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Number of pages: 115 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Doctoral thesis in the field of chemical engineering abstract theoretical and experimental investigation of the continuous process of desalination of heavy crude oil using microwaves and ultrasonic waves Desalination of crude oil is the first step in oil refining, by which the undesirable compounds with the oil are separated before they reach the main unit. In order to reduce ...

Number of pages: 135 Category: Food and Packaging Industries

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Agricultural Engineering - Food Science and Technology - Food Technology Abstract Vegetable oil is considered a strategic product in our country. The amount of import of this product in the country is important, and for this reason, the effort to produce crude oil extracted from oilseeds in the country, at the level of competition with its ...

Number of pages: 112 Category: Economics

(To obtain a master's degree) 2013 Abstract: Oil as a strategic commodity has an important role in both economic and political terms. The world economy, especially during the last half century

Number of pages: 90 Category: Economics

Dissertation to obtain a master's degree Department of Economic Sciences, February 2013 Abstract: One of the important and influential topics in economic issues is the asset market. On the other hand, including M

Number of pages: 133 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree (M.A.) orientation: energy economy, first chapter: general research, introduction of the income from the sale of oil in oil exporting countries, in increasing prosperity and public welfare

Number of pages: 99 Category: Economics

(Strength – Orientation) Economics-Economics, January 2013 Abstract The revenues from the sale of oil have a significant share in the government's income and the government's gross domestic product in Iran. On the one hand, due to the importance of the industrial sector

Number of pages: 105 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Economics: Energy Economics Fall 2013 Abstract of Thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained): natural resources including

Number of pages: 273 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: ""Production and Operations Management"" Thesis abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results): With the increase in competition in the global trade arena, the way to supply and select suppliers of machinery and spare parts in the supply chain is considered an important challenge for most organizations. ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering (gas engineering trend) in recent years, many horizontal wells have been drilled around the world. The main reason is the ability to increase the level of the tank in contact with the well, which increases the utilization of the well. Well testing is used to identify the models of hydrocarbon reservoirs and to identify their ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis in the field of power, power electronics, power electronics, abstract. Distributed generation power plants have a production capacity of several kilowatts to 10 megawatts, which are used to produce electric energy in places close to consumers. Among their types, we can mention solar cells, fuel cells, micro turbines, wind power plants, etc. If these power plants ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract: Fabrication of ceramic nanofiltration membrane for chloride ion separation (case study: gas condensate) In this research, chloride ion separation using alumina-titania double layer nanofiltration membrane has been investigated. For this purpose, first, the alumina-titania double-layer membrane is made based on ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Animal Husbandry - Poultry Farming

Master's Thesis in Animal Science, Livestock and Poultry Nutrition Abstract This experiment was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effects of garlic or fresh onion supplementation on performance, immune system and blood lipid profile in broilers. For this purpose, 308 out of 432 day-old male chicks were divided into nine groups with four replicates and 12 ...

Number of pages: 209 Category: Biology - Environment

Thesis for Master's Degree in Energy Conversion (M.Sc.) Abstract The country of Iran is located between the orbits of 25 to 40 degrees north latitude and is located in an area that is among the highest in the world in terms of receiving solar energy. The amount of solar radiation in Iran is estimated between 1800 and 2200 kilowatt hours per square meter per year, which is higher ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Management

Thesis of master's degree in seafaring, sea transport orientation (case study of Bandar Shahid Rajaei container terminal), February 2019, abstract in this research, the future scenarios of Bandar Shahid container traffic

Number of pages: 138 Category: Economics

The thesis of the master's degree course in the field of economic sciences, February 2013, is an abstract of the prediction of effective tools and solutions for the purpose of planning and compiling financial methods. Prediction accuracy is important

Number of pages: 107 Category: Economics

Abstract: Capital market prosperity increases private investment and national production. Identifying the variables affecting the stock price is one of the factors that can lead the capital market to a state of stability and prosperity of the economy.

Number of pages: 142 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in Business Administration, Financial Orientation Abstract Since its introduction, the RBI method has found its place at the level of international oil, gas and petrochemical companies, and many studies have been conducted in this regard. So far, few researches have been conducted in the country about risk-based assessment and management, ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Public Administration - Financial Management, Abstract: In the past years, the trend of electric energy consumption has been increasing due to national growth and development, until the amount of fossil fuels consumed, natural gas and petroleum products, was equal to 385.5 barrels of crude oil in 2013. Of this amount, 306.1 barrels of crude oil have been ...

Number of pages: 0 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master of Business Administration, Financial Orientation (M.A.) Abstract Since its introduction, the RBI method has found its place at the level of international oil, gas and petrochemical companies, and many studies have been conducted in this regard. So far, few researches have been conducted in the country about risk-based assessment and management, and the ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract Today, the use of inter-vehicle communication as one of the technologies to increase the safety and comfort of travel in the field of transportation and many car manufacturing companies is being considered. A type of waste of time and energy that includes a major part of street traffic is the problem of car parking. The ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc.) specialization: Environment Abstract Gaseous liquids obtained from the refining of sour gases are also sour and contain a large percentage of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. Therefore, after distilling and preparing the products, it needs refining processes to remove or reduce the amount of sulfur and mercaptans present. ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation to receive the master's degree ""M.Sc. Orientation: ""Biochemical Engineering"" Abstract: The presence of sulfur compounds in gasoline creates a serious problem in air pollution, environment, corrosion of equipment and destruction of human health. The new environmental standards also impose strict limits on the amount of sulfur and aromatic compounds in gasoline. ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

M.Sc. Dissertation for Master Degree in Chemical Engineering - Process Engineering Abstract Mercaptans are removed from hydrocarbon streams by various methods. The use of caustic soda solution and mucoli sieve beds are among the most widely used methods. In the oil and gas industries of our country, washing with relatively dilute caustic solution is often used to remove light ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Chemical engineering master's thesis without preface today simulation in processes can be an important tool to solve problems in different industries. A new idea that should be done in the real world by trial and error with a lot of costs and risks can be simulated in the environment of a strong software and the results can be used. Simulation can also be used to check and ...

Number of pages: 86 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc Master's degree, specialization: process engineering, abstract of the proposed project, the feasibility of converting gas condensates into products with higher added value and consumable fuels such as gasoline. Considering the huge gas and oil reserves in Iran, this country is one of the major importers of gasoline. Therefore, it is very necessary to ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract Today, the use of inter-vehicle communication as one of the technologies to increase the safety and comfort of travel in the field of transportation and many car manufacturing companies is being considered. A type of waste of time and energy that includes a major part of street traffic is the problem of car parking. The ...

Number of pages: 86 Category: Electronic Engineering

A master's thesis in the field of electrical engineering - Power 1-1- Introduction In traditional systems, reasons such as the dependence of different parts of the electricity industry including production, transmission and distribution on each other, the need for large investments in different parts of this industry and society's expectation from governments to provide ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.Sc. » Orientation: Agriculture Abstract This study was conducted in order to compare the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the yield and morphological traits of the spruce plant in the form of a randomized complete block design in 9 treatments and 4 replications in a plot of land with an area of ??800 square ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of food industry engineering, specialization in food chemistry. The fruit of this plant is traditionally consumed in different regions of Iran. This fruit has very useful medicinal and edible properties. About 30% of the weight of the fruit is made up of its kernels. On average, the kernel of this fruit contains about ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Field of study: Mechanics, orientation: energy conversion. The present research was conducted in order to investigate the movement of pig in pipelines. Due to the importance of pipelines in providing energy resources in the world, after installation and operation, the maintenance of these lines is of high importance, which has caused special attention to be paid to the design of ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Energy Systems Abstract Crude oil distillation unit is one of the most important and critical operational units of any refinery. This unit often requires revision in the design of the structure (Revamping) or making small changes in its existing condition without the need to reduce or increase the basic process devices (Retrofitting) in order to achieve higher ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Chemical Engineering (Process Simulation and Control) Abstract Modeling and Simulation of the Electrostatic Desalination Process of Crude Oil by Elham Ariafard The aim of this research is to model the desalination process of crude oil based on the population balance method. For this purpose, the one- and two-stage electrostatic desalination process, which ...

Number of pages: 170 Category: Animal Husbandry - Poultry Farming

Dissertation to receive a Master's degree (M.Sc.) in the field of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition, Abstract: Poultry breeding has taken a special place to provide part of the nutritional needs of the society, and the current society has correctly recognized this position and it is expanding every day. Therefore, it is very important to try as much as possible to improve the ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Management

Field: executive management, abstract, introduction and purpose of research: Outsourcing means finding new service providers and new methods to provide materials, goods, components and services to them with confidence.

Number of pages: 209 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis of master's degree in civil engineering, soil and foundation mechanics orientation, September 2019, abstract: analysis of dynamic interaction between soil and structure (due to the mutual effect of the structure and its retaining soil on each other), D

Number of pages: 104 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering - Earthquake Engineering March 2012 Abstract Reinforced soil is a special material that is created from the combination of soil and reinforcing member. Arming components resistant to N

Number of pages: 100 Category: Civil Engineering

Thesis for receiving the degree of M.Sc. Trend: soil and soil in February 2013 Abstract: Allowed load capacity or safe load capacity is a virtual pressure that is within the range of

Number of pages: 138 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc degree in soil and soil mechanics engineering, summer 2013, first chapter, introduction of micro candles 1-1 Micro-candles in general in dealing with problematic soils

Number of pages: 223 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in public management Human Resources Winter 2013 The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between the quality of work life and customer relationship management in

Number of pages: 65 Category: Industrial Engineering

Thesis for the M.Sc degree in wood and paper industry engineering, Mehr 2013 Abstract: In this research, the physical and mechanical properties of nanocomposites obtained from cellulose nanofibers and poly polymers

Number of pages: 136 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Chapter 1 1-1-Introduction: Common fluids such as water, oils and ethylene glycol, which are usually used as heat transfer media, have a limited ability in terms of thermal properties, which is the first obstacle to compress and increase the efficiency of heat exchangers. One of the ways to improve heat transfer is to add particles to the fluid. This method is used for fluids ...

Number of pages: 185 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of industrial engineering, Shahrivar's industrial trend. 2013 Abstract: Many economists consider agriculture as the driving force of economic growth.

Number of pages: 75 Category: Economics

Thesis of Master's Degree in Economic Sciences, Mehr 2013 Abstract Although the achievement of economic development should be considered as a result of several factors, but without a doubt, one of the most important factors in creating it can be entrepreneurship.

Number of pages: 230 Category: Management

Dissertation to receive M.A. Master's degree Abstract: Human resources working in organizations are the main capital at the disposal of managers, and human resource management is the most important and perhaps the most important task of managers. The behavior and activity of humans is caused by their motives. Since the strengthening of motivations can lead to the improvement and ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: Industrial and Organizational Research Abstract: The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between occupational and personality characteristics and the level of organizational commitment among the exploration management staff of National Iranian Oil Company. Descriptive research method is correlation type. The ...

Number of pages: 142 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

The field of natural geography, climatology trend in environmental planning Abstract: Ardabil province in the northwest of the country with its long and elongated shape has faced climatic anomalies in recent years such as: increase in temperature especially in winter season, increase in the occurrence of hot winds, increase in evaporation and transpiration potential, decrease in ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: ""Domestic Business"" Introduction in Management Science To increase the performance of employees of an organization, various strategies have been proposed, such as increasing job satisfaction, applying continuous monitoring and implementing incentive and punishment programs, and other cases. In addition to the above solutions, ...

Number of pages: 58 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A. Orientation: Natural Geography (Geomorphology-Hydrology) Abstract The increasing population growth followed by the development of industrial activities on the one hand and non-compliance with environmental requirements on the other hand, has caused huge amounts of pollutants to enter the environment in the last few decades. Accumulation of some dangerous ...

Number of pages: 58 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A. Orientation: Natural Geography (Geomorphology-Hydrology) Abstract The increasing population growth followed by the development of industrial activities on the one hand and non-compliance with environmental requirements on the other hand, has caused huge amounts of pollutants to enter the environment in the last few decades. Accumulation of some dangerous ...

Number of pages: 164 Category: Management

M.A. master's thesis Orientation: Human Resources Abstract Considering the transnational and international nature of the issue of corruption and fighting it, many measures have been taken at the international and regional level to fight this phenomenon. Meanwhile, the role of the United Nations and its members is very decisive. This organization can be very effective, efficient ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc.) major: environment - statement of the problem With the invention of the steam engine, mankind moved from the stage of pastoral and agricultural economy to the era of the industrial revolution. With industrial development, the traditional fabric of societies was transformed, cities expanded and villages lost prosperity due to ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Management

The thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of export development management and internationalization of companies in a general division is dependent on the status of two factors: l) domestic environment organization and b) environment outside the organization. A set of external factors affecting the organization's export performance can be called service ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Management

Dissertation for the Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: International Business Abstract of the Dissertation (Includes Summary, Objectives, Implementation Methods, and Results): Organizational awareness is how one can benefit from organizational knowledge to achieve goals, how one can use the acquired knowledge, prescribed practices, official channels of communication and ...

Number of pages: 137 Category: Management

The end of Zanameh for obtaining a master's degree in the field: management. Abstract Today, the new developments in the global economy, including the sharp fluctuation in the price of raw materials, the increase in the wages of manpower, the increase in the cost of transportation, warehousing and other production factors, have made many developing countries think to enter the ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.A"" orientation: human resources. Abstract Management and succession planning is a deliberate and systematic effort that an organization makes to ensure the continuity of leadership in key positions, maintaining and cultivating intellectual and practical capitals for advancement and encouraging people to upgrade. In fact, this ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Management

Master of Business Administration Abstract The future of the world in the 21st century is full of competition, the development of emerging markets, uncertain environmental factors, the spread of superior technologies and the expansion of business. The condition for success in this field is to take advantage of the strengths and opportunities and face the weaknesses and ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Civil Engineering

In order to obtain a master's degree in the field of civil engineering - soil and foundation orientation, Abstract Nowadays, circular foundations are more or less used for structures, especially structures that have axial symmetry. In this research, a numerical study was conducted on bearing capacity and settlement of annular foundation. PLAXIS software was used for modeling. ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.sc) Civil Engineering, Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract In this research, the stability of soil reinforced with geogrid located on an underground cavity was analyzed using plaxis software, and the effect of several factors such as the number of geogrid layers, the length of the geogrid layer, the stiffness of the geogrid layer, the optimal location of ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Civil Engineering

Doctoral Dissertation of Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract In this research, the discrete element method was used to analyze the wave propagation and investigate the factors affecting the wave speed in granular soils. The method of separate elements is important due to the possibility of preparing completely similar samples and checking the effect of changes of a certain ...

Number of pages: 169 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering, Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract: Since many structures are built in dense urban areas, there is an increasing need to build buildings and geotechnical structures on soft clay soils. Clay soils usually show significant creep deformation. Although a lot of research has been done on the creep behavior of natural clay, ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation to receive a master's degree, specialization: civil engineering-water engineering Abstract: In this research, the effect of land slope, difference in height of pressure booster stations, height above sea level on the characteristics of the length of the water transmission systems in order to verify the feasibility and facilitate the prediction of its use and optimal ...

Number of pages: 192 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.A) in public administration, information systems orientation, abstract due to the changes and evolution in the field of IT and the rapid growth of the top technology of the decade. 1990, the pattern of global economic growth has fundamentally changed, as a result of which, knowledge as the most important capital has replaced ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of civil engineering with a focus on soil and foundation. Abstract: The compressibility behavior of soils has become an important concern in geotechnical engineering. As buildings, embankments and roads are implemented, significant settlements often occur. Since long-term settlements occur due to creep, therefore, the ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil-Structural Engineering Abstract In our country, most of the structures and maybe all the conventional buildings are analyzed and designed independently, which means that these structures are mainly analyzed and designed by conventional software and considering a rigid or articulated support, and then the forces obtained at the base of ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil-Soil Field Abstract Dense clay layers are used as one of the most common impermeable layers in most geotechnical structures such as earthen dams and municipal and radioactive waste disposal centers. Due to special geotechnical characteristics, these layers are damaged by cracking during their lifetime, these cracks increase the permeability of the layer ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of executive management, marketing and export orientation. Abstract The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between strategic thinking and the performance of senior managers in the oil company of Ardabil province. The statistical population of this research is all the official, contract and contractual ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering Master's Thesis - Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract From the past until now, one of the most economical methods to improve the mechanical properties of clay soils has been stabilization by means of additives such as lime and cement in construction projects such as road construction and consolidation of building foundations. Also, with the passage of time ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Management

Dissertation for M.A. public administration, human resources orientation. Job burnout is a psychological syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (negative reaction and lack of feelings towards the client) and reduced sense of sufficiency, which creates a negative attitude towards oneself, job and others and endangers the general health of the individual. ...

Number of pages: 203 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis of Precision Instrument Engineering and Industrial Automation in Oil Industries Abstract Non-linear dynamic systems face many challenges that must be investigated. Among these problems, we can point out things like extreme nonlinearity, changing operating conditions, dynamic uncertainty, both structured and unstructured, and external disturbances. Despite the ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Civil Engineering

Tendency of soil mechanics and foundations. Abstract: Investigating the behavior of soils due to different loadings is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. The behavior of soils depends on several parameters such as grain size, grain type, loading method, stress history, etc. Non-alignment of main stress and main strain directions is a phenomenon that ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc) Major: Applied Chemistry Persian Summary The purpose of this research is to investigate common fatty acids in ostrich oil and determine the amount of retinol in snail secretion to make a cream with therapeutic properties. Since 3000 years ago, the healing properties of ostrich oil have been known to treat wounds, burns, joint pain and skin ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's thesis in the field of civil and environmental engineering. Abstract The main problem in using landfill biogas is the presence of pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide gas is colorless, toxic, flammable, and has an unpleasant odor. It is highly toxic and produces SO2 when biogas is burned. In addition, hydrogen sulfide has a corrosive effect. It costs a ...

Number of pages: 140 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering (Soil and Foundation) Abstract Dense sand piles have been used since 1950 in Japan and then in other countries of the world as one of the most effective and economical methods in strengthening soil in order to prevent liquefaction, increase bearing capacity and improve soils with different grain sizes. The process of implementing dense sand ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

In order to obtain a master's degree in chemical engineering, abstract freezing of fans in operational units, including the hydrogen unit of Imam Khomeini Shazand Refinery in the cold seasons of the year is one of the important problems in this refinery. In order to provide a suitable solution to this problem, we must have a suitable estimate of the fan outlet temperature. The ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract The synthesis of silicon dioxide nanoparticles from silicon oil waste using the synthesis method of silicon dioxide nanoparticles [1] has many industrial applications. The industrial use of these particles in traditional fields as well as new fields is expanding, for which new applications are continuously found. ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Chemical Engineering Abstract Simulation of dynamic surface tension phenomenon in solvent oil systems based on permeation process is one of the prominent processes in the field of increasing extraction from oil reservoirs, gas injection. Therefore, a correct understanding of the mechanisms and how these processes are carried out is a big step towards ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Orientation: Environment Abstract Environmental risk assessment is the examination of risks that result from natural events, technology, practices and methods, processes, productions, chemical, biological, radiological and industrial activities and may threaten ecosystems, animals and people. A preliminary research has been done in the ...

Number of pages: 170 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Industrial Management - Production Orientation Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the quality of two-way services between producers and suppliers in Shiraz Narges Vegetable Oil Company. It is practical in terms of purpose and survey-analytical in nature. To achieve the purpose of the research, Shiraz Narges vegetable oil company and its ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation of the doctoral course in the field of chemical engineering, biotechnology, abstract. Heavy oil transportation by pipeline is one of the most important and suitable methods of transportation, and the high viscosity of heavy oil compounds and their sedimentation in the transportation route is the most obvious problem of this type of transportation. Emulsifying heavy ...

Number of pages: 140 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree ""M.Sc"" Chemical Engineering - Environmental Abstract Water produced with oil, which contains a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, is considered as the biggest waste in upstream oil industries. With the increase in extraction from oil and gas reservoirs, the volume of this water is increasing day by day, and its inappropriate discharge ...