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Number of pages: 132 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract: Fabrication of ceramic nanofiltration membrane for chloride ion separation (case study: gas condensate) In this research, chloride ion separation using alumina-titania double layer nanofiltration membrane has been investigated. For this purpose, first, the alumina-titania double-layer membrane is made based on ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Economics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Economic Sciences 2018 Abstract Economic schools have different theories regarding the effect of monetary policies on the real variables of the economy. But all of them have a relationship

Number of pages: 126 Category: Economics

Master's Thesis in Economic Sciences, 2012 Abstract: In recent years, the wage-efficiency theory has provided a clear explanation for involuntary unemployment and the difference in wages. The main idea of ??this theory is this

Number of pages: 95 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Chemical Engineering, Process Design, Abstract: In this thesis, a method for thermodynamic analysis and evaluation of energy consumption of distillation tower by using side cooling is introduced. The research done in the past was aimed at the distribution of the heat diagram and checking the possibility of adding or extracting heat from all the different parts ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

M.Sc. Dissertation for Master Degree in Chemical Engineering - Process Engineering Abstract Mercaptans are removed from hydrocarbon streams by various methods. The use of caustic soda solution and mucoli sieve beds are among the most widely used methods. In the oil and gas industries of our country, washing with relatively dilute caustic solution is often used to remove light ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Industrial Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.Sc.) Direction: Process Design Abstract Currently, membranes have found a special place in different separation industries and have wide applications in different fields of separation, including liquid solutions and different gases. Membrane technology is one of the most widely used technologies in today's industry, whose field of application is wide ranging ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering Abstract In this research, the optimal absorption conditions for cationic dyes have been investigated and the removal of brilliant green dye [1] by the natural adsorbent of khakshir has been investigated. First, the effective conditions in the amount of brilliant green removal by the khakshir stem adsorbent were researched, then using the ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract In the uranium enrichment unit by centrifuge, UF6 gas after passing through the centrifuge and performing the enrichment process, enters the cold trap and is solidified and collected at a low temperature. One of the absorbents used to absorb uranium hexafluoride is sodium fluoride. The ...

Number of pages: 140 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering, abstract modeling of chloride ion removal from gas condensate using nanofiltration of chloride ion in gas condensate can cause severe corrosion of equipment and pipes. Therefore, it is necessary to remove it from the condensate flow. The aim of this work is the mathematical modeling of the nanofiltration process for the ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering-Biotechnology Abstract Lipase is a carboxylic ester hydrolase enzyme that acts on triacylglycerol to release fatty acids, glycerides and glycerol. The discovery of the ability of lipase to catalyze the esterification reaction started a broad chapter in the field of this enzyme's functions. In this study, with the knowledge of the ability ...

Number of pages: 69 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Advanced Chemical Engineering Abstract A new method based on point cloud extraction to extract uranium from water samples and its measurement using alpha spectrometry based on liquid scintillation has been investigated. Uranium extraction from water samples in the presence of a number of available surfactants and chelating reagents has been ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Thesis Mechanics to get a Master's degree Abstract: First, the solution of Volterra-type anti-plate displacement in a rectangular plate with limited length and width and different boundary conditions is obtained by the method of separation of variables. Then, the distributed displacement technique is used to obtain the integral equations related to the rectangular plate weakened ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Master's Thesis in Mechanical Engineering - Applied Design Abstract of elastoplastic analysis of thick-walled tanks made of targeted materials with linear kinematic stiffness behavior under cyclic loading, stress analysis and deformation of spherical thick-walled tanks made of subject materials under internal pressure loading and temperature difference are discussed in this ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in medical engineering, bioelectrical trend, abstract of the separation of prosthesis projections and tissue implants in sinogram images of spiral CT scan using active contour methods for metal implants such as prostheses and tooth filling materials during the reconstruction of CT images with different methods, creates an artifact that appears as light and dark ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Electronic Engineering

Electrical-Electronics Engineering Master's Thesis Abstract In this thesis, we have used graphene nano-ribbons as an active layer of a solar cell for the first time. To simulate this cell, the non-equilibrium Green's function method was used in the mode space, and the effect of electron-photon interactions was calculated by means of Born's self-consistent approximation. To ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Civil Engineering

Civil engineering, soil and foundation, abstract, considering that all engineering infrastructures and vital urban and non-urban places and arteries such as: foundations of buildings, bridges, silos, dams, retaining walls, marine structures, industrial facilities, etc. . . All spread on a platform called the earth. The importance of investigating the type of instability in ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemistry, analysis, abstract. In this research, the synthesis of polymer nanoparticles of ion template using sedimentation method and for the separation and preconcentration of nickel ions from aqueous samples is reported. Nickel template polymer nanoparticles by dissolving stoichiometric amount of nickel nitrate and ligand ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemistry, analysis, abstract. In this research, the synthesis of polymer nanoparticles of ion template using sedimentation method and for the separation and preconcentration of nickel ions from aqueous samples is reported. Nickel template polymer nanoparticles by dissolving stoichiometric amount of nickel nitrate and ligand ...

Number of pages: 146 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis of Medical Engineering, Bioelectrical Orientation Abstract: Separation of prosthesis projections and tissue implants in spiral CT scan sinogram images using active contour methods of metal implants such as prostheses and tooth filling materials during the reconstruction of CT images with different methods creates an artifact that appears as light and dark radial ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Biology - Environment

Electrical-Electronics Engineering Master's Thesis Abstract In this thesis, we have used graphene nano-ribbons as an active layer of a solar cell for the first time. To simulate this cell, the non-equilibrium Green's function method was used in the mode space, and the effect of electron-photon interactions was calculated by means of Born's self-consistent approximation. To ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of civil engineering of hydraulic structures, October 2013 This study is to quantitatively evaluate the effects of watershed operations and with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of projects

Number of pages: 75 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of educational management in the summer of 2013 Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the use of information technology and the satisfaction of students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University.

Number of pages: 104 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering - Earthquake Engineering March 2012 Abstract Reinforced soil is a special material that is created from the combination of soil and reinforcing member. Arming components resistant to N

Number of pages: 100 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis for receiving the degree of M.Sc. Trend: soil and soil in February 2013 Abstract: Allowed load capacity or safe load capacity is a virtual pressure that is within the range of

Number of pages: 115 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Industrial Management (Production Orientation) Summer 1990 Abstract With the current progress of industries, the return and reuse of used products is one of the activities of May.

Number of pages: 155 Category: Management

Thesis of Master's Degree in Business Management (Financial Management) October 2013 Chapter 1 General Research 1-1) Introduction Income tax expense is one of the most important expenses of companies.

Number of pages: 163 Category: Architectural Engineering

Abstract Considering the sensitivity of the geographical location and the potentials in the Azad Qeshm Special Zone and the idea of ??improving the level of social interactions with other regions of the country and attracting domestic and foreign investors and improving the economic relations of the organization

Number of pages: 231 Category: Architectural Engineering

Thesis­ academic certificate for obtaining the master's degree Major: Architecture, architectural trend, February 2013 Abstract of the influential role of therapeutic spaces and the environment in general, in the behavior and mood of Mes children

Number of pages: 209 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Geography and Urban Planning Abstract In this research, the changes in urban land use in Tabriz Region Three Municipality (comparison of new and old detailed plan) have been investigated. The statistical population consists of the municipality of Seh Kalanshahr region of Tabriz. This research is considered to be an applied type of research, ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree M. A) Field: Geography and Urban Planning Chapter 1 (Research Plan) 1-1- Introduction The establishment of any urban element in a specific physical-spatial location of the city is subject to specific principles and rules and mechanisms (mechanisms) which, if followed, will lead to the success and functional efficiency of that element ...

Number of pages: 74 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Thesis for Master's Degree in Family Counseling Abstract The main purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between mothers' self-differentiation with parent-child conflict and the responsibility of female middle school students. The tools used in this research are 1- Self-Differentiation Questionnaire (DSI-R) of Yonesi. 2- Parent-Child Conflict Questionnaire ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence of female teachers and violence against them. In addition, subscales of emotional intelligence were used to predict violence against female teachers. For this purpose, 280 female teachers were selected by cluster sampling ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Architectural Engineering

Abstract Architecture, as a scientific-artistic profession, has always covered a part of human needs. After modernity and entering the industrial age in Iran, public buildings, especially markets, in urban scale

Number of pages: 190 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, specialization: accounting, abstract of the theory of dividend irrelevance predicts that in efficient capital markets, dividend policy should not have an impact on investment decisions. While in the inefficient markets, the restrictions on the supply of foreign funds that come from asymmetric information can force companies to ...

Number of pages: 22 Category: Librarianship

Abstract: In this study, the relationship between ownership concentration, company performance and dividend policy in companies listed in the food and pharmaceutical industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange has been examined. The statistical sample of the research includes 44 companies during the period of 1380 to 1387. The chosen approach for hypothesis testing is the ...

Number of pages: 189 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Educational Psychology Abstract Critical thinking is purposeful, self-directed, logical, argumentative, responsible, knowledge-based thinking, which is a platform for evaluation, interpretation, analysis and explanation; It provides evidences, documents, frameworks... for judgment to make the right decision. The aim of the current research is ...

Number of pages: 155 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General Abstract The purpose of this research was to predict children's mental health and resilience based on marital satisfaction and mothers' attachment styles. The method of the present research was descriptive correlation of the predictive type. The statistical population of this research is made up of all the 10-12-year-old ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation to receive master's degree in accounting. Abstract In the conditions of the realism of the presented financial statements, the profit based on the accrual accounting system should be able to reflect valuable information about the current situation and future prospects of the company to the market. In this case, the profit may reflect the personal interests of the ...

Number of pages: 312 Category: Psychology

Dissertation: clinical for obtaining the degree of Master of Psychology (MA) The abstract of the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of therapy schemas on reducing marital conflicts and increasing the mental health of married students. In this study, a quasi-experimental method (pre-test, post-test with a control group) was used.

Number of pages: 147 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology Abstract In this research, the moderating role of coping strategies and social support in the relationship between quality of life, psychological symptoms and parenting styles has been examined and 120 female heads of households in Alborz province were selected as the research sample. Research evidence and the results of ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Master's thesis in the field of rural development, the causes of the underdevelopment of rural areas: the case study of Margun district in Boyar Ahmad city, abstract is the goal of development, growth and all-round excellence of human societies. Therefore, in the development planning process, recognition and understanding of the conditions and requirements of human societies and ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of cultural affairs, cultural planning, abstract, the purpose of this research is to investigate the cultural problems of male students' dormitory life. The dormitories of Yazd University were in the academic year of 1989-90. This research was conducted with the survey method and the library method (documents) was used to compile the ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of psychology for exceptional children. Abstract The field of independence is an important topic of study and research in the field of mental health and education in the world. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy methods are offered to deal with concerns such as anger, anxiety, perfectionism, aggression, separation, social ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's degree in Social Sciences - Sociology major Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of social causes on the tendency of young people aged 18-35 in Bandar Abbas to consume alcoholic beverages in 2013. The sample of study is 400 young people of this city who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Some of the data ...

Number of pages: 225 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of urban planning, urban planning, abstract Urban transportation is one of the main sub-sectors of urban development and planning. Every day, citizens are in contact with pedestrian and bicycle networks and different types of transportation and use urban transportation to meet a range of needs for work, education, shopping, recreation, etc.; ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, Major: Accounting Abstract: In this article, we seek to predict and provide a solution to find the added economic value of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange market. The basis of the predictions made in this research is the information of the audited financial statements. The data used are the data between 1382 and 1387. ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Major: General, investigating the effect of communication skills training on social adjustment of high school girls. Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of communication skills training on social adjustment of high school girls. For this purpose, among the female high school students referred to education ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Psychology (M.A.) Direction: Clinical The purpose of education and training is to flourish and actualize all human talents with well-considered programs, this requires identifying and realizing their strengths and weaknesses, counselors have played a sensitive and effective role in this field for a long time, so the main goal of this research ...

Number of pages: 205 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in General Psychology Abstract This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of mental resilience training on the quality of life and life expectancy of mothers of deaf children in Rasht city. The statistical population of this research includes all mothers with deaf children, and in this research, 30 mothers whose ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) field and direction: Accounting Abstract: The subject of this thesis is ""the effect of profit management on the relationship between corporate governance and profit quality"". In this research, the relationship between profit management and profit quality, corporate governance and profit quality, profit management and corporate governance ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Librarianship

Abstract: The presence of controlling and major shareholders in the company causes the concentration of ownership in the hands of a limited number of people. The more this concentration of ownership increases, the greater the possibility of collusion between the major and controlling shareholders with the management.

Number of pages: 133 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree (M.A.) orientation: energy economy, first chapter: general research, introduction of the income from the sale of oil in oil exporting countries, in increasing prosperity and public welfare

Number of pages: 118 Category: Economics

Dissertation of master's degree in system engineering, economic-social program orientation. Rezi system‌ economic February 2013 Abstract: Considering the importance of financial markets and

Number of pages: 154 Category: Management

Thesis for Master's Degree in Executive Management Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors in reducing administrative corruption through the improvement of the organizational structure in government organizations, and then it tries to provide appropriate solutions to reduce administrative corruption in the National Bank of Iran. The present ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field: accounting. Abstract One of the existing mechanisms in order to reduce the agency problem and reduce the information asymmetry between shareholders and managers in the capital markets is the corporate governance system. The role of institutional shareholders in corporate governance and their presence in companies has ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Educational Sciences

Master's Thesis in Family Counseling Abstract: Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing resilience, marital instability and psychological well-being in two groups of mothers of normal and hearing-impaired children in Tehran using a quantitative-qualitative method. Method: In the quantitative part, using available sampling, a sample consisting of 100 ...

Number of pages: 215 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of: Geography and Urban Planning Abstract In this research, the changes in urban land use in Tabriz Region Three Municipality (comparison of new and old detailed plans) have been investigated. The statistical population consists of the municipality of Seh Kalanshahr region of Tabriz. This research is considered to be an ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Economics

Social-Economic Systems Engineering Abstract: In this research, by studying, examining and applying the principles of game theory, a new hypothesis has been presented in the field of using game theory in the strategic planning of organizations in order to reduce the impact of environmental changes that have occurred over time on the formulated strategies of companies. In other ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Educational Sciences

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Major: Educational Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): This research was compiled with the aim of investigating the relationship between attachment styles and identity styles with social competence of high school students. This research is a correlational research. The ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Dissertation for Master's degree (MA) specialization: research in communication Abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): At first, the main idea of ??this project was formed from the poverty of a comprehensive and general plan regarding the place of rationality and its evolution as communication rationality in ...

Number of pages: 158 Category: Economics

Sources a) Persian sources: 1- Abrishmi, Hamid; Mehrara, Mohsen (1383), Deviation of equilibrium real exchange rate and woodworking policies in Iran's economy. Business research paper. Quarterly No. 33. 2- Abrishmi, Hamid; Mehrara, Mohsen (1384), methods of regulating and balancing the foreign exchange market and encouraging the purchase of goods and services from within. ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Natural Geography, specialization: Geomorphology in environmental planning. Abstract: Flood is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which is usually associated with a lot of human and financial losses. Floods every year in the corners of the country cause a lot of damage to economic resources. The occurrence of ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) majoring in General Psychology Abstract Objective: The purpose of this research is to compare the quality of life, meaning of life, body image and mental health in two groups of menopausal and non-menopausal women with emphasis on their level of education. Research method: In the current comparative causal research, the statistical ...

Number of pages: 277 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Educational Department of Human Geography Master's Thesis Research Plan Abstract: The neighborhood is considered as the smallest urban space, the cell of urban life and a dynamic element in proper urban governance. The divisions and boundaries of urban neighborhoods have undergone changes and transformations from the Islamic period to the new period. In the past, neighborhood ...

Number of pages: 118 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for master's degree in accounting, accounting orientation Abstract: Considering that based on the agency theory, corporate governance is created to provide control and balance between the interests of managers and shareholders and as a result to reduce the conflict of agency, companies that have a better quality of corporate governance system should face the problem ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Librarianship

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: accounting, profit abstract is one of the items that investors pay attention to, and it is considered the basis of many important economic decisions. Interest has two components: cash and accrual, on the other hand, accrual items have two normal and abnormal parts. Some evidences show the fact that investors face many problems ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Accounting Abstract In this research, the risk and returns (systematic and extraordinary) of stocks on the tenure of the board of directors of companies are discussed. One of the elements of the corporate governance structure is the board of directors. Shareholders use the two components of risk and return to evaluate the ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: General The relationship between sexual components and communication skills with marital satisfaction in married women of Gachsaran city Abstract This research was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between sexual components and communication skills with marital satisfaction in married women. The current research ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, Major: Accounting, Abstract: Economic information in countries is considered as important and influential information, which is one of the most used cases of this information in the capital markets of countries. Financial managers of companies consider all aspects in making decisions and planning in the field of optimizing the ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Social Sciences - Sociology

Abstract Many evidences indicate the reduction of social trust in all dimensions and emotional and particularistic bias in the relations of activists at all levels in Iran. On the other hand, the issue of social trust in the university as an environment that includes people from different groups and cultures, the necessity of trust as a glue that binds these different groups ...

Number of pages: 184 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field: Political Geography (M.A) Abstract: The science of political geography is one of the broad topics of science and is created from a politically organized unit in a specific geographical territory that includes the government's rule and a specific space. These organized units can include the primary political core, limited ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Psychology

Academic Thesis for Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology Abstract The general purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between emotional dyslexia and introversion/extroversion with marital satisfaction. This research is a correlational research. The statistical population in this study includes all married undergraduate, master's and doctoral students in the ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A.) Major: Educational Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): This research was compiled with the aim of investigating the relationship between attachment styles and identity styles with social competence of high school students. This research is a correlational research. The ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Psychology

Master's Thesis, Department: M.A., Field: Psychology, Major: Clinical Abstract Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between marital incompatibility with behavioral problems and academic progress of students. The research method is a description of the type of correlation and the statistical population of male students referred by the ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology ((M.A)) Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing identity styles and coping styles and behavioral activation/inhibition systems in addicts and normal people. The method used was causal-comparative and the research tool included Berzonsky's Identity Styles Questionnaire, Andler Parker's Coping ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Psychology

Master's thesis in the field of clinical psychology. Abstract of the comparison of coping skills, impulsivity and behavioral disorders in three groups of unsupervised, poorly supervised and normal adolescents. Unfortunately, today we witness that the number of unsupervised and poorly supervised children and adolescents is increasing every day. Many social variables are involved ...

Number of pages: 170 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

To receive a master's degree in geography and urban planning. Abstract: The extent of how urban services are distributed can play an effective role in the spatial displacement of population and population changes in urban areas, and since one of the criteria of sustainable urban development is paying attention to the balanced distribution of population. Therefore, urban services ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc degree in natural geography-geomorphology in environmental planning. Abstract The city expands in the geographical environment not based on capacity and facilities but on the basis of urgency and necessity. This issue is very noticeable in today's cities. It is noteworthy that the city must be in harmony with its natural location and it is essential that ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Management

Master's Thesis of Financial Management Abstract In the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), systematic risk or beta is the only factor that explains the difference in asset returns. Beta, as a measure of systematic risk, is the result of an equilibrium state in which investors seek to maximize their utility function based on two parameters, the mean and the variance of returns. ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Librarianship

Abstract Adopting a suitable currency regime and equilibrium exchange rate is one of the important and sometimes controversial issues. Some economists believe that the low nominal (or real) exchange rate causes export stagnation and reduced incentives for domestic production to replace imports. Others believe that the policy of devaluation of the national currency or high ...