relationship between the corporate governance index and intellectual capital on the performance of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Based on this, after a comprehensive review of the subject literature related to intellectual capital and ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Management

Dissertation for master's degree in public administration, human resource management, abstract of the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between total service compensation system and human resource productivity. Based on the objectives and nature of the research, this research is a descriptive research based on the survey data ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree Field of Study: Physical Education and Sports Science Major: Sports Management Abstract: One of the strategies that has been recently noticed in most countries of the world is the management and planning for the development of tourism in areas that have the necessary potential to expand this industry. Sports tourism is a branch of tourism that is ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation to receive master's degree in physical education, general orientation, keywords: sports, globalization, Iran, abstract, introduction and purpose: globalization is one of the most important aspects of power in today's world. This phenomenon is the most influential force in determining the position of countries in the future. Many believe that globalization is an ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) specialization: sports management Abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between competence dimensions and management skills with the performance of sports managers in Qom province. The research method ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis Abstract: Short-term load forecasting, in the form of one-hour to several days load forecasting, has a significant impact on the operation of power systems. Because many energy management measures, such as setting up a cost-effective plan to use existing power plants, planning the purchase of fuel needed by power plants, entering and exiting units, developing ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education and Sports Science - Sports Management Abstract: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the demographic characteristics, tendency, motivations and obstacles of the people of Kermanshah to participate in citizenship sports and to investigate their favorite sports. For this purpose, a descriptive-survey ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Major: Sports Management Abstract: The current research was developmental-applicative in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population in this research included all principals and physical education teachers of elementary schools in Tehran in the academic year 2012-1393. This ...