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Number of pages: 52 Category: Economics

March 2013 Field: Economics Orientation: Economic Sciences Abstract: In the highly competitive environment of the food industry, the preservation and development of the market is the result of the brand's performance. Therefore, identifying the effect of the brand on the sales performance of ingredients.

Number of pages: 231 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation to receive M.Sc degree in civil engineering, structural orientation. Abstract: One of the ways to strengthen the building against lateral loads is the use of a wind system (convergent or divergent). The increasing use of steel braces to deal with earthquake forces requires that the seismic performance of these types of systems be given more attention. The common ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering Master's Thesis - Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract From the past until now, one of the most economical methods to improve the mechanical properties of clay soils has been stabilization by means of additives such as lime and cement in construction projects such as road construction and consolidation of building foundations. Also, with the passage of time ...

Number of pages: 137 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of civil engineering in the field of earthquakes. Abstract: The introduction of damage generators is very close to the concept of inelastic behavior and, as a result, hysteresis energy. Therefore, it can be said that the hysteresis energy at these levels can be a significant criterion for the design or control of the ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: physical education, major: exercise physiology. Abstract The purpose of the research was to investigate the effects of elastic resistance training program on some anthropometric and physiological factors of teenage taekwondo athletes. For this purpose, 30 young taekwondo athletes with an average age of 12±1.52 years, ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Master's Thesis in Mechanical Engineering - Applied Design Abstract In recent years, most of the researches have been focused on compressive and combined loading in order to investigate the buckling of nanotube structures, and for this purpose, the work done on tensile loading is very limited. Since the results of compressive and tensile loading in carbon nanotubes are ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering (Applied Design) Abstract: Electromechanical micro and nano systems have been noticed due to their distinctive features and unique characteristics, mainly in the two fields of sensors and sensors, in various sciences such as mechanics, aerospace and medicine. Electrostatic stimulation is one of the simplest and most ...

Number of pages: 76 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Applied Design Mechanics Abstract: Composites have received a lot of attention in recent decades due to their high strength and low weight. Such materials can fail due to static, impact, dynamic loading, etc., and the various failures that occur can cause a severe drop in strength in the structure. Engineers always think of using different ...

Number of pages: 86 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

The thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of mechanics, investigating and analyzing the free and forced vibrations of a multi-walled carbon nanotube placed in an elastic medium in order to achieve a clear mathematical understanding of the behavior of different walls of the nanotube under the influence of van der Waals forces and the elastic medium is one of the ...

Number of pages: 76 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering Field: Applied Design Abstract In this thesis, stability analysis of composite beam reinforced with carbon nanotubes on elastic support under axial force is investigated. The distribution of nanotubes is assumed to be uniform[1]. To determine the properties of materials reinforced with nanotubes, the results of molecular ...

Number of pages: 186 Category: Civil Engineering

Expert thesis‌ Master of Civil Engineering, Structural Orientation, September 2013 Abstract Today, with the progress of science in the construction industry, many methods have been presented to improve reinforced concrete structures

Number of pages: 120 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering - Earthquake Engineering 1391 Abstract Structures with frames with coaxial braces are among earthquake resistant systems. These structures are widely

Number of pages: 134 Category: Management

Master's degree thesis of Master's degree: MBA Winter 90 Abstract: Agility means the ability of any organization to anticipate changes in the work environment. Such an organization with

Number of pages: 100 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering – Shahrivar Marine Structures, September 1992 Abstract: Pipe-in-pipe systems are widely used in transmission line applications.

Number of pages: 154 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in civil engineering – Spring 2014 structure trend, first chapter, general research 1-1- Introduction: Mostly structures for severe earthquakes and surface acceptance

Number of pages: 124 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of master's degree in structural engineering, February 2011 Abstract: In the optimal civil engineering ­structure construction‌ for static loadings have been significantly developed. But, in

Number of pages: 170 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Civil Engineering – Earthquake Engineering 2013 Abstract: Concrete beam and slab bridges with neoprene supports are among the most common highway bridges in the country.

Number of pages: 90 Category: Art - Graphics

Master's Thesis of Ardakan Faculty of Art and Architecture, Carpet Department (Primary Materials and Dyeing) Mehr 2013 Abstract: During the period of its use, the hand-woven carpet may be affected by various factors and conditions

Number of pages: 115 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering - Structural Orientation, February 2013 Abstract: The performance of a building during an earthquake depends on many factors, as a result, predicting the seismic performance of structures should be considered either explicitly or implicitly as part of the design or evaluation. Predicting the seismic response of the structure is very ...

Number of pages: 99 Category: Economics

(Strength – Orientation) Economics-Economics, January 2013 Abstract The revenues from the sale of oil have a significant share in the government's income and the government's gross domestic product in Iran. On the one hand, due to the importance of the industrial sector

Number of pages: 97 Category: Economics

Master's thesis in economics abstract: One of the most important factors affecting the trade of every country and every economic sector, for what has been proposed in economic theories, is the exchange rate and the national income of countries.

Number of pages: 109 Category: Librarianship

Abstract Adopting a suitable currency regime and equilibrium exchange rate is one of the important and sometimes controversial issues. Some economists believe that the low nominal (or real) exchange rate causes export stagnation and reduced incentives for domestic production to replace imports. Others believe that the policy of devaluation of the national currency or high ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Management

Dissertation for the master's degree in the field of executive management, strategic orientation, abstract of the traditional approaches of urban management in Iran has created a confrontational atmosphere instead of an interactive atmosphere between citizens and municipalities, which good urban governance is one of the ways to deal with it. The purpose of this research is to ...

Number of pages: 130 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) specialization: ""Insurance Management"" Introduction Life insurance is considered a financial tool. Life insurance is responsible for providing financial support and coverage to a family that has lost its breadwinner (insured) as a result of death. Today, life insurance is one of the most important fields of activity in the insurance ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Management

This study uses the Translog cost function to estimate the cost efficiency levels of private banks operating in Iran. Also, these productivity levels are analyzed under Kamels' indicators in order to provide a partial understanding of their financial situation to justify their current position. The results of the research findings of this study by applying it to the Translog ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: business management, specialization: insurance management. Abstract: One of the risks facing mankind is a disease that imposes a lot of medical expenses on patients. The risk of illness can be compensated through medical insurance. The purpose of the present study is to estimate the demand function of complementary health ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Executive Management Abstract: The purpose of this research was to determine the factors affecting housing prices in Bandar Abbas. The statistical community in this research includes all the experts of the housing foundation organization in Bandar Abbas city. Sampling was done by cluster method and among the experts in the subordinate offices ...

Number of pages: 128 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Business Administration Abstract: In this project, the title of the research is the specific value of the brand name and brand on the buying behavior of food consumers (case study: Mana pasta in Alborz province).

Number of pages: 119 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Electronic Engineering

Abstract The main task of the synchronous generator excitation system is to provide the necessary voltage for the generator excitation winding. The excitation voltage is a dc voltage and it is used to create a flux in the excitation winding of the generator and consequently to produce a magnetic field to produce electrical energy by a synchronous generator. In the provided ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Master's thesis in the field of physical education and sports science, sports pathology, abstract background: in plyometric exercises, movements simulated with the main skills of the desired sport are used with the aim of increasing the player's power. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of plyometric training with and without short hurdles on jump height ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in electrical engineering, electronics major. Abstract: In this thesis, a method for identifying Persian vowels in monosyllabic words is presented. For this purpose, after separating the image frames and selecting the frames that were related to the pronunciation of the vowel in the monosyllabic word, as well as extracting the area around the lips, various ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering - Structures Abstract: One of the important problems in seismic design and implementation of buildings is the significant dead weight used in it. Therefore, in the case of using lightweight concrete that has favorable mechanical properties, significant benefits can be obtained, including a reduction in dead load and ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in computer science (M.Sc), software orientation. Abstract Considering the future of cloud computing and the expansion of its applications and the benefits of this technology, there are always challenges for users, one of the most important and controversial of these challenges is privacy protection. Considering the storage of private ...

Number of pages: 181 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree > Direction: Hydraulic Structures Abstract: One of the assumptions that is made to simplify the dynamic analysis of the existing weighted concrete dams is the uniformity of the foundation in terms of physical parameters such as modulus of elasticity and damping. This is despite the fact that, in practice, different geological conditions may ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis (M.sc) Civil Engineering, Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract In this research, the stability of soil reinforced with geogrid located on an underground cavity was analyzed using plaxis software, and the effect of several factors such as the number of geogrid layers, the length of the geogrid layer, the stiffness of the geogrid layer, the optimal location of ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering - Roads and Transportation) Overview Pavements are usually affected by various factors that affect their life. Since a road passes through different areas where the subsoil, the type and volume of traffic and the climatic conditions of these areas are different from each other, therefore, various disadvantages and defects arise in different ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil-Structural Engineering Abstract In order to estimate the capacity of buildings, it will be much easier and less expensive to use static methods instead of incremental dynamic methods. Although the incremental dynamic method gives more accurate and closer answers to the real behavior of the structure, its high cost and time has increased the desire to use ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of civil engineering, structure orientation. Abstract: In this study, the effect of some effective parameters on the strength of polymer concrete based on epoxy resin, including hardener, filler, and solvent, has been investigated. Rice husk ash and broom stalk ash were used as fillers and acetone-toluene mixture with a ratio of 50-50% was used as a ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Dissertation of Discontinuous Structure Abstract: In recent years, the use of composite material in the construction and strengthening of structures has expanded greatly. The structure of this material is such that there is a possibility of crack formation between the layers. Due to the increase in load, these cracks grow and cause a sharp drop in the strength and ...

Number of pages: 175 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of civil engineering, structural orientation. Abstract: Investigating the effect of span length on bridge behavior under the simultaneous effect of horizontal and vertical components. Among all types of structures, bridges are one of the pillars of vital arteries that need to be used after an earthquake to provide access to hospitals, fire stations, ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of civil engineering with a focus on soil and foundation. Abstract: The compressibility behavior of soils has become an important concern in geotechnical engineering. As buildings, embankments and roads are implemented, significant settlements often occur. Since long-term settlements occur due to creep, therefore, the ...

Number of pages: 116 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of civil engineering, road and transportation, the abstract of asphalt failures is one of the problems that are the concern of road and transportation engineers today, and every year huge costs are spent on the maintenance and repair of asphalt roads. Many efforts have been made to increase the strength and life of asphalt, among ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil-Structural Engineering Abstract In our country, most of the structures and maybe all the conventional buildings are analyzed and designed independently, which means that these structures are mainly analyzed and designed by conventional software and considering a rigid or articulated support, and then the forces obtained at the base of ...

Number of pages: 220 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of structural engineering. Abstract: The increase in vulnerability caused by earthquakes and the large number of earthquake casualties caused by structures and houses that are weak in terms of construction forces people to conduct studies to reduce these risks and damages. Studies such as severe earth movement and seismic hazards related to it play ...

Number of pages: 151 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of civil engineering, soil and foundation, today, due to the progress of the tunneling industry, the need to analyze and design underground structures in rocky environments is felt more than in the past. Although there are many numerical and practical software available in this field, none of them are complete and perfect in all fields, and each of ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Management

Dissertation for the master's degree in the field of executive management, marketing orientation. The abstract of this research deals with ""investigating the impact of price flexibility on the buying behavior of online customers"". The present research is practical in terms of purpose and the research method is descriptive and survey type. It asks for people's views and ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering, Structures, Abstract: This thesis is the results of a numerical and parametric study on the effect of reinforcing reinforced concrete shear wall with FRP composite and applying the results of the finite element method. The finite element program is compared and calibrated against experimental data. Then, the numerical ...

Number of pages: 144 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering with Earthquake Orientation Abstract: Semi-rigid joints [1] are joints whose hardness is between the two states of grip and joint and transmit a part of the anchor, in other words, its degree of rigidity is between 20% and 90%. In this thesis

Number of pages: 86 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering-Earthquake Abstract Using braces as a lateral resistance system in steel structures is one of the most common methods to withstand the forces caused by earthquakes. One of the weak points of this system is the compression resistance of the bracing member and its buckling as a result of reducing the member's load. Today, this problem has been ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Civil Engineering

To obtain a master's degree in the field of civil engineering - structural orientation. Abstract: The subject of this research is to investigate the level of performance and accuracy of methods based on non-linear static analysis and the need to retrofit steel buildings with a dual system of bending frame with cross brace and convergent 7-shaped brace designed with the 2800 Iran ...

Number of pages: 174 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in civil engineering, structural orientation. Abstract: Today, in earthquake-prone countries, it is recommended to use a variety of energy-depleting tools in order to dissipate the energy of earthquakes on the structure. One of these tools is rotational friction dampers. Because the current regulations do not provide a value for the coefficient ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Textile Industries

In order to receive a master's degree in textile technology, it is essential to know the physical and mechanical properties of carpets to produce a quality product and maintain the proper appearance. In this research, an attempt has been made to provide a model to determine the relationship between the different parameters of these characteristics, therefore, to measure these ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of Master's Degree in Civil Engineering - Structure Abstract In metal structures, one of the most important places of stress concentration is the joint. In form cutting, the shear force at the connection point is so high that a part of the beam or its reinforcement is broken and separated in pieces, and this is due to negligence in the design of the connection or ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.S) Chapter 1 History of dynamic analysis of liquid storage tanks and regulatory orders in this regard Abstract The main goal of this research is to investigate the effect of the presence of seismic isolators on the dynamic performance of liquid storage tanks during an earthquake. In this regard, it is necessary to first know the dynamic ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Engineering Persian Abstract The purpose of this project is to introduce a new approach for troubleshooting gas transmission pipelines using mechanical waves, which is much cheaper and easier than other methods. who are currently working. These lines are usually located in difficult environmental conditions and far away and in ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in civil engineering, structural orientation. Abstract Good bond strength between the old and new concrete surface is a key factor in the performance of concrete repairs. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and evaluate the bond strength between the surface of the old concrete and the added concrete. In this thesis, a laboratory research ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering, Structures Chapter 1: Introduction-1-Introduction In recent years, the philosophy of traditional methods, which were based on the design of structures against natural hazards, has undergone major changes. Extensive destruction of structures designed on the basis of old regulations in recent earthquakes, advances in analysis ...

Number of pages: 210 Category: Electronic Engineering

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computers Electrical Engineering Doctoral Dissertation Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance of optimal rate allocation algorithms based on the utility function in data networks. The optimal rate allocation algorithm based on the utility function was first proposed by Dr. Golestani. Then Kelly showed that the ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving M.SC Master's degree Major: Water Engineering Abstract: Dams are the largest man-made structures. Their design often stems from their unique nature and the consequence of failure, which is certainly greater than the collapse of other types of structures. The stability of dam body and foundation structures can be analyzed and checked in various ways. ...

Number of pages: 117 Category: Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering Master's Thesis, Soil and Foundation Engineering Abstract In this thesis, in order to analyze the behavior of surface foundations based on reinforced soil, a simple physical method based on the resistance of materials called ""cone method"" is used, which is actually used as an alternative to the exact solution methods that are based on the three-dimensional ...

Number of pages: 115 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of structural civil engineering Abstract: Steel-reinforced concrete is a material that is widely used in civil engineering structures due to reasons such as suitable compressive strength, low cost of preparation and availability of raw materials. But reinforced concrete prepared from cement paste, ordinary aggregates, and steel rebars has weaknesses ...

Number of pages: 165 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (Sc..M) field: civil engineering, specialization: structure, abstract: In recent years, the subject of seismic isolation has been particularly focused on the seismic design of buildings. The main purpose of this work is to isolate the structure from the ground instead of using conventional retrofitting methods The equipment used in ...

Number of pages: 154 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering - Structural Orientation Abstract: The most basic goal in the seismic design of structures is to prevent the structure from collapsing during severe earthquakes, which is the basis of the governing theory of seismic behavior, the result of investigating the nonlinear behavior of the structure during an earthquake and the ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Civil Engineering

Tendency of soil mechanics and foundations. Abstract: Investigating the behavior of soils due to different loadings is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. The behavior of soils depends on several parameters such as grain size, grain type, loading method, stress history, etc. Non-alignment of main stress and main strain directions is a phenomenon that ...

Number of pages: 44 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education and Sports Science Abstract The purpose of this research was the effect of a plyometric circuit training course on the physical fitness factors of wrestling students in district 11 of Tehran. For this purpose, 30 wrestling students of district 11 of Tehran city in the academic year of 1992-1993 were purposefully selected and ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Civil Engineering

Introduction In today's era, the presence of waste materials resulting from various physical and chemical processes is one of the important problems of industrialized and developing countries. So that extensive research is being carried out for methods of recycling or disposing of them to minimize the damage to the environment. In this regard, construction researchers, like ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Civil Engineering

A master's thesis in the field of civil engineering - hydraulic structures Abstract Liquid storage air tanks are used not only to store water, but also to store chemicals and toxic substances in different forms. Considering the use of these structures in civil and urban development and industrial networks, their importance is determined before and after the earthquake. The ...

Number of pages: 140 Category: Civil Engineering

Master's Thesis in Civil Engineering (Soil and Foundation) Abstract Dense sand piles have been used since 1950 in Japan and then in other countries of the world as one of the most effective and economical methods in strengthening soil in order to prevent liquefaction, increase bearing capacity and improve soils with different grain sizes. The process of implementing dense sand ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Physical Education - Sports

A master's thesis in the field of physical education and sports science, sports pathology, abstract background: in plyometric exercises, simulated movements with the main skills of the desired sport are used with the aim of increasing the player's power. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of plyometric training with and without short hurdles on jump ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Medical Sciences

Dissertation for obtaining a doctorate degree in dentistry. Introduction Removing large amounts of dental tissue weakens the restored tooth. The type of restoration and composite method can be one of the influencing factors on tooth fracture resistance under occlusal forces. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using new low-shrinkage composites on the ...

Number of pages: 64 Category: Medical Sciences

Dissertation to receive a general doctorate, abstract, introduction and purpose, among the banding problems in orthodontics, is the creation of decalcified areas around the bands. On the other hand, during the treatment, the bands are prone to loosening and the cement used must have sufficient strength. Recently, new compounds containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) have ...

Number of pages: 76 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation to receive master's degree in organic chemistry Keywords: Farsi: Besparash, condensation, composite, nanocomposite, anchoring Nitrogen in bonding with metals can destroy them

Number of pages: 143 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in the field of industrial management - production trend Abstract Among the topics that have long been faced by the decision makers and policy makers of the electricity industry in many countries of the world, the thinking of restructuring this industry is in accordance with the process of increasing efficiency and competition in other industries. Iran's ...

Number of pages: 52 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electrical field, orientation: power. Abstract The concept of microgrid is a set of loads, sources of production and energy storage that act as a controllable load or generator and can provide power and heat for a local area. Management of production power in microgrid is one of the main current topics in the design and operation of microgrid. ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Thesis for master's degree in the field: chemical engineering Abstract Hard polyurethane[1] is always considered one of the most effective and practical polymers in various industries, especially the coating industry. Excellent adhesive property, curing ability at ambient temperature and corrosion resistance of this polymer are some of its remarkable features. This study was ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 139 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of polymerization engineering, abstract was determined by using experimental design methods to determine the optimal feed recipe for the preparation of nitrile rubber. Initially, to determine the factors affecting the rate of polymerization, screening tests were designed according to the Plate-Boorman method, which examines a large number of factors ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in chemical engineering, advanced orientation. Abstract The limitation of heat transfer fluids in various industries due to their poor thermal conductivity has caused the improvement of the heat transfer of working fluids to be considered as a new method of advanced heat transfer. So that the idea of ??dispersing solid particles in ...