Download more than 100 examples of thesis, proposal and project topics about e colio157h7 bacteria in editable WORD file format at undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels for use and reference in research, articles, theses, student and academic projects.
Dissertation (or Thesis) to receive the master's degree ""M.SC"" in microbiology. Abstract: Abstract: E.coliO157H7 bacteria is one of the main causes of food poisoning and diseases such as diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombocytopenic purpura and even death in humans. The aim of this study is to evaluate pathogenic genes 1stx, 2stx, eaeA in urine ...
Dissertation of the Ph.D course in Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Abstract: Clostridium Langali is a highly anaerobic estogenic bacterium that can grow on synthesis gas components, i.e. CO and H2/CO2, and convert them into ethanol and acetate at ambient temperature and pressure. During this process, the bacterium shows a complex metabolic pathway that includes both ...
Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""M.Sc."" Orientation: food industry Abstract quantitative and qualitative analysis of bacterial and fungal flora and total volatile nitrogen, 6 types of commercial food, extruded (floating) produced in Mazandaran province, including: starters 1 and 2, growth and endings 1, 2 and 3, were investigated in a period of 90 days (0, 30, ...
Dissertation for receiving a professional doctorate degree in the field of medicine Persian Abstract Introduction: Considering the importance of swimming in physical and mental health and the aspect of water therapy for diseases, it is important to observe hygiene and standards in swimming pools. Swimming pools, as one of the recreational centers and in terms of direct ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Food Science and Engineering, Food Microbiology, Abstract: Today, the increase in environmental pollution and the decrease in oil resources have led to the development and replacement of biodegradable packaging instead of packaging derived from petroleum resources. Also, in this regard, the use of antimicrobial compounds such as silver ...
Dissertation: To receive the degree of professional doctor of veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Farsi abstract Title: Investigating the contamination of drinking water of broiler farms in Piranshahr city with Escherichia coli bacteria Drinking water is one of the vital and nutritious factors that is necessary for optimal growth and control of body temperature and should always be ...
Abstract Nowadays, due to the resistance of microorganisms against antibiotics, it is important and necessary to use medicinal plants to obtain new compounds to overcome them. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of methanolic and blue lime extracts against bacteria and mold. In this research, lemon peel extract was extracted by two methods, aqueous ...
Dissertation: To receive the degree of professional doctor of veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Title: Investigating the level of bacterial contamination of unhatched eggs in the hatchery of Mahabad city. Hatchery is an important part of the poultry industry, and the spread of bacterial diseases can be prevented by following the hygiene principles. In this research, samples were ...
Thesis for the M.Sc degree in wood and paper industry engineering, Mehr 2013 Abstract: In this research, the physical and mechanical properties of nanocomposites obtained from cellulose nanofibers and poly polymers
Master's Thesis of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sports Physiology, Abstract Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antibiotic with a wide range of anti-tumor and anti-cancer (anti-neoplastic) functions and has been widely used in the treatment of various cancers since the late 60s. Unfortunately, the clinical use of this highly effective anticancer drug has been limited, and this is ...
Master's Thesis of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (Exercise Physiology) Abstract The purpose of this study was to study the effect of omega-3 supplementation during an increasing aerobic training period on the response of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-?, ?1-IL and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic men. For this purpose, 30 men with type 2 diabetes with an ...
Master's Thesis (M.sc) Civil Engineering, Soil and Foundation Mechanics Abstract In this research, the stability of soil reinforced with geogrid located on an underground cavity was analyzed using plaxis software, and the effect of several factors such as the number of geogrid layers, the length of the geogrid layer, the stiffness of the geogrid layer, the optimal location of ...
Thesis for obtaining a master's degree (M.A) (Field: Business Management, Major: Domestic Business) Abstract: In today's ultra-competitive world, the secret of survival and success of organizations is to understand the competitive structure of the market. Achieving this understanding requires management's knowledge and understanding of customer's opinions and demands, and ...
Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in chemistry, fluoride has been known as a toxic ion for many years. The main source of fluoride in aqueous solutions is minerals containing fluoride and the industrial activities of factories. According to the report of the Environmental Protection Organization, the amount of fluoride more than 1 mg/liter causes various diseases. In ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc) Major: Applied Chemistry Persian Summary The purpose of this research is to investigate common fatty acids in ostrich oil and determine the amount of retinol in snail secretion to make a cream with therapeutic properties. Since 3000 years ago, the healing properties of ostrich oil have been known to treat wounds, burns, joint pain and skin ...
Thesis for Master's degree in the field: Chemical Engineering Abstract Today, tea is one of the most popular drinks among the people of the world, especially in Iran, that's why drying tea leaves is essential for long-term storage. In this research, both a tea leaf and a pile of it were examined and dried. Green tea leaves were dried in the temperature range of 35 to 55 degrees ...
-1. Introduction Helicobacter pylori, which was originally called Campylobacter pyloridis, is a microaerophilic Gram-negative bacillus that is mostly found in the deep parts of the mucous gel covering the gastric mucosa or between the mucus and the gastric epithelium (1). This bacterium can produce surface factors that are chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes and in turn ...
Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering, abstract of simulation and optimization of biological reactor producing butanol, semi-continuous fermentation is an efficient and beneficial method to produce valuable metabolic products such as biofuels. Mathematical modeling of semi-continuous bioreactors is a very difficult and complex issue due to the transitory and ...
Master's thesis in the field of civil and environmental engineering. Abstract The main problem in using landfill biogas is the presence of pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide gas is colorless, toxic, flammable, and has an unpleasant odor. It is highly toxic and produces SO2 when biogas is burned. In addition, hydrogen sulfide has a corrosive effect. It costs a ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Health Sciences in Nutrition Abstract: Background and Objective: Acne is one of the most common skin diseases in the developed regions of the world, which a large number of the world's population suffers from during their lifetime. The causes of its occurrence are not yet fully known and sometimes common treatments are associated with side ...
1-1- Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CHD) [1] and above all coronary artery problems are one of the main causes of death in the new century and the first causes of death in Iran. High blood pressure, high blood fats and lipoproteins, age, sex, lifestyle, nutrition, smoking, inactivity, diabetes and obesity are among the traditional risk factors of cardiovascular diseases ...
In order to obtain a master's degree in chemical engineering, abstract freezing of fans in operational units, including the hydrogen unit of Imam Khomeini Shazand Refinery in the cold seasons of the year is one of the important problems in this refinery. In order to provide a suitable solution to this problem, we must have a suitable estimate of the fan outlet temperature. The ...
Thesis for obtaining a master's degree. Abstract: The increase in environmental concerns and the progress of green chemistry processes have necessitated the replacement of homogeneous catalysts with heterogeneous ones. In this research, activated carbon was used as a suitable substrate due to its special properties. The most important of these properties are resistance in acidic ...
Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, specialization: microbiology. Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is considered as the third most important cause of food-borne diseases. Milk is the primary source of Staphylococcus aureus and milk products are a known source of staphylococcal poisoning. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in ...
Dissertation to receive a Ph.D. degree in Pharmacy Persian Summary Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the occurrence of infection due to the entry and growth of bacteria in any part of the urinary system, including the organs that collect and hold and excrete urine, namely the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. UTI is usually caused by the entry of bacteria that can live in ...
Doctoral Dissertation in Chemical Engineering-Biotechnology Abstract The purpose of this study was to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymer using glucose, fructose, molasses and whey carbon sources by microorganisms Azohydromonas lata DSMZ 1123, Azotobacterbeijerinckii DSMZ 1041, Cupriavidus necator DSMZ 545, Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava DSMZ 1034. In the first stage, to screen ...
Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering Abstract In the last few decades, due to the growth of the population as well as the improvement of living standards, the consumption of fibers and the production of textile waste materials have increased greatly. Burial and burning are one of the main ways of managing textile waste materials, which have destructive environmental effects. ...
Academic Thesis for Master's Degree in: Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sports Physiology, Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of one week of glutamine supplementation on oxidative stress caused by activity. Nineteen young, healthy, non-smoking men voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into placebo (10 people) ...
Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in organic chemistry. Abstract: Title: Effective three-component synthesis of new 4-aryl-5-(tert-butylamino)-2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)furan-3-carbonitrile derivatives. In this research, a direct and efficient method for preparing new 4-aryl-5-aminofuran derivatives through a three-component one-pot reaction ...
Dissertation to receive a specialized doctorate degree in the field of oral diseases Abstract: Mucositis or inflammation of the mucous membrane is one of the early side effects of radiation therapy, which can cause ulcers in the oral mucosa and sometimes the inability to eat despite common treatments. Therefore, the use of compounds with a pleasant and acceptable smell and ...
Master's course in intensive care nursing Abstract Introduction: In the intensive care unit, ventilator-associated pneumonia ranks first among hospital infections. Since the role of nurses in preventing this complication is very important, the present study was conducted in order to compare the effect of two methods of face-to-face training and clinical guidelines for the ...
Dissertation to receive a general doctorate, abstract, introduction and purpose, among the banding problems in orthodontics, is the creation of decalcified areas around the bands. On the other hand, during the treatment, the bands are prone to loosening and the cement used must have sufficient strength. Recently, new compounds containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) have ...
Dissertation to receive a general doctorate degree Abstract Introduction and purpose: Since 1980, new groups of antibiotics called oxyimmunocephalosporins, which were resistant to the hydrolytic activity of beta-lactamases, were used to treat gram-negative bacterial infections. In the early 1990s, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) produced by gram-negative bacteria ...
Master's Thesis in Special Care Nursing Abstract: Introduction: Today, one of the most common invasive ways in medical care is the use of intravenous injections, and like any other method, it has many complications, the most common of which is phlebitis, and one of the treatment goals is to prevent it. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of ...
Persian summary: Coumarin derivatives are of great interest due to their biological importance and medicinal activities. A number of coumarin derivatives, especially biscoumarins, are known to be anti-inflammatory due to their numerous and prominent features such as anti-blood clots. In this regard, one-pot synthesis of biscoumarin derivatives using aromatic aldehydes, ...
Medical Biotechnology Master's Thesis Background Abstract: Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors (FGFR) play an essential role in the cell. Dysregulation of FGF/FGFR signaling pathways is associated with many abnormalities and cancer development. From this group, type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor plays an essential role in cell signaling and regulation of ...
Doctoral Dissertation Proposal Abstract Gaseous pollutants, including volatile organic compounds and aromatic substances, are very harmful and dangerous for the environment and human health. There are many methods such as physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods to remove gaseous pollutants. In the meantime, biological methods are more widely used due to their ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Abstract: Microbial proteases are among the most important hydrolyzing enzymes, which account for 60% of the global market of industrial enzymes. In this research, synthesis of protease enzyme in solid state fermentation process using Bacillus bacteria. licheniformis was investigated. Various agricultural ...
Dissertation: Dissertation for receiving a specialized doctorate degree in pediatrics. Persian abstract. Title: Comparison of the effect of cefixime and azithromycin on pediatric dysentery. Infectious diarrhea is diarrhea caused by an infectious microorganism, of which Shigella is known to be the most important causative agent. Shigellosis in children may be associated with high ...
Dissertation to receive Ph.D. Persian Summary Otostegia persica is one of the Lamiaceae (mint) plants, which in traditional medicine is used to treat malaria, reduce blood sugar and blood pressure, and relieve S fever. The name of this plant in Persian culture is ""golder"". This genus has 3 species of perennial herbaceous plants in Iran: Otostegia aucheri, Otostegia micchauxii, ...
Dissertation of the doctoral course in the field of chemical engineering, biotechnology, abstract. Heavy oil transportation by pipeline is one of the most important and suitable methods of transportation, and the high viscosity of heavy oil compounds and their sedimentation in the transportation route is the most obvious problem of this type of transportation. Emulsifying heavy ...
Dissertation for receiving the degree of Doctor of Dentistry Abstract The long-term clinical success of implants is dependent on osseointegration and adhesion of soft tissues and epithelium to implant surfaces. Various indices including: plaque index, gingival index, bleeding during probing and bone resorption are used to evaluate the health of the soft tissues around the ...
Dissertation for receiving a professional doctorate degree in the field of medicine Persian abstract Title: Comparison of the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children with and without functional constipation referred to the pediatric clinic of Amirkabir Hospital in 2013 Introduction: Constipation in childhood is a common problem that causes discomfort to the child ...
Dissertation for receiving a general doctorate degree Abstract Introduction and purpose: Metallobetalactamases (MBL) are enzymes that are produced by non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and make these strains resistant to carbapenems. As a result, Pseudomonas carrying metallobetalactamase genes are considered a serious clinical threat. Considering ...
((Master's Thesis)) Abstract Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most important human stomach pathogens. BabA2 Hpa HsP genes are essential in binding to gastric epithelial cells and bacterial pathogenicity. The frequency of these genes is different in different geographical regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of BabA2, Hsp Hpa genes in ...
Master's thesis in the field of chemical-biotechnology engineering Abstract Protozoan protein refers to the protein obtained from the cultivation of bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi or algae, which can be used as human food or animal feed. In fact, protozoan protein is the dried cells of microorganisms that are obtained by their fermentation on different substrates. ...
Master's Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Abstract An effective method for the synthesis of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives from the three-component condensation of 6-aminouracil, 6-amino2-thiouracil or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil with aryl aldehydes and malononitrile, a class of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives in the presence of high performance basic ...
Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree M. Sc)) Department of Chemistry - Green Synthesis of Organic Chemistry 2-phenylimidazoles boiled using ionic liquid. Imidazoles are an important group of heterocyclic compounds that have various biological and medicinal activities such as anti-hypertensive, anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-bacterial and pain reliever. In this thesis, new ...
Dissertation for M.Sc. Chemical Engineering-Environmental Engineering Abstract: Microbiological fuel cells (MFC) are considered as one of the important potentials in providing clean and renewable energy in the future. In addition to providing electrical energy, which is the most widely used and flexible among other types of energy, MFCs not only do not cause the slightest ...
Doctoral thesis in the field of chemical engineering. Abstract The study of the effective parameters in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the inverse microemulsion method of metallic silver nanoparticles is of interest due to their use as catalysts, antimicrobial agents and biosensors. The practical use of silver nanoparticles is highly dependent on the size distribution ...
Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of chemical engineering in the field of biotechnology. The abstract of this research was conducted in order to optimize the operational parameters for the use of bioleaching technology in the extraction of copper from the slag produced by the reflective smelting furnaces of Sarchesmeh copper complex. Wide applications of ...
Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering-Biotechnology Abstract Lipase is a carboxylic ester hydrolase enzyme that acts on triacylglycerol to release fatty acids, glycerides and glycerol. The discovery of the ability of lipase to catalyze the esterification reaction started a broad chapter in the field of this enzyme's functions. In this study, with the knowledge of the ability ...
Master's Thesis in Food Safety and Health Abstract: Background: Essential oils and extracts obtained from medicinal plants with antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant compounds are of particular importance as new and natural medicinal compounds, both in the field of health and treatment of diseases and protection of raw and processed foods. Objective: To determine the ...
Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering-Biotechnology Abstract The deteriorating energy sources of fossil fuels will make the developing human society suffer from fuel shortage in the not too distant future. As a result, the concerns of the continuous and increasing release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, as well as the extent of pollution caused by fossil fuels that have ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering Abstract: Microbial fuel cell biotechnology is a new science, in which microorganisms, as cheap catalysts, convert the chemical energy contained in organic and inorganic compounds into electrical energy. Optimizing parameters affecting battery performance is one of the first laboratory steps towards the development of this ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering Abstract According to reports, heterogeneous photocatalysts are suitable for photodegradation of polluting compounds. Many semiconducting metal oxides such as: TiO2, SnO2, ZnO2, etc. can be used as photocatalysts in water splitting reactions, synthesis of organic compounds and removal of wastewater pollution. synthesized ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Field: Chemistry Major: Organic Abstract 1,3-Indandione and its derivatives are of great interest due to their importance in organic chemistry. Many products, which are a sub-branch of 3,1-indandione, show useful and diverse biological activities such as antibacterial properties, blood anticoagulant, mouse death, painkiller, pesticide and ...
Master's thesis in the field of chemistry, mineral orientation Abstract: Synthesis and identification of the symmetric bis((E)-2-nitrophenylallylidene)-2 and 2-dimethyl-1,3-diamine propane ligands with the general formula MLX2, where M represents zinc (II), cadmium (II) and mercury (II) metals and X includes chloride, bromide, iodide, It is thiocyanate and azide, it was done. To ...
Master's Thesis in Animal Science, Livestock and Poultry Nutrition Abstract This experiment was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effects of garlic or fresh onion supplementation on performance, immune system and blood lipid profile in broilers. For this purpose, 308 out of 432 day-old male chicks were divided into nine groups with four replicates and 12 ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Agricultural Engineering, Science and Food Industry, Major: Food Microbiology Abstract Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is one of the important mycotoxins found in milk and dairy products and is a metabolic product of aflatoxin B1. Today, it is possible to remove mycotoxins in food or animal feed by using physical, chemical or microbial methods. The ...
Dissertation: In order to receive a specialized doctorate degree in the field of general surgery, hydatid cyst disease is one of the common diseases of humans and animals, which is caused by Echinococcus granulosis. (1) This disease is more common in areas where there are more animals such as sheep and dogs, such as Iran, Turkey, Mediterranean countries and the Middle East, ...
Abstract: Introduction and objectives alpha-amylase is an enzyme from hydrolases that catalyzes 1-4 alpha-glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides and is one of the most important digestive enzymes. The use of alpha-amylase inhibitors (such as green tea) can be useful in weight control, so comparing the level of hepatic alpha-amylase gene expression between obese and normal mice and ...
Master's Thesis in Microbial Biotechnology Abstract Probiotics are food containing living microorganisms that are useful for the body. In other words, a probiotic is a live edible microorganism that has a positive effect on the cells of the host body and improves and increases the microbial balance of the consumer's body. Probiotics are often used in the production of fermented ...
Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of chemistry. Abstract: One of the valuable medicinal plants is the rosemary plant with the scientific name Rosmarinus officinalis, which is hot and dry in nature, from the mint family, which is commonly grown in most parts of Iran and has many valuable properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, pain-relieving and ...
Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in applied chemistry, Persian abstract. In this research, graphite particles were converted to graphene oxide by Hammer's method. Graphene nanoparticles are one of the best and most effective absorbent materials that have been produced so far. Graphene is one of the successful allotropes of carbon in the field of drug absorption and ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Agricultural Biotechnology Keywords: two-dimensional electrophoresis, sodium chloride stress, wheat Abstract: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the oldest and first crops that has played an essential role in human nutrition as a raw material for making bread. Considering the population growth and the increasing need for agricultural ...
Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of agricultural engineering, science and food industry, food microbiology. Abstract The antimicrobial effect of elderberry kernel extract as a substitute for chemical preservatives in the market was investigated on the chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics of mayonnaise. The measurements showed that the ...
Persian Abstract Introduction: In the food industry, there is an increasing tendency to develop economic methods in order to prepare food products with high nutritional and sensory value. Drying is one of the most widely used methods for preserving fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits are one of the most important tropical and sub-tropical fruits in the world, which are highly ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Medical Nanotechnology Abstract Choline is one of the constituents of phospholipids and plays an important role in fat metabolism. It is also necessary for the formation of acetylcholine, which is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Lack or increase of choline in the body causes complications and diseases in humans; Therefore, it ...
Dissertation for Master's degree (M.Sc.) Title abstract: One-step synthesis of new thiazole and bisthiazole derivatives with various connections. In this research, the synthesis of new thiazole derivatives and bisthiazoles with different connections was investigated by click chemistry and green chemistry methods. First, the synthesis of bisacetophenones (b3-a3) through
Dissertation to receive M.Sc. Field of organic chemistry abstract green synthesis of 2-phenyl oxazoles boiled using ionic liquid Oxazoles are an important group of heterocyclic compounds. They are the structural subunits of various natural active products and are valuable synthetic and pharmaceutical precursors. Oxazoles have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and ...
Dissertation for Master's Degree in Health Sciences in Nutrition Persian Abstract Background: Probiotics are useful bacteria that prevent the growth of microbes and the connection between them and the surface of the intestinal mucosa, and therefore play a useful role in the balance of the intestinal flora. In several animal studies, the effect of probiotics on blood sugar ...
Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of health and food safety Abstract background: Jashir plant grows in the cold and mountainous regions of Fars province (Sepidan, etc.) Indigestible carbohydrates (fiber) in the leaves of this plant may play a role as prebiotics in probiotic yogurt. Objective: To investigate the effect of Jashir on the physicochemical ...
Abstract Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped, microaerophilic bacterium that lives in the human stomach. This bacterium is often seen in patients who suffer from chronic gastritis or stomach ulcers. Helicobacter pylori infection is asymptomatic in more than 80% of people. It seems that this bacterium plays a role in maintaining the natural ecology of the ...
Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important medicinal and industrial plants of the Alliaceae family. Garlic onion prevents the proliferation of cancer cells and has antiseptic, insecticidal, anti-fungal and bacterial power, reduces blood pressure and sugar, anti-diarrhea, strengthens the digestive system, and is also used as a flavoring agent in the ...
Master's Thesis in Agricultural Engineering, Food Industry, Abstract: The effect of the water extract of the monkey flower plant on the storage time and quality of frozen rainbow salmon. Recently, due to the avoidance of using chemical preservatives in the food industry, the attention of researchers has been drawn to the use of natural compounds in order to increase the shelf ...
Dissertation for M. Sc. Abstract Nitrates, nitrites and ascorbic acid are present in a wide range of foods. Vegetables are an important source of nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid absorption in the diet. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of freezing and cooking process on the amount of nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid of commonly consumed vegetables. ...
Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of food science and engineering, specialization: food science and industry. Abstract Considering the various uses of vegetables in human nutrition, as well as their taste and usefulness in maintaining health and well-being, their importance is increasing day by day. Considering the short life after harvesting and ...