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Number of pages: 107 Category: Economics

Master's degree thesis Industrial Engineering - Social Economic Systems August 1391 Abstract of the project scheduling problem with limited resources is one of the most famous problems raised in research topics in general

Number of pages: 121 Category: Industrial Engineering

Thesis for receiving the degree of M.Sc. Field: Industrial Engineering, Orientation: System Management and Productivity, Winter 2013, abstract of the problem of locating the axis of one of the fields.

Number of pages: 100 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Industrial Management - Operations Research. Abstract Many researches have been conducted in the field of urban transportation, each of them trying to improve these networks by specifying the type of vehicle and also a specific purpose. The current thesis also tries to provide a mathematical model to increase the income of Tehran subway. For this purpose, we ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.Sc Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract One of the important issues in crisis management of unexpected natural events, especially earthquakes, is optimal location in order to accommodate citizens during or after an accident. One of the major problems of the organizations involved in urban ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Librarianship

Master's Thesis: Financial Management Abstract: In the special concept of a growing economy, emphasis on cost reduction is important. Cost management is one of the most strategic areas to achieve financial success and organizational performance in the competitive market. Through cost management, it is possible to choose the best revenue-generating path and strategy for the ...

Number of pages: 105 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Orientation: ""Strategic"" Introduction Today, the need for proper planning is clear in order to correctly estimate the time and cost of the project and the amount of resources required in a project, which have a direct impact on the implementation, administration and proper exploitation of projects such as dam construction and building. ...

Number of pages: 129 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management - Industrial Production Abstract Currently, the ever-increasing complexity and dynamism of production environments, the use of analytical models in their evaluation and decision-making has faced significant limitations. Therefore, the use of computer simulation as a tool that has a wide capability in formulating the above ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in computer engineering - software orientation. Abstract In all the projects that are carried out today, the discussion of management is a very decisive issue. Software projects are no exception to this rule. One of the most important aspects of software development is time and cost management. Considering that in the early stages of ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis Field: Computer Engineering Major: Software Abstract Expensiveness of information is a major problem in the current web. To deal with this problem, web personalization systems have been provided that adapt the content and services of a website to people based on their interests and browsing behavior. A fundamental component of any web personalization system is ...

Number of pages: 47 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering, Major: Current abstract software using wireless sensor networks (Wireless Sensor Network) in its expanded form. Due to the predominant use of batteries to supply the energy consumption of these sensors and also the lack of easy access to sensors in many of these applications, engineers and researchers are encouraged to design routing ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc Computer Engineering - Software Abstract: The rapid growth in demand for computing power has led computing to move towards a cloud computing model based on massive virtualized data centers. Cloud computing allows users to provide computing resources efficiently and dynamically to meet their needs. The use of these resources certainly requires payment by the ...

Number of pages: 181 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of electrical engineering (field) Abstract Analysis, simulation and construction of optimized microstrip antenna or metamaterial roll and use of particle aggregation optimization (PSO) algorithm Microstrip antennas are widely used due to their unique features such as reasonable manufacturing cost and low weight, especially in wireless systems. One of ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of electricity-power orientation Abstract Gearboxes are essential and inseparable components of power transmission systems. These machines convert torque into speed and sometimes speed into torque. The use of mechanical gearboxes in these systems has been common since long ago as an interface between the power generation sector and the power ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

An academic thesis for receiving a master's degree in chemical engineering, environmental orientation. Among the models that are able to make successful predictions for the performance of reverse osmosis membranes, that is, the amount of separation and flow flux in a wide range of physical conditions (membrane and solution) and laboratory conditions (pressure and concentration), ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of electricity-power orientation Abstract Gearboxes are essential and inseparable components of power transmission systems. These machines convert torque into speed and sometimes speed into torque. The use of mechanical gearboxes in these systems has been common since a long time until now as an interface between the power generation sector and the ...

Number of pages: 178 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of electrical engineering (field) Abstract Analysis, simulation and construction of optimized microstrip antenna or metamaterial roll and use of particle aggregation optimization (PSO) algorithm Microstrip antennas are widely used due to their unique features such as reasonable manufacturing cost and low weight, especially in wireless systems. One of ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Mechanical Engineering Master's Thesis - Energy Conversion One of the ways to reduce energy consumption for underwater devices is to reduce the drag on these devices. The nose of underwater objects is one of the most important parts of these objects in dealing with currents. By optimizing this part, the drag can be reduced by controlling the boundary layer of the fluid, by ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis in Energy Systems Abstract In recent years, the possibility of using solar energy for cooling and dehumidification has occupied the human mind. Solar absorption cooling systems (Solar Absorption Cycles) have advantages such as not being environmentally dangerous and low energy consumption, especially during electrical peak hours. In addition, since the cost of ...

Number of pages: 128 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Abstract: Considering the reduction of underground water resources and fossil fuels in today's world and also in Iran, prevention of energy waste and introduction of new methods in the preparation of potable fresh water from sea water will have a special place in the future world. Using methods such as evaporation-distillation methods can be one of these methods. Due to the high ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation of master's degree in structural engineering, February 2011 Abstract: In the optimal civil engineering ­structure construction‌ for static loadings have been significantly developed. But, in

Number of pages: 122 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree. " M.Sc» Orientation: road and transportation winter 2013 Abstract Traffic analysis is a necessary and complex component­ Transportation systems­

Number of pages: 104 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Master's Thesis in (Agricultural Economics Engineering) Winter 2013 Abstract: Drought is one of the major problems that Kerman province is facing. And in the last decade, it has gained critical dimensions

Number of pages: 196 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A) in the field of architecture – Architectural engineering trend spring 2014 Urban safety area, fire training centers are one of the most effective places in the three training departments

Number of pages: 136 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Chapter 1 1-1-Introduction: Common fluids such as water, oils and ethylene glycol, which are usually used as heat transfer media, have a limited ability in terms of thermal properties, which is the first obstacle to compress and increase the efficiency of heat exchangers. One of the ways to improve heat transfer is to add particles to the fluid. This method is used for fluids ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation of master's degree in industrial engineering Winter 92 abstract Production planning is actually allocating and determining the order of priorities for doing things optimally.

Number of pages: 110 Category: Industrial Engineering

Department of Industries Thesis for receiving the master's degree fall 2013 Abstract The approach of a production system depends on the low downtime of equipment and process. keep

Number of pages: 152 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree ""MA"" Field of industrial engineering: industries – Winter Industries 2013 Abstract Today attention is paid to the issue of supply chain and its management, in Asr

Number of pages: 126 Category: Management

MBA Master's Thesis Strategy Orientation Abstract In global competition, customer demand for high quality and fast service has made companies unable to handle all the work alone. Based on this, activities such as material procurement, product production and planning, product storage service, inventory control, distribution, delivery and customer service have now been transferred ...

Number of pages: 145 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (.MA) in Public Administration, Financial Orientation Chapter 1: Research Overview 1-1 Introduction In the field of dynamic financing, continuous performance improvement is a vital issue for most banks in order to strengthen competition. Monitoring and improving post-funding performance has increased the complexity of the task. A complex ...

Number of pages: 221 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of geography and urban planning. Abstract: Managing and guiding the movement of people and goods on the level of the roads of a city with the aim of increasing the speed, safety and reducing the cost of transportation is the most important goal of creating urban transportation systems. One of the most important infrastructures ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: ""Domestic Business"" Introduction in Management Science To increase the performance of employees of an organization, various strategies have been proposed, such as increasing job satisfaction, applying continuous monitoring and implementing incentive and punishment programs, and other cases. In addition to the above solutions, ...

Number of pages: 157 Category: Management

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: business management, financial orientation. Abstract: Information technology, by bringing electronic commerce [1], has caused a fundamental change in the quantitative exchange of commercial information and required products and services. Among the goals that information technology pursues are cost reduction, ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Management

Dissertation for M.A. degree. Abstract Considering the importance of customer satisfaction in the use of new technologies in the distribution of goods and services, as well as the widespread use of smart fuel cards, which are being implemented as one of the new methods of providing services; Therefore, investigating the impact of providing services in the form of new methods on ...

Number of pages: 138 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering, Power Systems, Abstract: In this thesis project, a new analytical approach is proposed for planning electric energy production and determining the amount and storage location of rotating storage corresponding to the risk level of subscriber load points through profit/cost analysis in the optimization program of shared ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree, specialization: Power, Power, Abstract One of the important design challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to prolong the lifetime of the system (node), while achieving an acceptable quality of service for the applications. Extending the life of the node is directly related to reducing energy consumption. In WSN, each sensor node works ...

Number of pages: 51 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of electrical engineering, power orientation. Abstract In this thesis, a new method for the optimal location of power plants has been discussed in order to simultaneously optimize the development of production and network. In the considered optimization problem, the goal is to choose the type and capacity of new power plants and the ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis in Mechatronic Engineering Introduction Recent developments in flexible manufacturing and information technology have made it possible for production systems to provide a wider range of products or services at a lower cost. In addition, the increase in competition at the global level has led to the confrontation of industries with the approach of increasing ...

Number of pages: 88 Category: Electronic Engineering

The master's thesis in the field of power. Abstract Control of scattered productions and their planning is one of the important issues of power systems operation. The purpose of this issue is to minimize the cost of operation and pollution and to supply cargo by observing the operation restrictions. The increase in the desire to use renewable resources and the move towards the ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in electrical engineering, power, power trend, abstract network development planning, operation planning and finding solutions to improve the security and economic performance of the power system all require system studies. The most necessary step in conducting these studies is network modeling, which itself requires detailed information about the impedance ...

Number of pages: 119 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 78 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of electrical engineering - power orientation. Abstract In this thesis, a new method for planning the maintenance and repair of production units in restructured environments is presented. In the traditional environment with a vertical structure, the system operator determines the maintenance schedule to maintain ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electricity, power orientation Abstract: The production of electrical energy for power systems with the aim of minimizing the total cost of production for active units in the power network is one of the most important topics for today's modern systems. In other words, the purpose of economic load distribution is optimal and appropriate ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Electrical Engineering

Obtaining a master's degree in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, abstract, mechanization of tools is one of the most important and extensive fields used in production processes. Due to the complexity and uncertainty of machining processes, recently soft computing techniques [1] based on physical models have been preferred to predict the performance of machining ...

Number of pages: 171 Category: Management

Dissertation to receive master's degree in management Abstract: In this research, the level of talent and acceptance of knowledge management in Darya Gostar Container Services and Transport Company of Kish has been investigated. The main purpose of this research is: to investigate the ability of Darya Gostar Kish company to implement knowledge management. In this research, we ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree ""MSC"" Field: Computer, Orientation: Software Abstract One of the most important issues in the supply chain today, and extensive studies have been conducted in its field, is the routing of freight vehicles to deliver goods to applicants. To solve this problem, the objective function should be optimized in such a way that criteria such as the ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Direction: ""Marketing"" Abstract Today, with the advancement of technology, all the concepts related to the market and consumer have undergone fundamental changes. The prevalence of computer use as one of the most effective technologies of this century, as well as the spread of the Internet and its combination with the supply and sale of ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of intellectual capital dimensions on increasing the market orientation of private insurance companies in Isfahan province. The method of conducting the present research was descriptive-correlation, and hypothesis testing was done with correlation method and SPSS version 19 ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering Majoring in Environmental Engineering Abstract In this research, the effect of biological reactions on the removal of organic substances in wastewater during transfer from production sources to the treatment plant in conventional networks and new small diameter networks was investigated. For this purpose, a part of these ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's thesis in the field of civil engineering (environmental engineering) is an abstract of the surface absorption method, one of the effective methods for removing metals, including nickel metal. In this research, modified rice paddy has been used as absorbent material. Since this adsorbent is a natural material with a high contact surface, in addition to its high ability ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation of the master's degree in the field: Electrical Engineering - Power trend. Abstract Today, despite the wide use of sensitive loads such as power electronics, computers and non-linear loads in distribution networks, the issue of power quality has received more attention. Most of these loads are sensitive to voltage changes, such as undervoltage and overvoltage, and ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of industrial management, production orientation. Today, business organizations are facing a more complex and competitive environment than in the past. The commercial success of an organization is not only limited to the analysis of the internal situation of that organization, but also includes its supply and distribution ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Management

Master's Thesis Field: MBA Abstract About two-thirds of the world's energy is consumed in cities. Along with the many solutions that have been provided to reduce the energy demand, some technologies and researches have also been aimed at optimizing the energy supply. The technology of simultaneous production of electricity and heat is among the technologies that have been ...

Number of pages: 133 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis of Electrical Engineering-Telecommunications Abstract Wireless mesh networks are one of the technologies of interest for creating next generation wireless networks. Because these networks can provide users with a wide coverage area and high capacity with low power consumption and low cost due to less path loss and also reducing the effect of the shadowing factor, ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Electronic Engineering

Abstract The reduction of fossil fuel resources, adverse environmental effects and low efficiency of traditional power grids have increased the desire to produce electricity near the load and the level of the distribution network using renewable sources. One of the basic solutions to solve the problems raised is the use of microgrids. A set of small sources of energy production ...

Number of pages: 210 Category: Electronic Engineering

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computers Electrical Engineering Doctoral Dissertation Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance of optimal rate allocation algorithms based on the utility function in data networks. The optimal rate allocation algorithm based on the utility function was first proposed by Dr. Golestani. Then Kelly showed that the ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering - Software Orientation Abstract Clustering can be considered one of the most important steps in data analysis. Many clustering methods have been developed and presented so far. One of these methods that has been studied in recent studies is consensus clustering method. The goal of consensus clustering is to combine several initial ...

Number of pages: 65 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis of Civil-Environmental Engineering Abstract Garbage is one of the environmental pollutants that cause many problems such as the spread of pollution in water, air and soil and transmission to humans and animals directly or indirectly. Today, with the ever-increasing expansion of urban and industrial societies, we are witnessing the widening of the amount of these ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Dissertation in Power Electricity Abstract: In electrical networks, costs caused by system losses and defects caused by voltage deviations from permissible limits are among the biggest problems that plague power generation, transmission and distribution. Therefore, reducing the costs of planning and operating power systems, and at the same time, observing its limits and ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract Today, the use of inter-vehicle communication as one of the technologies to increase the safety and comfort of travel in the field of transportation and many car manufacturing companies is being considered. A type of waste of time and energy that includes a major part of street traffic is the problem of car parking. The ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation to receive the master's degree ""M.Sc. Orientation: ""Biochemical Engineering"" Abstract: The presence of sulfur compounds in gasoline creates a serious problem in air pollution, environment, corrosion of equipment and destruction of human health. The new environmental standards also impose strict limits on the amount of sulfur and aromatic compounds in gasoline. ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's thesis in the field of civil and environmental engineering. Abstract The main problem in using landfill biogas is the presence of pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide gas is colorless, toxic, flammable, and has an unpleasant odor. It is highly toxic and produces SO2 when biogas is burned. In addition, hydrogen sulfide has a corrosive effect. It costs a ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation: To obtain a master's degree in medical librarianship and information. Summary: Introduction: Work and man are two main and inseparable parts of existence that must be planned in a way that fits each other. The lack of fit between human capabilities and the type of work he does causes many problems. In this regard, the science of ergonomics examines the health of ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.S) in Power Electricity, Abstract With the ever-increasing expansion of energy consumption in the world, the development of power networks is essential. But the creation of new transmission lines requires time and high costs, so if it is possible to use the same lines with a higher transmission capacity, it is very cost-effective. Today, the ...

Number of pages: 131 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Chemical engineering master's thesis without preface today simulation in processes can be an important tool to solve problems in different industries. A new idea that should be done in the real world by trial and error with a lot of costs and risks can be simulated in the environment of a strong software and the results can be used. Simulation can also be used to check and ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

A master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering, abstract of the laboratory study and modeling of calcium carbonate production from calcium chloride solution by absorbing carbon dioxide from industrial exhaust gases, by the efforts of Amin Alamdari, the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the precipitation of calcium carbonate species and the kinetics of calcium ...

Number of pages: 52 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electrical field, orientation: power. Abstract The concept of microgrid is a set of loads, sources of production and energy storage that act as a controllable load or generator and can provide power and heat for a local area. Management of production power in microgrid is one of the main current topics in the design and operation of microgrid. ...

Number of pages: 162 Category: Biology - Environment

Master's Thesis in the field of power, power electronics, power electronics, abstract. Distributed generation power plants have a production capacity of several kilowatts to 10 megawatts, which are used to produce electric energy in places close to consumers. Among their types, we can mention solar cells, fuel cells, micro turbines, wind power plants, etc. If these power plants ...

Number of pages: 96 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree, specialization: Power, Power, Abstract One of the important design challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to prolong the lifetime of the system (node), while achieving an acceptable quality of service for the applications. Extending the life of the node is directly related to reducing energy consumption. In WSN, each sensor node works ...

Number of pages: 42 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in the field of electrical engineering, power orientation. Abstract In this thesis, a new method for the optimal location of power plants has been discussed in order to simultaneously optimize the development of production and network. In the considered optimization problem, the goal is to choose the type and capacity of new power plants and the ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Food and Packaging Industries

Dissertation for M.Sc. Degree: Food Industry Abstract: Pectinases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that break down pectic substances. Exopolygalacturonase (exo-p) and endopolygalacturonase (endo-p) are two types of this group. In this study, two fungal species, namely Aspergillus niger and Vetrichodermarisi, which were able to produce pectinase, were isolated. The results of ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Thesis for receiving a master's degree in the field of chemical engineering in the field of biotechnology. The abstract of this research was conducted in order to optimize the operational parameters for the use of bioleaching technology in the extraction of copper from the slag produced by the reflective smelting furnaces of Sarchesmeh copper complex. Wide applications of ...

Number of pages: 148 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Thesis of the master's degree in the field: chemical engineering, abstract. In designing the network of heat exchangers, the designer usually considers high operational flexibility in the presented plan. However, some of the changes that occur in the operating conditions of the process after the design, determine the need to modify the existing network. The purpose of the ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering-Biotechnology Abstract Lipase is a carboxylic ester hydrolase enzyme that acts on triacylglycerol to release fatty acids, glycerides and glycerol. The discovery of the ability of lipase to catalyze the esterification reaction started a broad chapter in the field of this enzyme's functions. In this study, with the knowledge of the ability ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Mechatronic Engineering Introduction Recent developments in flexible manufacturing and information technology have made it possible for production systems to provide a wider range of products or services at a lower cost. In addition, the increase in competition at the global level has led to the confrontation of industries with the approach of increasing ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

The master's thesis in the field of power. Abstract Control of scattered productions and their planning is one of the important issues of power systems operation. The purpose of this issue is to minimize the cost of operation and pollution and to supply cargo by observing the operation restrictions. The increase in the desire to use renewable resources and the move towards the ...

Number of pages: 87 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis in Electrical Engineering. M.Sc. Major: Power. Abstract: In recent years, two major developments have occurred in power systems. One of these changes is related to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the transformation of the traditional centralized environment into a decentralized one. Another development is in the field of expanding the use of ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field of electrical engineering - power orientation. Abstract In this thesis, a new method for planning the maintenance and repair of production units in restructured environments is presented. In the traditional environment with a vertical structure, the system operator determines the maintenance schedule to maintain ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Orientation: Power Abstract In recent years, with the advances made in data processing and transmission technology, distribution companies are more and more interested in using distribution automation systems. One of the most effective users of automation is the renewal of the distribution network, which is often analyzed as an ...

Number of pages: 86 Category: Electrical Engineering

Abstract Common-mode voltages and currents are generated due to the creation of parasitic capacitance between solar cells and their frame, which is usually grounded. These capacities are usually modeled as capacitors between the negative terminal of the solar cell and ground. In solar cells that are connected to the grid through a transformer, the electrical insulation of the ...