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Master's Thesis / Inorganic Chemistry Abstract Considering the application of nonlinear optical properties (NLO) in technologies such as lasers, remote communication, photovoltaic cells, information processing and holography and the mineral diversity of these materials, we started a research in this field and focused on borazine-containing dyes. Our main goal in this research is ...

Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering-Biotechnology Abstract The deteriorating energy sources of fossil fuels will make the developing human society suffer from fuel shortage in the not too distant future. As a result, the concerns of the continuous and increasing release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, as well as the extent of pollution caused by fossil fuels that have ...

(M.SC) Dissertation to receive a master's degree, specialization: organic, abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and obtained results): Computational chemistry using computer software is a powerful tool in the design of molecules with special properties. Computational chemistry is a general and general term that includes a wide range of ...

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.Sc) in the field of organic chemistry. Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): Investigating the effect of cationic polymer compounds in hair care products including shampoo and conditioner on the hair strand, especially its effect on the cuticle of the hair strand. The ...

Abstract of this research in order to investigate the effect of different treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the summer savory medicinal plant and the amount of its essential oil in the form of a factorial experiment and in the form of a completely randomized block design with four replications and 7 treatments ...

Dissertation to receive Master's degree (M.sc) in Horticultural Science Engineering, Physiology and Cultivation of Medicinal, Spices and Aromatic Plants. Its active medicinal compounds mainly include phenolic acids and alkamides. Different parts of the plant, including its roots and aerial parts, have many healing properties. The present research is to investigate the effect of ...

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering Kidney stones are one of the most common diseases in the world, most of its crystals consist of calcium oxalate crystals. Therefore, it has been a long time that the investigation of effective substances in controlling this disease through the control of calcium oxalate crystals has been considered. The purpose of this ...

Abstract The main task of the synchronous generator excitation system is to provide the necessary voltage for the generator excitation winding. The excitation voltage is a dc voltage and it is used to create a flux in the excitation winding of the generator and consequently to produce a magnetic field to produce electrical energy by a synchronous generator. In the provided ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering Majoring in Environmental Engineering Abstract In this research, the effect of biological reactions on the removal of organic substances in wastewater during transfer from production sources to the treatment plant in conventional networks and new small diameter networks was investigated. For this purpose, a part of these ...

Master's thesis in the field of civil engineering (environmental engineering) is an abstract of the surface absorption method, one of the effective methods for removing metals, including nickel metal. In this research, modified rice paddy has been used as absorbent material. Since this adsorbent is a natural material with a high contact surface, in addition to its high ability ...

Master's Thesis of Civil-Environmental Engineering Abstract Garbage is one of the environmental pollutants that cause many problems such as the spread of pollution in water, air and soil and transmission to humans and animals directly or indirectly. Today, with the ever-increasing expansion of urban and industrial societies, we are witnessing the widening of the amount of these ...

Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc.) specialization: Environment Abstract Gaseous liquids obtained from the refining of sour gases are also sour and contain a large percentage of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. Therefore, after distilling and preparing the products, it needs refining processes to remove or reduce the amount of sulfur and mercaptans present. ...

Dissertation to receive the master's degree ""M.Sc. Orientation: ""Biochemical Engineering"" Abstract: The presence of sulfur compounds in gasoline creates a serious problem in air pollution, environment, corrosion of equipment and destruction of human health. The new environmental standards also impose strict limits on the amount of sulfur and aromatic compounds in gasoline. ...

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in chemistry, fluoride has been known as a toxic ion for many years. The main source of fluoride in aqueous solutions is minerals containing fluoride and the industrial activities of factories. According to the report of the Environmental Protection Organization, the amount of fluoride more than 1 mg/liter causes various diseases. In ...

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Chemistry, with a focus on preface. Computational chemistry is a new approach to known and familiar physical and chemical phenomena that can lead to a better understanding of the world around us. Today, with the increasing progress of computers, we are able to study various phenomena in very complex matrices such as biological ...

Master's Thesis in the field of Chemical Engineering Abstract Investigation of parameters affecting the production of alumina gel by sol-gel method Sol-gel method is one of the common methods that is widely used to produce different nanoparticles. In this method, a solution of initiators is mixed with water in the presence of a catalyst, and hydrolysis and polymerization ...

Dissertation for Master's degree in chemical engineering, thermokinetic orientation, abstract removal of hazardous organic pollutants from groundwater and wastewater is one of the most important topics in environmental research. Phenols and phenolic compounds have been identified as hazardous pollutants. Several technologies and processes have been developed for industrial ...

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering, abstract of the design of the Driso ring base and the use of hydrocarbon solvent in the dehumidification process in Farashband refinery, water vapor is one of the most important impurities in the flow of natural gas. Usually, the water vapor itself is not a problem, but instead the liquid or solid phase that forms when the ...

Master's thesis in the field of civil and environmental engineering. Abstract The main problem in using landfill biogas is the presence of pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide gas is colorless, toxic, flammable, and has an unpleasant odor. It is highly toxic and produces SO2 when biogas is burned. In addition, hydrogen sulfide has a corrosive effect. It costs a ...

Chemistry - trend of organic chemistry Abstract Coumarin or (2-H-chromen-2-one) and their derivatives are compounds that are naturally present in many plants, including tonka beans. And they are an important class of the family of benzopyrone compounds. Coumarin and its derivatives are considered essential elements in many bioactive compounds such as anticoagulant, anti-HIV, ...

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree. Abstract: The increase in environmental concerns and the progress of green chemistry processes have necessitated the replacement of homogeneous catalysts with heterogeneous ones. In this research, activated carbon was used as a suitable substrate due to its special properties. The most important of these properties are resistance in acidic ...

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering, abstract of the laboratory study of iron oxide production on a microstructural scale using the precipitation method with supercritical anti-solvent by: One of the problems of cement used in oil wells, which are used to connect wall pipes and well walls, is that these cements do not have the desired resistance against high ...

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract The synthesis of silicon dioxide nanoparticles from silicon oil waste using the synthesis method of silicon dioxide nanoparticles [1] has many industrial applications. The industrial use of these particles in traditional fields as well as new fields is expanding, for which new applications are continuously found. ...

Dissertation of the Ph.D course in Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Abstract: Clostridium Langali is a highly anaerobic estogenic bacterium that can grow on synthesis gas components, i.e. CO and H2/CO2, and convert them into ethanol and acetate at ambient temperature and pressure. During this process, the bacterium shows a complex metabolic pathway that includes both ...

Master's degree thesis in the field: Chemical Engineering Abstract In this project, an attempt was made to take a small step towards the synthesis of silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve in nano dimensions and its use in fuel cells with methanol fuel. Therefore, in this way, nano silicoaluminophosphate was produced under optimal hydrothermal conditions. Next, XRD, FT-IR, SEM ...

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.Sc."" Orientation: Biotechnology Abstract: Lipases are one of the most important enzymes in biological systems in various industries. The application of free lipase is not cost-effective in industries due to its shorter half-life. Enzyme immobilization on different bases increases stability, repeated use, ease of product ...

Academic Dissertation for Master's Degree in: Organic Chemistry 1-1) Introduction Today, nanotechnology [1] is an attractive subject that has attracted the attention of scientists, industrialists and even ordinary people due to the special properties and practical potentials of these materials. Considering the wide applications of carbon nanotubes, the methods of mass production ...

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in organic chemistry. Abstract: Title: Effective three-component synthesis of new 4-aryl-5-(tert-butylamino)-2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)furan-3-carbonitrile derivatives. In this research, a direct and efficient method for preparing new 4-aryl-5-aminofuran derivatives through a three-component one-pot reaction ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.SC) Major: Chemistry and Essential Oil Technology Farsi Summary Introduction: Soil contamination with heavy metals is an important issue that these toxic elements can be transferred in the terrestrial ecosystem and have a potential risk to the quality of food and health, the environment. Soil pollution with heavy toxic metals has increased ...

Dissertation for M.S.c Master's Degree Orientation: Applied Abstract: In recent years, semi-conducting nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention due to their electrical and mechanical properties, which result from limited quantum effects compared to their counterpart materials. Among semiconductor nanoparticles, ZnO nanoparticles have higher efficiency. To achieve higher ...

Dissertation for receiving the degree of Doctor of Dentistry, Dental Materials Research Center Abstract Objective: One of the objectives of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance of the teeth coated with various crown and root restorations. Materials and methods: 60 freshly extracted human premolar teeth were selected and randomly divided into five groups of ...

Dissertation to receive a general doctorate, abstract, introduction and purpose, among the banding problems in orthodontics, is the creation of decalcified areas around the bands. On the other hand, during the treatment, the bands are prone to loosening and the cement used must have sufficient strength. Recently, new compounds containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) have ...

Persian summary: Coumarin derivatives are of great interest due to their biological importance and medicinal activities. A number of coumarin derivatives, especially biscoumarins, are known to be anti-inflammatory due to their numerous and prominent features such as anti-blood clots. In this regard, one-pot synthesis of biscoumarin derivatives using aromatic aldehydes, ...

Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of General Medicine Abstract Introduction: Kidney stones have been known since ancient times. Bladder stones have been seen in the examination of Egyptian mummies from 7000 years ago. Urinary stones are the third most common disease of the urinary tract, and the evidence shows that the incidence of this disease has continuously increased in ...

Doctoral Dissertation Proposal Abstract Gaseous pollutants, including volatile organic compounds and aromatic substances, are very harmful and dangerous for the environment and human health. There are many methods such as physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods to remove gaseous pollutants. In the meantime, biological methods are more widely used due to their ...

Master's Thesis in Chemical Engineering Abstract of Electrochemical Analysis of Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is one of the organic chemicals that is widely used as a raw material in many industries. Industrial effluents that contain high concentrations of formaldehyde must be treated before entering the environment due to its possible carcinogenic and mutagenic risks. The purpose ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Organic Chemistry. Summary of the research done in this thesis consists of two parts, the first part is the synthesis of the precursor of 4,5-dihydropyrrolo[1,2,3-hi]indole-1,2-dione (compound 1) and one-pot, three-component synthesis of new derivatives of spiro terecates in water-green solvent and in the presence of HMTA catalyst. The second ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Organic Chemistry Abstract: The new works carried out in this thesis include the condensation reaction of arylglyoxals prepared during the oxidation of acetophenones related to selenium dioxide with 1,2-diaminobenzene, 2,3-diaminomalonitrile, 2,3-diaminopyridine and 4-nitro-1,2-diaminobenzene in order to prepare quinoxalines and the ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Organic Chemistry Abstract of the research done in this thesis consists of two parts, the first part includes the one-pot synthesis of new spiro compounds using 4,5,5-trimethyl 4,5-dihydropyrrolo{1,2,3-hi}indole 1,2-dione with aromatic amines and vectors. The second part includes the synthesis of new derivatives of spiro compounds using ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Abstract: Microbial proteases are among the most important hydrolyzing enzymes, which account for 60% of the global market of industrial enzymes. In this research, synthesis of protease enzyme in solid state fermentation process using Bacillus bacteria. licheniformis was investigated. Various agricultural ...

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract In the uranium enrichment unit by centrifuge, UF6 gas after passing through the centrifuge and performing the enrichment process, enters the cold trap and is solidified and collected at a low temperature. One of the absorbents used to absorb uranium hexafluoride is sodium fluoride. The ...

Master's Thesis in the field of Nano Chemical Engineering Abstract Removal of phenol from industrial effluents using nanotechnology In this research, the photocatalytic removal of phenol as a model of organic pollutant in a fluidized bed reactor under ultraviolet and visible radiations has been studied. The effects of important parameters such as pH, catalyst concentration, ...

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.Sc."" Orientation: food industry Abstract quantitative and qualitative analysis of bacterial and fungal flora and total volatile nitrogen, 6 types of commercial food, extruded (floating) produced in Mazandaran province, including: starters 1 and 2, growth and endings 1, 2 and 3, were investigated in a period of 90 days (0, 30, ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree ""M.Sc"" Chemical Engineering - Environmental Abstract Water produced with oil, which contains a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, is considered as the biggest waste in upstream oil industries. With the increase in extraction from oil and gas reservoirs, the volume of this water is increasing day by day, and its inappropriate discharge ...

Dissertation for receiving a general doctorate degree Abstract Introduction and purpose: Metallobetalactamases (MBL) are enzymes that are produced by non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and make these strains resistant to carbapenems. As a result, Pseudomonas carrying metallobetalactamase genes are considered a serious clinical threat. Considering ...

Master's degree thesis, field: Chemical Engineering Abstract: In this research, the absorption of methyl orange dye, which is one of the most widely used dyes in the textile industry, by polypyrrole adsorbent based on polyvinyl alcohol has been investigated. The tests were performed in a discontinuous system using a colored solution with a concentration of 40 ppm. After ...

Dissertation for M.Sc. Degree: Food Industry Abstract: Pectinases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that break down pectic substances. Exopolygalacturonase (exo-p) and endopolygalacturonase (endo-p) are two types of this group. In this study, two fungal species, namely Aspergillus niger and Vetrichodermarisi, which were able to produce pectinase, were isolated. The results of ...

Master's Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Abstract An effective method for the synthesis of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives from the three-component condensation of 6-aminouracil, 6-amino2-thiouracil or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil with aryl aldehydes and malononitrile, a class of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives in the presence of high performance basic ...

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree M. Sc)) Department of Chemistry - Green Synthesis of Organic Chemistry 2-phenylimidazoles boiled using ionic liquid. Imidazoles are an important group of heterocyclic compounds that have various biological and medicinal activities such as anti-hypertensive, anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-bacterial and pain reliever. In this thesis, new ...

Master's thesis in the field of chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Abstract In this project, a molecular template polymer was prepared for the selective extraction of furan. To prepare this polymer, methacrylic acid (functional monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linking agent), 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (initiator), a mixture of pyrrole (furan substitute or target ...

Dissertation for M.Sc. Chemical Engineering-Environmental Engineering Abstract: Microbiological fuel cells (MFC) are considered as one of the important potentials in providing clean and renewable energy in the future. In addition to providing electrical energy, which is the most widely used and flexible among other types of energy, MFCs not only do not cause the slightest ...

Doctoral thesis in the field of chemical engineering. Abstract The study of the effective parameters in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the inverse microemulsion method of metallic silver nanoparticles is of interest due to their use as catalysts, antimicrobial agents and biosensors. The practical use of silver nanoparticles is highly dependent on the size distribution ...

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering, abstract of the effect of additives on crystal morphology in the crystallization process of calcium oxalate. Kidney stones are one of the most common diseases in the world, and most of its crystals are composed of calcium oxalate crystals. Therefore, it has been a long time that the investigation of effective substances in ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering Abstract: Microbial fuel cell biotechnology is a new science, in which microorganisms, as cheap catalysts, convert the chemical energy contained in organic and inorganic compounds into electrical energy. Optimizing parameters affecting battery performance is one of the first laboratory steps towards the development of this ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Advanced Chemical Engineering Abstract A new method based on point cloud extraction to extract uranium from water samples and its measurement using alpha spectrometry based on liquid scintillation has been investigated. Uranium extraction from water samples in the presence of a number of available surfactants and chelating reagents has been ...

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.Sc."" Chemical engineering trend, thermodynamic and synthetic engineering Abstract In this study, the modeling of dilute acid hydrolysis of walnut green skin as a sample of lignocellulosic material to produce fermentable sugar in the bioethanol process has been studied. The four parameters of temperature, time, acid ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering Abstract According to reports, heterogeneous photocatalysts are suitable for photodegradation of polluting compounds. Many semiconducting metal oxides such as: TiO2, SnO2, ZnO2, etc. can be used as photocatalysts in water splitting reactions, synthesis of organic compounds and removal of wastewater pollution. synthesized ...

Dissertation to receive a master's degree (((M.sc) specialization: medical nanotechnology) Abstract In the present research, the cation exchange property of clinoptilolite is used due to its negative charge in its structure. The connection of this research topic with medical nanotechnology is due to the nanopores and porosity of clinoptilolite and the high absorption level of ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Organic Chemistry Abstract Today, lung cancer is considered one of the most common diseases worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among all types of cancer. Therefore, early diagnosis of this disease is of special importance. Considering that the common methods for detecting lung cancer are expensive and time-consuming, offering cheaper ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Field: Chemistry Major: Organic Abstract 1,3-Indandione and its derivatives are of great interest due to their importance in organic chemistry. Many products, which are a sub-branch of 3,1-indandione, show useful and diverse biological activities such as antibacterial properties, blood anticoagulant, mouse death, painkiller, pesticide and ...

Master's Thesis of Polymer Science and Technology Engineering Abstract Urethane-acrylate resins are of interest due to their low viscosity and flame retardant properties and relatively easy curing. On the other hand, natural fibers with renewable resources, low price, low density and high special properties have a special ability to be used in composites. However, their ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemistry, Chemistry, Abstract: Epoxy resins, which are thermosetting polymers, have properties such as high thermal stability, good adhesion, high chemical resistance, easy molding, and moisture resistance. These resins are used as adhesives, coatings, paints and polymer tools. The most common epoxy resin is prepared from the reaction of ...

Dissertation: To obtain the degree of professional doctor of veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Farsi abstract title: Evaluation of the total dissolved solids (TDS) factor in the drinking water of poultry farms in Piranshahr city. Water is considered one of the most important chemical substances in terms of biology and exists in solid, liquid, and vapor forms in nature. Water is one ...

Master's Thesis in Polymerization Engineering Abstract In this research, the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of four types of polymers such as heavy polyethylene and polypropylene and two styrene butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber in a semi-continuous stirred reactor under nitrogen gas and using HZSM-5, FCC and H-Mordenite catalysts has been investigated. In this study, ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Orientation: Environment Abstract Based on the studies conducted, there are various processes for desulfurization of naphtha, which determine the method of desulfurization of naphtha, there are very determining parameters, and the type of sulfur compounds and operating temperature and pressure are one of the most important parameters that ...

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in applied chemistry, Persian abstract. In this research, graphite particles were converted to graphene oxide by Hammer's method. Graphene nanoparticles are one of the best and most effective absorbent materials that have been produced so far. Graphene is one of the successful allotropes of carbon in the field of drug absorption and ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Medical Nanotechnology Abstract Choline is one of the constituents of phospholipids and plays an important role in fat metabolism. It is also necessary for the formation of acetylcholine, which is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Lack or increase of choline in the body causes complications and diseases in humans; Therefore, it ...

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) in Horticulture, Physiology and Fruit Tree Breeding. Abstract The use of nano-fertilizers leads to increasing the consumption efficiency of nutrients, reducing soil toxicity, minimizing the negative effects of excessive fertilizer consumption, and reducing the frequency of fertilizer application. The use of Ascophyllum nodosum algae also ...

Master's Thesis of Polymer Industry Engineering Abstract With the progress of human civilization, technology development and the ever-increasing population, the world is currently facing a problem called pollution that threatens the lives of the inhabitants of the earth. Pollution caused by the accumulation of persistent toxic compounds in soil and water, such as chemicals, ...

Master's Thesis of Polymer Industry Engineering Abstract Phenolic resins have excellent dimensional, thermal, chemical and corrosion resistance. Also, the fugitives produced during the thermal degradation of this resin have low toxicity and, in addition, they have high charring. Phenolic resins, due to having desirable properties, are used in many fields such as internal parts ...

Dissertation to receive M.Sc. Field of organic chemistry abstract green synthesis of 2-phenyl oxazoles boiled using ionic liquid Oxazoles are an important group of heterocyclic compounds. They are the structural subunits of various natural active products and are valuable synthetic and pharmaceutical precursors. Oxazoles have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and ...

Master's Thesis in Agricultural Engineering, Food Industry, Abstract: The effect of the water extract of the monkey flower plant on the storage time and quality of frozen rainbow salmon. Recently, due to the avoidance of using chemical preservatives in the food industry, the attention of researchers has been drawn to the use of natural compounds in order to increase the shelf ...

Dissertation for M. Sc. Abstract Nitrates, nitrites and ascorbic acid are present in a wide range of foods. Vegetables are an important source of nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid absorption in the diet. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of freezing and cooking process on the amount of nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid of commonly consumed vegetables. ...

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of food science and engineering, specialization: food science and industry. Abstract Considering the various uses of vegetables in human nutrition, as well as their taste and usefulness in maintaining health and well-being, their importance is increasing day by day. Considering the short life after harvesting and ...

Abstract The main task of the synchronous generator excitation system is to provide the necessary voltage for the generator excitation winding. The excitation voltage is a dc voltage and it is used to create a flux in the excitation winding of the generator and consequently to produce a magnetic field to produce electrical energy by a synchronous generator. In the provided ...

Food Science Engineering Thesis for receiving the master's degree ""M. Sc"" Abstract Nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid are present in a wide range of foods. Vegetables are an important source of nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid absorption in the diet. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of frying and boiling process on the amount of nitrate, nitrite and ...

Abstract In the present study, the effect of conditions (boiling) and storage time (9 days) on the content of ascorbic acid, nitrate and nitrite of 5 vegetable samples (broccoli, red cabbage, white cabbage, chives and mushrooms) were evaluated and the results were analyzed by spss 16.0 software. The results obtained from the statistical analysis showed that among the samples, ...

The thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of organic chemistry, abstract protection and deprotection of functional groups is one of the inevitable steps in the synthesis of multi-functional compounds. Selective protection of carbonyl groups is very important in modern organic chemistry. 1-Diacetates are one of the basic protective groups of the carbonyl functional ...

Master's Thesis in Polymer Science and Technology Abstract: Today, cancer is one of the most important concerns of the medical world, for which no definitive cure has been found so far. Radiation therapy is one of the methods used to control and reduce the complications of cancer. Brachytherapy is one of these radiation therapy methods in which the radiation source is placed ...

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in the field: Chemistry, specialization: organic. Abstract In recent years, the use of nanotubes as nanocarriers for drug delivery has been researched. In this research, fullerene C60 and nine different nanotubes have been used as carriers of the drug molecule 8-hydroxyquinoline. First, the structure of HQ-8 drug molecule and nanotubes ...