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Number of pages: 312 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Thesis presented as part of the academic activities required to obtain a Ph.D degree in physical education and sports science, sports biomechanics. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the electromyographic activity of selected shoulder girdle muscles and scapulohumeral rhythm of handball players, tennis players, swimmers and non-athletes during arm ...

Number of pages: 73 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for M.A. Master's Degree in Physical Education Major: Sports Physiology Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of a central body stability training program on posture control, dynamic and static balance of volleyball players. The statistical population of this research was volunteer male volleyball players aged 18 to 24 from Zanjan ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Medical Sciences

Master's Thesis of the Department of Occupational Therapy Farsi Abstract Introduction: The increasing prevalence of stroke, the need to use more effective tools and techniques in this disease to reduce the duration It requires treatment, acceleration and facilitation of recovery and return of function of the affected organs. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Sports Biomechanics Abstract: Injury is considered a destructive factor in the success of an athlete and identification of injury helps to prevent and reduce it. Handball is a popular sport and is always associated with the phenomenon of injury. The purpose of this research was to identify the types, causes and mechanisms of common ...

Number of pages: 112 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

The thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of mechanical engineering, applied design, is an abstract of the experience of losing a limb. The full understanding of this feeling will be possible only when a person loses a limb. Obesity and longer life expectancy have increased the number of knee replacement implants [1]. Due to the increase in life expectancy as well ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Psychology

Master's thesis in the field of clinical psychology, abstract of evaluating a model for predicting students' mental health based on religious faith, with the mediation of happiness, ambivalent attachment style, and locus of control. The research method is correlational. The research community is all the students of Shiraz University who are studying in 1992-1993

Number of pages: 169 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.A. public management, human resources orientation) Abstract In today's changing and complex conditions that govern the administrative, economic and social environment, one of the factors that can help increase efficiency, effectiveness and client satisfaction in the public sector is productivity. For this reason, in this research, ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

In the current situation known as late modernity, where the lines and borders of social distinctions are formed based on lifestyles and cultural consumption, the dimensions, levels, qualities and methods of body management [1] have become very complex and important. In general, in this era when the world has become a multicultural phenomenon [2], advanced technology has pushed ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Master's Degree in Physical Education (Sports Physiology) Abstract Objective: The aim of the research was to determine the time-dependent effect of short-term intense interval training on the dynamics of oxygen absorption in girls. Methodology: For this purpose, 40 female students of Arak University with an average age of 25 ± 5 years, weight 54.30 ± 10.390 kg and height 162.5 ± ...

Number of pages: 192 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Faculty of Humanities, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Sports Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between social capital and job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth in Fars Province. The statistical ...

Number of pages: 88 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education, Physiology, Abstract Central stability is the ability to control the position and movement of the trunk on the pelvis, which allows the control and transfer of force and movement to the extremities during sports activities, which muscle contraction can increase this stability. Improving central stability can be effective in ...

Number of pages: 150 Category: Art - Graphics

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) major: painting. Dissertation abstract (including summary, goals, implementation methods and results obtained): There are many old crafts that during their lifetime have given the life of their opponents the song of ethnic memories in Farah Bakhsh's melody, and now they are dying in old age. Undoubtedly, breaking away from the ethnic ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: IT Information Technology Engineering

Master's Thesis of Information Technology Engineering, Information Systems Management, Abstract In today's world, due to the change in lifestyle, people are looking for a way to improve and improve their economic situation, one of the most important ways to improve their financial situation is to increase their income. One of the easiest ways is investment, which has different ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree (M.A) in the field of physical education and sports sciences - sports physiology. Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between physical activity and BMI and body image in high school female students. For this purpose, 370 female high school students of a district of Rasht in the age range of 14 to 18 ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Master's Degree in Physical Education (Sports Physiology) Abstract Objective: The aim of the research was to determine the time-dependent effect of short-term intense interval training on the dynamics of oxygen absorption in girls. Methodology: For this purpose, 40 female students of Arak University with an average age of 25 ± 5 years, weight 54.30 ± 10.390 kg and height 162.5 ± ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Motor behavior group, academic thesis for receiving a master's degree, motor behavior orientation. Abstract: A person's sense of competence in doing things (perceived competence) is one of the important factors in the development of self-concept. Perceived physical and motor competence plays a significant role in the idea of ??participation in physical activities. On the other ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education, Physiology, Abstract Central stability is the ability to control the position and movement of the trunk on the pelvis, which allows the control and transfer of force and movement to the extremities during sports activities, which muscle contraction can increase this stability. Improving central stability can be effective in ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation: To obtain a master's degree in medical librarianship and information. Summary: Introduction: Work and man are two main and inseparable parts of existence that must be planned in a way that fits each other. The lack of fit between human capabilities and the type of work he does causes many problems. In this regard, the science of ergonomics examines the health of ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Master's thesis in the field of physical education and sports sciences, sports biomechanics, abstract: flat feet are among the most common abnormalities. Anatomical abnormalities can change the kinematic variables of the foot joints, which results in a different walking pattern. Identifying the quality and quantity of the variables affected by these anomalies is effective in the ...

Number of pages: 187 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Sports Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between social capital and job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth in Fars Province. The statistical population of the research includes 138 people; Considering that the ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Medical Sciences

Dissertation for receiving a professional doctorate degree in the field of medicine Persian abstract Title: Comparison of the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children with and without functional constipation referred to the pediatric clinic of Amirkabir Hospital in 2013 Introduction: Constipation in childhood is a common problem that causes discomfort to the child ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of bioelectrical-medical engineering. Abstract Presenting a method for segmenting the right and left ventricles from cardiac MRI images. Examining the structure and function of cardiac ventricles in magnetic resonance images is considered an important step in the management of many cardiac disorders. Although the manual segmentation of heart ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Clinical Psychology Abstract: Objective: Social anxiety is a very debilitating disorder that can disrupt many aspects of a person's life. In this research, the researcher seeks treatment using neurofeedback methods and the presence of mind as new treatments in the field of psychology. Method: The design of this research is quasi-experimental with pre-test and ...

Number of pages: 203 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis of Precision Instrument Engineering and Industrial Automation in Oil Industries Abstract Non-linear dynamic systems face many challenges that must be investigated. Among these problems, we can point out things like extreme nonlinearity, changing operating conditions, dynamic uncertainty, both structured and unstructured, and external disturbances. Despite the ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of inorganic chemistry Abstract In this thesis, we investigate the anticancer diamine ruthenium complexes by computational chemistry, which examines the following: energy analysis, which examines the absolute energy value, dipole moment, isotropic and anisotropic polarizability of the complex. 2- The analysis of the frontal orbitals, the energy of ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in chemical engineering, advanced orientation. Abstract The limitation of heat transfer fluids in various industries due to their poor thermal conductivity has caused the improvement of the heat transfer of working fluids to be considered as a new method of advanced heat transfer. So that the idea of ??dispersing solid particles in ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Physics

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in chemical engineering, advanced orientation. Abstract The limitation of heat transfer fluids in various industries due to their poor thermal conductivity has caused the improvement of the heat transfer of working fluids to be considered as a new method of advanced heat transfer. So that the idea of ??dispersing solid particles in ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemistry, mineral orientation Abstract: Synthesis and identification of the symmetric bis((E)-2-nitrophenylallylidene)-2 and 2-dimethyl-1,3-diamine propane ligands with the general formula MLX2, where M represents zinc (II), cadmium (II) and mercury (II) metals and X includes chloride, bromide, iodide, It is thiocyanate and azide, it was done. To ...

Number of pages: 198 Category: Industrial Engineering

Master's Thesis of Precision Instrument Engineering and Industrial Automation in Oil Industries Abstract Non-linear dynamic systems face many challenges that must be investigated. Among these problems, we can point out things like extreme nonlinearity, changing operating conditions, dynamic uncertainty, both structured and unstructured, and external disturbances. Despite the ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Educational Planning Summer 2019 Abstract: This research aims to investigate the quality of services of educational complexes in districts 1 and 2 of A

Number of pages: 135 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of civil engineering, oriented towards soil and foundation mechanics, Shahrivar   2013 Abstract Dams are always considered as infrastructure structures

Number of pages: 105 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Counseling and Guidance (M.A) Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of painting therapy on the mental health of male students of primary schools in Gachsaran city. The variables of the current research were mental health with dimensions (anxiety, hostility, physicalization, interpersonal sensitivity, obsession, ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence of female teachers and violence against them. In addition, subscales of emotional intelligence were used to predict violence against female teachers. For this purpose, 280 female teachers were selected by cluster sampling ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering - Systems Management and Productivity Orientation Fall 2019 Abstract: The growing and rapid movement of today's societies to acquire and exploit information, causes an ever-increasing expansion

Number of pages: 117 Category: Industrial Engineering

Master's Thesis M.Sc. Industrial Engineering Industries-Industries trend of academic year 1389-1392 Abstract: With increasing government supervision and the increasing attention of public opinion to environmental issues, companies

Number of pages: 167 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract The discussion of locating residential complexes is currently one of the most important and influential issues in the discussion of urban land use, and since today's urban centers have very complex construction equipment and buildings have taken on large dimensions and cities have expanded significantly, the importance of ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A. Degree: Political Geography Abstract: The illegal entry of foreign nationals from the eastern borders to various cities of our country, especially Afghan and Pakistani nationals, has long been considered as one of the problems of the Iranian society, and this issue has been analyzed by experts and experts over the past years from the perspective of social ...

Number of pages: 146 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of architecture, March 92, abstract Despite the fact that it has been several decades since the design and construction of residential complexes

Number of pages: 182 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in architecture, architectural orientation, 2013 abstract, pristine natural environments or local protected areas are considered suitable for ecotourism, and the development of tourism in

Number of pages: 160 Category: Architectural Engineering

Master's Thesis, Architectural Engineering, Shahrivar 2013 Abstract: The issue is that the structure of neighborhoods in the contemporary era of Iran, due to changes in the form of contemporary urban development, including networks and

Number of pages: 89 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree Orientation: Architecture, summer 2013, industrial life has created fewer places for people to rest and relax. for

Number of pages: 182 Category: Architectural Engineering

Abstract Architecture, as a scientific-artistic profession, has always covered a part of human needs. After modernity and entering the industrial age in Iran, public buildings, especially markets, in urban scale

Number of pages: 146 Category: Educational Sciences

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of educational management in the field of educational sciences. Abstract: The problem of many companies and educational centers today is the problem of human resources and the lack of proper efficiency of these forces in organizations. This research has been prepared for all industries, companies, organizations and educational ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for the Master's degree in the field: Educational Sciences. The present research was conducted in order to investigate and compare the ability of problem solving in experimental science and Persian literature courses of the 7th grade students (first year secondary school) in the traditional and thematic classes of Miandoab city in the academic year of 1992-1993. ...

Number of pages: 155 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General Abstract The purpose of this research was to predict children's mental health and resilience based on marital satisfaction and mothers' attachment styles. The method of the present research was descriptive correlation of the predictive type. The statistical population of this research is made up of all the 10-12-year-old ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of psychology for exceptional children. Abstract The field of independence is an important topic of study and research in the field of mental health and education in the world. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy methods are offered to deal with concerns such as anger, anxiety, perfectionism, aggression, separation, social ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Architecture Orientation: Winter Architecture 2013 Foreword: Bushehr's historical context is one of the most valuable historical contexts in the country, which is unique in its kind.

Number of pages: 286 Category: Architectural Engineering

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree in Islamic Architectural Engineering, second year of academic year 1392-93 Abstract: Endowments in establishment and continuation

Number of pages: 101 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Clinical Psychology (M.Sc) Abstract Reading is the most basic learning tool for students. Dyslexia accounts for the largest percentage of learning disabled students, which is defined by the lack of success in language skills such as reading, writing and spelling. Memory, especially active memory, is one of the important factors in learning that these students ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for the Master's Degree in Educational Technology (M.A.) Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of using the simulation method in a constructivist environment on students' creativity in the first secondary mathematics course. In this study, the research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the research was 6200 ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Educational Sciences

Graduate School of Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A.) Abstract The general purpose of the current research is the design of mathematics courseware (1) and its effect on the learning and memorization of first-year male high school students in Kermanshah. The research is applied and semi-experimental. The statistical population includes all male students in the first grade of high ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Psychology

Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A) Major: Educational Psychology Dissertation Abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and obtained results): This research was conducted with the aim of predicting students' academic motivation based on spiritual intelligence and mother's marital ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Psychology

The thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of educational psychology. Abstract of the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of teaching self-regulated learning strategies on essay writing in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A two-group quasi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test was used. Two elementary ...

Number of pages: 205 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in General Psychology Abstract This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of mental resilience training on the quality of life and life expectancy of mothers of deaf children in Rasht city. The statistical population of this research includes all mothers with deaf children, and in this research, 30 mothers whose ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Accounting Abstract: Investigating the impact of profit management on the auditor's opinion in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange Abstract: Auditing is the process of ensuring the reliability and relevance of financial statement information. The existence of conflict of interests between shareholders and managers gives special ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field: accounting. Abstract One of the existing mechanisms in order to reduce the agency problem and reduce the information asymmetry between shareholders and managers in the capital markets is the corporate governance system. The role of institutional shareholders in corporate governance and their presence in companies has ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract: Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing resilience, marital instability and psychological well-being in two groups of mothers of normal and hearing-impaired children in Tehran using a quantitative-qualitative method. Method: In the quantitative part, using available sampling, a sample consisting of 100 ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Economics

Social-Economic Systems Engineering Abstract: In this research, by studying, examining and applying the principles of game theory, a new hypothesis has been presented in the field of using game theory in the strategic planning of organizations in order to reduce the impact of environmental changes that have occurred over time on the formulated strategies of companies. In other ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Psychology

In order to obtain a master's degree in the field of general psychology, the general aim of this research is to compare learning styles, resilience and problem solving skills in professional and non-professional chess players. The method of this research is descriptive correlational. The statistical population includes all chess players under the supervision of the Chess ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree, specialization: accounting. Abstract: Forecasting profit per share is of particular importance in investments, because it follows the changes in stock prices and the direct reaction of the capital market. On the other hand, in the current business environment, due to the rapid changes in technology and financial conditions, managers ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in accounting, accounting major. Abstract: The strong position of a production gives the company a lot of staying power. Pricing power gives these companies more profit and allows them to maintain their superior position. High security of these companies against lack of cash, their ability to face unfavorable economic situation

Number of pages: 186 Category: Management

Master's Thesis of Industrial Management (M.A.) Abstract The increasing acceleration of the process of growth and development as well as the increasing complexity of industrial projects along with the progress of science and technology has caused the issue and process of selecting a contractor to be considered as an important and key factor in the success of industrial projects ...

Number of pages: 156 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for master's degree in educational sciences, educational research orientation. Abstract: Considering the effect of classroom management in creating a suitable and favorable learning atmosphere on the one hand and the effect of self-regulated learning on academic life and academic progress and improving education on the other hand, this research aims to investigate ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis in Psychology (M.A.) Orientation: Clinical Abstract: The purpose of this research was to compare the mental health and marital adjustment of mothers of autistic children and mothers of normal children aged 5 to 12 years in Bandar Abbas city. This research was one of correlational and causal-comparative research. In this research, the statistical population ...

Number of pages: 246 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree M.SC discipline/specialization of geography and urban planning-urban environment Abstract In the second half of the 20th century, especially in its last three decades, cities have expanded rapidly and countries have started urbanization and increasing their cities and urban population at a faster rate. The mere approach of urban planning to the ...

Number of pages: 161 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Thesis for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering Today, creating a safe environment in which all harmful factors are identified, evaluated, eliminated or controlled in order to guarantee the health of people and facilities is one of the priorities of industrial management. Safety science has also been reactive like the traditional approach to safety, that is, managers did not ...

Number of pages: 67 Category: Management

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree Field: Business Management Major: Financial Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between profit smoothing and stock returns under environmental uncertainty. Also, in this research, the stability of profits of companies that have smoothed profits in the past has been investigated in conditions of ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Management

Master's Thesis (M.A.) Business Management (Transformation Management) Abstract: Information technology has long been one of the most fundamental factors of transformation in human life. The function of any technology in societies depends entirely on its culture. Organizational culture causes common understanding and agreement on organizational procedures, and at the same time, ...

Number of pages: 66 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in the field: Power Electrical Engineering Abstract Due to the extent and complexity of distribution networks, the probability of an accident occurring in them is very high, and the occurrence of an accident can affect many subscribers. Therefore, reliability is one of the key parameters determining the success rate of the system in providing ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Electrical Engineering

Obtaining a master's degree in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, abstract, mechanization of tools is one of the most important and extensive fields used in production processes. Due to the complexity and uncertainty of machining processes, recently soft computing techniques [1] based on physical models have been preferred to predict the performance of machining ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Computer Engineering

Computer Engineering Master's Thesis Abstract Web development that lacks an integrated structure creates many problems for users. Not finding the information needed by users in this huge warehouse is one of the problems of web users. In order to deal with these problems, web personalization systems have been provided, which by finding the behavior patterns of users without their ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in computer engineering - software orientation. Abstract In all the projects that are carried out today, the discussion of management is a very decisive issue. Software projects are no exception to this rule. One of the most important aspects of software development is time and cost management. Considering that in the early stages of ...

Number of pages: 128 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: ""Transformation"" Abstract In the hyper-competitive era, organizations face an environment that is characterized by increasing complexity, globalization and dynamism. Therefore, organizations are facing new challenges for their continuity and establishment, and overcoming these challenges requires more attention to the ...

Number of pages: 179 Category: Art - Graphics

Introduction: During the 1960s, graphic design was proposed as a way to solve communication and information problems, and in the same way, it was also proposed as a fashion in the mass media. Something that was related to the taste of being up-to-date and even progress. But the change in its style was the result of several effective factors such as technological advances in the ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: Human Resource Management Abstract Organizational culture plays an important role in the internal control of employees' behavior and prevention of administrative corruption due to the nature of the strong effect it can have on the behavior and performance of the organization's members. The present study was conducted in order to ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in civil engineering, soil mechanics, and the abstract of the contents, one of the most important and at the same time the most difficult topics in soil mechanics is the problem of the stability of gables. Analyzing the stability of soil slopes in order to determine the most probable rupture process or in other words to find the ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: Management Information Systems Abstract Most experts believe that the success or failure of governments depends on how public affairs are implemented. The health of the administrative system is one of the most important topics in the science of public administration. Therefore, all governments try to have a completely transparent ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Information Technology Management, Information Systems, Abstract The Imam Khomeini (RA) Relief Committee, as one of the popular institutions, in drawing its basic policies, emphasizes support, cooperation and popular participation, and on this basis, it considers the attraction of popular aid as a mechanism for guiding popular participation ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Textile Industries

In order to receive a master's degree in textile technology, it is essential to know the physical and mechanical properties of carpets to produce a quality product and maintain the proper appearance. In this research, an attempt has been made to provide a model to determine the relationship between the different parameters of these characteristics, therefore, to measure these ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract In this thesis, a phase-locked loop is designed based on micro-electromechanical systems. The loop system has a feedback phase lock that compares the input phase with the output phase. This comparison is done by a phase detector. Phase detector is a circuit whose average output voltage is linearly proportional to the ...