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Number of pages: 78 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree Field of Study: Physical Education and Sports Science Major: Sports Management Abstract: One of the strategies that has been recently noticed in most countries of the world is the management and planning for the development of tourism in areas that have the necessary potential to expand this industry. Sports tourism is a branch of tourism that is ...

Number of pages: 149 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Master's Thesis in Cultural Entrepreneurship Abstract: Shopping, especially souvenirs and handicrafts, is one of the most important activities of tourists during their travels. Souvenirs purchased from the destination make the travel experience a material and tangible experience for tourists. The purpose of the current research, which was carried out using a ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of architecture, architectural trend, autumn 2013, chapter 1- general 1-1- statement of the problem: Iran is a special example among other countries in terms of climate diversity.

Number of pages: 89 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree Orientation: Architecture, summer 2013, industrial life has created fewer places for people to rest and relax. for

Number of pages: 137 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis: Tourism Planning-Ecotourism Abstract: Since the 1990s, the traditional approaches to tourism development have been challenged, and with simultaneous emphasis on the positive and negative consequences of tourism, the movement from mass tourism to the approach of sustainable tourism development began. The approach to ecotourism, as a spatial model of tourism in ...

Number of pages: 149 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography and Tourism Planning. Abstract Tourism industry is one of the largest and most productive economic activities in the world, which creates the highest added value and directly and indirectly affects other economic and cultural activities. The development of tourism in any place can lead to development. The current ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of electrical engineering - Power Abstract The importance of the energy issue has increased the need to use new energy sources as a producer of electrical energy. Nowadays, one of the suitable options for providing electric energy are scattered production sources. The use of distributed generation has many positive effects, such as increasing the ...

Number of pages: 63 Category: Agricultural Engineering

An academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of agricultural engineering, agriculture, abstract, in order to determine the appropriate planting date and investigate the effect of mulch application on the growth and yield of experimental beans in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year of 2013, was carried out in ...

Number of pages: 74 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Persian summary Ansal onion, with the scientific name Drimia maritia, is one of the important medicinal plants that has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as swelling, respiratory disorders, jaundice and epilepsy. Bufadinolides have been identified as the main compounds of this plant. The bufadinolide compound of this plant is Proscillaridin, which ...

Number of pages: 186 Category: Civil Engineering

Expert thesis‌ Master of Civil Engineering, Structural Orientation, September 2013 Abstract Today, with the progress of science in the construction industry, many methods have been presented to improve reinforced concrete structures

Number of pages: 122 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree. " M.Sc» Orientation: road and transportation winter 2013 Abstract Traffic analysis is a necessary and complex component­ Transportation systems­

Number of pages: 124 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Degree in Architectural Engineering (M. A) June 2013 Abstract: This article is taken from a research that aims to identify the factors affecting the communication of spaces.

Number of pages: 229 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.A) in the field of architectural engineering for the academic year 2011-2018 Abstract: The similarity between cinema and architecture in terms of concept, idea development and the process of producing a work, can be read into these two artistic categories.

Number of pages: 182 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in architecture, architectural orientation, 2013 abstract, pristine natural environments or local protected areas are considered suitable for ecotourism, and the development of tourism in

Number of pages: 134 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Architecture Orientation: Winter Architecture 2013 Foreword: Bushehr's historical context is one of the most valuable historical contexts in the country, which is unique in its kind.

Number of pages: 167 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Foreword The ever-increasing expansion of cities and the inordinate increase in their population has caused numerous environmental problems and has made human societies face various mental problems. Since in the current situation, reducing the problems caused by industrialization, job creation, environmental protection, the interaction of cultures and finally sustainable ...

Number of pages: 225 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A. Field: Geography and Urban Planning Abstract: As we know, with the significant increase in population and the modern development and industrialization of cities, the problems of more people, which, along with these problems, the issue of people's leisure time was raised due to the lack of leisure facilities in our society, made the ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Anthropology Dissertation Abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): Since the beginning of civilization, people have had a relationship with the plants around them. Belief in the healing power of plants may have existed among people long before they were recorded. In addition to having a ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract Today, one of the most obvious problems of contemporary urban planning is the crisis of meaning, both social and physical, in place. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the expectation of changes in various cultural fields gradually entered the physical realms and created the desire to restore the ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of information technology management, e-business orientation Abstract: In today's era, one of the most important human inventions that have brought about tremendous changes in the life of humanity is the emergence of the computer, followed by the Internet, which has created a virtual world and an incentive for universities to invest in the field of ...

Number of pages: 159 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's thesis in the field of social sciences Today, psychological operations include various methods and techniques, but this meaning cannot be limited to a specific technique or method, from this point of view, psychological operations is a process that affects the audience through various tools and devices, a process that has changed over the centuries and has produced ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geomorphology in Environmental Planning Abstract Geotourism is one of the newest and most popular branches of tourism and its fans are increasing every day and it is considered a tool for sustainable development. Geotourism or geotourism is a branch of tourism whose purpose is to enjoy seeing beautiful and amazing geological and ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of geography - ecotourism trend. Abstract Spending free time is one of the needs of human society. Therefore, the villages around the cities are ecotourism destinations that are basically based on natural attractions. On the other hand, the villages around the cities are increasingly faced with the construction of second homes and the growth of such ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract One of the problems of advancing the management of pastures and forests in the northern regions of the country is fires that cause heavy environmental and financial damages. Fire risk management in connection with preventive measures can protect the natural ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

An academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of: Geography, specialization: tourism planning. In this research, the ecotourism attractions in Ramyan city of Golestan province and providing solutions for the development of ecotourism in this city have been investigated. To present the solutions, two techniques of SWAT and hierarchical analysis were used. First, ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Art - Graphics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Video Communication Abstract Packaging is one of the commercial elements that can also have a cultural load. The question that raises the mind is, can packaging represent culture and nationality? Is it possible to find a model for learning the principles and foundations based on which Iran's packaging can be transformed? By studying and ...

Number of pages: 139 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of abstract population from a new point of view, is considered a tool, work tool and the final beneficiary of the development process. This insight does not consider the population as a quantitative category, but also considers its qualitative structure. One of the important topics in this regard is the aging of the ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Art - Graphics

The abstract of this research, which was carried out by the analytical-historical method and collected information in library and field methods, was carried out with the aim of investigating the visual capabilities of Persian writing in calligraphy and painting, and in it, it was tried to examine the scope of writing activities, including the semantic load and visual ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Management

Master's Thesis - Industrial Management, Financial Orientation Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of market competition on the profit fluctuations of food industry companies that are members of the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, which is practical in terms of its purpose and semi-experimental research in terms of its method; After an ...

Number of pages: 149 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning Abstract Today, one of the most obvious problems of contemporary urban planning is the crisis of meaning, both social and physical, in place. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the expectation of changes in various cultural fields gradually entered the physical realms and created the desire to restore the ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in International Business Management Abstract The basis of business in any country is based on the activities of small and medium enterprises. In our country, despite the fact that more than 95% of all production units are in the small and medium industries group, these enterprises have not gained a significant share in the national gross product ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management (Financial Orientation) Abstract Locating an economic activity, whether it is a retail business, factory, service center or... is one of the most important questions facing an economic enterprise as far as this issue can determine the success or failure of the enterprise. So far, many models have been created to help make ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Art - Graphics

Academic Dissertation for Master's Degree in Visualization Foreword I have been a native of the marginal area of ??Halil Road for several years. I remember that on every hill or height we saw a pit dug and a large number of broken bones and pottery, which sometimes had patterns on them, and it was also heard many times that a person or people dug a place and pulled out objects ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Art - Graphics

Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): In the subject of designing and illustrating and compiling a textbook, expertise is required and illustrators in this field can design and present the best images according to the characteristics of their audience. The educational books of the primary school period have a special ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of computer engineering (artificial intelligence) abstract of various image processing techniques are widely used in the field of dentistry. Among these applications, we can mention the identification based on dental images, the detection of dental caries, as well as the identification and examination of dental lesions, which mainly occur around the ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis in Cinema The introduction of this research is an attempt to study the ""transformation of aesthetics in the modern documentary cinema of the 80s of Iran"". The reason for choosing this topic is due to the colorfulness of the unconventional tendencies that can be seen in the films of this period and gradually overshadows the previous classical approaches. trends ...

Number of pages: 150 Category: Art - Graphics

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) major: painting. Dissertation abstract (including summary, goals, implementation methods and results obtained): There are many old crafts that during their lifetime have given the life of their opponents the song of ethnic memories in Farah Bakhsh's melody, and now they are dying in old age. Undoubtedly, breaking away from the ethnic ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil-Structural Engineering Abstract In order to estimate the capacity of buildings, it will be much easier and less expensive to use static methods instead of incremental dynamic methods. Although the incremental dynamic method gives more accurate and closer answers to the real behavior of the structure, its high cost and time has increased the desire to use ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for M.A. Chapter 1: General Research 1-1 Introduction The language of each nation reflects the culture of that nation, and the culture of each nation forms the identity of that nation. Our culture is the precious treasure of our predecessors and ancestors, which, although it carries with it the dust of centuries, is so rich that the freshness and luster of new ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Master's thesis in the field of tourism management, planning and development, abstract: The rural environment is one of the most important assets of any region and is the reason for starting many leisure trips and one-day trips around the world. The formation of new types of tourism and changes in the forms of tourism supply and demand have increased its importance. This ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Literature - Persian Language

The thesis for receiving a master's degree ""M.A"" is an abstract of Manouchehr Atshi from the generation of poets after Nima, he has understood Nima's time and he has a wealth of experience in Persian poetry of the past, however, the writers and critics have recognized the right to write about him. His poems do not have much influence in the society, but this issue never denies ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Electronic Engineering

Electrical-Electronics Engineering Master's Thesis Abstract In this thesis, we have used graphene nano-ribbons as an active layer of a solar cell for the first time. To simulate this cell, the non-equilibrium Green's function method was used in the mode space, and the effect of electron-photon interactions was calculated by means of Born's self-consistent approximation. To ...

Number of pages: 156 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for M.A. specialization: literature and Persian language, abstract of popular culture and literature is the enduring legacy of our past, which today's young generation of the country should recognize and preserve in various dimensions. Iran's popular culture and literature is sweet and pleasant due to the role played by the politeness of friends and Persian ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of structural civil engineering Abstract: Steel-reinforced concrete is a material that is widely used in civil engineering structures due to reasons such as suitable compressive strength, low cost of preparation and availability of raw materials. But reinforced concrete prepared from cement paste, ordinary aggregates, and steel rebars has weaknesses ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Master's Thesis in Persian Language and Literature Abstract Examining the proverbs and similes of a poet or writer shows the influence of this person in the society. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the parables and parables of Golestan and Bostan Saadi. Understanding Saadi's similitudes and scenes created by Saadi in Golestan and Bostan, better ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of the master's degree in the field: civil engineering - structure, page 1-1-problem definition: In the science of structural engineering, there has always been an attempt to predict a set of events that will have a significant effect on the efficiency and endurance of the structure during its useful life. These factors should be considered by the design engineer ...

Number of pages: 185 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of civil engineering, structure orientation. Abstract: Today, many reinforced concrete structures that are in operation are more than 75 years old and have been damaged due to natural disasters such as earthquakes and wind, or due to material fatigue or corrosive factors. Maintenance of structures is very important due to ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering, Power 1-1 Introduction Energy supply sources in the last few decades have been from fossil sources, which until recently have been obtained almost cheaply. Cheap energy sources caused that the optimal use of energy and energy recycling were practically not paid much attention. Due to the energy shortage crisis and the sense of danger ...

Number of pages: 68 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Persian summary of the cheese plant with the scientific name of Malva Ngalkata is native to Central Asian countries. In Iran, paneerak grows in different regions, including Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Alborz, Tehran and Khorasan provinces. In traditional medicine, cheese plant has many therapeutic benefits and uses, such as reducing muscle and nerve pains, healing wounds, relieving ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of agriculture, plant breeding, abstract. After drought stress, salinity stress is the second limiting factor for the performance of agricultural plants at the global level. Based on the division of plants in terms of tolerance to salinity stress, sorghum is placed in the semi-tolerant class, and its salinity tolerance threshold is 4.9 to 6.8 ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of food industry engineering, specialization in food chemistry. The fruit of this plant is traditionally consumed in different regions of Iran. This fruit has very useful medicinal and edible properties. About 30% of the weight of the fruit is made up of its kernels. On average, the kernel of this fruit contains about ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Biology - Environment

Electrical-Electronics Engineering Master's Thesis Abstract In this thesis, we have used graphene nano-ribbons as an active layer of a solar cell for the first time. To simulate this cell, the non-equilibrium Green's function method was used in the mode space, and the effect of electron-photon interactions was calculated by means of Born's self-consistent approximation. To ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Abstract Industrial development through the development of business clusters is one of the alternative approaches that have been developed and developing in different countries during the last two or three decades, and it has been placed on the agenda and policy of policymakers in the field of industry and industrial development. The implementation of industrial cluster ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Telecommunication Engineering

Master's Thesis in Telecommunication Electrical Engineering (Field Orientation) Abstract Analysis and simulation of metamaterial reflective array antenna at terahertz frequency In recent years, microstrip reflective array antenna has attracted a lot of attention and has been studied by many researchers. Because this antenna combines the outstanding features of array antenna and ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for M.Sc Mechanical Engineering - Energy Conversion Trend Abstract In the last century, with the increasing demand for energy and the reduction of fossil fuel resources, the role of renewable energy in the progress and development of countries is not hidden from anyone. In the meantime, wind energy has a special share and has the highest growth rate among other ...

Number of pages: 99 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of agriculture and plant breeding, agriculture trend. Abstract In order to investigate the effects of plant smoke extract and aerosol smoke on germination rate, germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling weight, seedling root and root to shoot ratio, as well as some growth indicators, in three medicinal plants, fox berry, chamomile ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Direction: Watershed Management Abstract Investing in water and soil protection measures requires detailed investigation and design based on recorded experiences and evaluation of the effects and benefits of the measures. To compare water and soil protection measures in different places, it is necessary to have a standard method approved ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Abstract Many evidences indicate the reduction of social trust in all dimensions and emotional and particularistic bias in the relations of activists at all levels in Iran. On the other hand, the issue of social trust in the university as an environment that includes people from different groups and cultures, the necessity of trust as a glue that binds these different groups ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Art - Graphics

1-1 Introduction Connecting music with many social and individual fields of human daily life has never been as much as in the present era. Today, the presence of music as a communication tool or channel or as a symbol for communicating and creating and receiving meaning is an undeniable fact. Also, the new wave of technological tools has had a significant impact on music ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Doctoral Dissertation in Chemical Engineering Abstract With the increase in population, the need for energy resources for mankind has also increased. Diesel, as an effective fuel, fulfills the need for transportation fuel in the world. Biodiesel, which is considered a renewable fuel and produces less harmful environmental effects, is produced from various sources, among which ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of structural oriented civil engineering, 2013, although the construction and design methods of structures have expanded over the years, but still the effect of earthquakes is one of the most important.

Number of pages: 133 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A."" Management Shahrivar 1390 Abstract The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of establishing the proposal system on the efficiency of Merck's professional response system

Number of pages: 142 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's thesis of Ardakan Shahrivar Faculty of Art and Architecture 2013 During the Safavid era, Shah Ismail declared the Shia religion as the official religion of the Safavid dynasty. Continuity and long life of this dynasty and strength

Number of pages: 84 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis of Ardakan Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department: Carpets, November 2013 Abstract: Some contemporary (mostly commercial) carpets have defects in color, which are checked by a restorer upon the customer's request.

Number of pages: 101 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract: The increasing physical or physical expansion of settlements, both urban and rural, which has gained increasing momentum in underdeveloped and developing countries today, is inevitable. It is sometimes observed organically over time, especially in the case of rural settlements. One of its consequences will be the change of land use, especially productive uses in the ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The first chapter of research overview Introduction: In a world that is rapidly increasing urbanization, the role of cities as a means of economic growth is more important. This issue has made the need to use informed decisions and adopt new approaches in urban development planning inevitable in less developed countries that are facing an unprecedented increase in the rate of ...

Number of pages: 227 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Social Welfare Planning Abstract: Social capital is one of the most important growing concepts in social sciences and its scope of application in other sciences is increasing. This concept is considered as the missing link in development and like other capitals, it is productive and is a suitable platform for the exploitation of economic, ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for the Master's degree in the field: Educational Sciences. The present research was conducted in order to investigate and compare the ability of problem solving in experimental science and Persian literature courses of the 7th grade students (first year secondary school) in the traditional and thematic classes of Miandoab city in the academic year of 1992-1993. ...

Number of pages: 227 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) specialization: tourism planning, thesis abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): sustainable development is one of the key and widely used issues of the modern world. The tourism industry is not excluded from this category in direct connection with geography. Changing the use of an abandoned ...

Number of pages: 303 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a doctorate degree in the field of geography and rural planning. Dissertation/dissertation abstract: The development of the agricultural sector in rural areas is based on the existence of natural talents and the realization of planning goals for the establishment of development facilities and requirements. This is despite the fact that some rural ...

Number of pages: 206 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Chapter 1: General 1-Introduction: Social capital is considered one of the emerging and controversial fields in the interdisciplinary studies of sociology and economics. Economic stability, enjoying health and wellness and having friendly relations with others are part of the essential elements needed to improve the quality of life. After World War II, most development theories ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of regional development planning Abstract: Rural entrepreneurship is an activity that helps rural people to recognize economic opportunities in local communities and learn how to turn these opportunities into profitable economic activities. Today, entrepreneurship has become a strategy in the development, prosperity and growth of ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in General Psychology (M.A.) Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety and social stress with the sense of belonging to the school of teenagers (boys and girls) in Bandar Abbas city. The statistical population of the present study included all male and female high school students in Bandar Abbas city who were studying ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Social Communication. Abstract Paying attention to thematic theaters and their functions is an important issue due to their commonness in our country. It seems that the work of these theaters and being in their inflexible and framed form prevents the artist from freely dealing with this strong art and medium and creating creativity in ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

An academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of: geography, orientation: political, abstract of this research, using descriptive and analytical methods and using questionnaires, studies and field observations, analyzes the role of Bandar Anzali city in the organization of the political space of Gilan province, and the purpose of this research is to analyze the ...

Number of pages: 184 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field: Political Geography (M.A) Abstract: The science of political geography is one of the broad topics of science and is created from a politically organized unit in a specific geographical territory that includes the government's rule and a specific space. These organized units can include the primary political core, limited ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

In the current situation known as late modernity, where the lines and borders of social distinctions are formed based on lifestyles and cultural consumption, the dimensions, levels, qualities and methods of body management [1] have become very complex and important. In general, in this era when the world has become a multicultural phenomenon [2], advanced technology has pushed ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA) specialization: urban planning Abstract Informal settlement is one of the undesirable consequences of urbanization in the contemporary world, which has been formed especially as a result of rapid industrialization and regional inequalities, and has made cities face many problems. The expansion of informal settlements has a direct ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Tourism - Tourism

Abstract: So far, extensive researches have been conducted in relation to the choice of destination, personality and typology of tourists and it has been proven that there is a very close relationship between the personality of tourists and their motivation to choose a destination. In this field, research has also been done in Iran, but not with this interpretation and title. ...

Number of pages: 178 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract: Urban heat islands are areas of the earth's surface that have a higher temperature than neighboring areas. The spread of this phenomenon varies in space and time. The creation of thermal islands and its spatial and temporal changes are mostly ...