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Number of pages: 84 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's Thesis Farsi Abstract: Today, with the expansion of DC consumers and non-linear loads connected to the network, the design and construction of power factor correction circuits using electronic power converters has gained special importance. With the advancement of technology, integrated circuits have come to help in this field. Due to the complexity and non-linear ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation of the master's degree in the field: Electrical Engineering - Power trend. Abstract Today, despite the wide use of sensitive loads such as power electronics, computers and non-linear loads in distribution networks, the issue of power quality has received more attention. Most of these loads are sensitive to voltage changes, such as undervoltage and overvoltage, and ...

Number of pages: 93 Category: Electrical Engineering

Master's Thesis, Electrical Engineering, Power, Abstract: The sliding mode control method is one of the most important non-linear control methods, whose distinctive characteristics are insensitivity to parameter changes, complete rejection of disturbance, and dealing with uncertainty. This controller first brings the system from the initial state using the law of reaching the ...

Number of pages: 86 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc Master's degree, specialization: process engineering, abstract of the proposed project, the feasibility of converting gas condensates into products with higher added value and consumable fuels such as gasoline. Considering the huge gas and oil reserves in Iran, this country is one of the major importers of gasoline. Therefore, it is very necessary to ...

Number of pages: 182 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation of the master's degree in the field: Electrical Engineering - Power trend. Abstract Today, despite the wide use of sensitive loads such as power electronics, computers and non-linear loads in distribution networks, the issue of power quality has received more attention. Most of these loads are sensitive to voltage changes, such as undervoltage and overvoltage, and ...

Number of pages: 86 Category: Electrical Engineering

Thesis for master's degree in the field of electrical engineering (power) Farsi abstract: Today, with the expansion of DC consumers and non-linear loads connected to the network, the design and construction of power factor correction circuits using electronic power converters has gained special importance. With the advancement of technology, integrated circuits have come to help ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for the M.Sc. In the field of electrical engineering, power electronics, abstract: The material that is analyzed in this thesis in order to simulate and implement the buck converter nonlinear controller is presented in four chapters. In general, the buck converter and the relationships governing it and the studies conducted on the buck converter and a control method ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Management

Field: Executive Management Fall 2019 Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between organizational justice and job performance of employees of Ardabil gas company. Organizational justice, the role of fairness and especially the perception of fairness in the environment

Number of pages: 106 Category: Management

Master's degree thesis, field: MBA (Winter 2013) Abstract: Today, knowledge is the main source of power, and gaining authority in today's world depends on the production of science and knowledge and its management. Meanwhile, knowledge organizations such as research organizations also need to help create innovation in this turbulent environment by using knowledge management ...

Number of pages: 155 Category: Management

Master's Thesis in Financial Management and Budgeting, September 2019, abstract according to the duties of the legislator to implement financial supervision in order to properly implement the budget and comply all payments with laws and regulations.

Number of pages: 115 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving Master's Degree (M.A.) Field: Industrial Management (Production Orientation) Summer 1990 Abstract With the current progress of industries, the return and reuse of used products is one of the activities of May.

Number of pages: 167 Category: Architectural Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in architectural engineering, specialization: Architecture, July 2019. Abstract Children have a very special place in today's world, as far as the future of nations and their global position can be predicted based on the characteristics of their children. In advanced countries, educational methods are determined for the flourishing of ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for the Master's degree ""M.A."" Accounting major: Accounting Abstract: In this research, the relationship between ownership structure and financing methods of companies accepted in the capital market of Iran has been investigated. The model (Lin et al., 2013) has been used to measure financing methods. Among the financing control mechanisms, institutional ...

Number of pages: 141 Category: Librarianship

Accounting training group, academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree, abstract of the company's capital structure is the permanent financing of the company, which is shown by long-term debt and equity. Financing methods for the continuation of activity and the implementation of profitable projects are very effective in the growth process of the company and cause the ...

Number of pages: 120 Category: Librarianship

Master's thesis in accounting, the present research was done to provide evidence to clarify the relationship between the quality of profit and the liquidity of stocks, as well as to evaluate the impact of the quality of profit on the liquidity of stocks. In this research, 96 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the 5-year period of 1387-1392 (with one year in ...

Number of pages: 173 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Polymer Industry Engineering April 2013 Abstract Nowadays, the topic of energy and energy saving in all fields, even in homes, is one of the most important.

Number of pages: 120 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in the Department of Geography and Urban Planning Abstract One of the phenomena that today's cities, especially large cities, are facing is the phenomenon of high-rise construction. The rapid and uncontrolled growth of the population in cities and the consequent need for housing on a large scale, on the one hand, and preventing the horizontal ...

Number of pages: 185 Category: Industrial Engineering

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of industrial engineering, Shahrivar's industrial trend. 2013 Abstract: Many economists consider agriculture as the driving force of economic growth.

Number of pages: 145 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.Sc) Major: Accounting Abstract The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between stock liquidity and real profit management of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the present research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1382 to 1391, and the ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree major: Accounting Abstract: One of the topics that has been researched and discussed in the financial literature is the investigation of the relationship between the difference in the bid price of shares as a measure of the liquidity of shares and the capital structure. In this research, the difference in the bid price of shares as an ...

Number of pages: 99 Category: Psychology

A master's thesis in the field of psychology and education of exceptional children, examining the dimensions of cognitive processing in students with learning disorders. The aim of this research was to examine the dimensions of cognitive processing in students with learning disorders. For this purpose, 120 children (82 boys and 38 girls) aged 7 to 13 years were selected by ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Economics

In order to obtain a master's degree in the field of economics, economic sciences December 2013 Abstract Globalization can be considered a process in which the economic borders between countries are becoming less and less every day.

Number of pages: 66 Category: Economics

Master's thesis in the field of economic sciences for the academic year 2013-1394 The first chapter Generalities of the research Introduction Today in many countries, especially in the developing countries, besides the economy

Number of pages: 124 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A.) Major: General Examining the relationship between mental health and academic progress in a group of middle school girls taking into account the employment status of mothers; Shiraz 2013 Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between mothers' employment and mental health and the academic progress ...

Number of pages: 126 Category: Management

MBA Master's Thesis Strategy Orientation Abstract In global competition, customer demand for high quality and fast service has made companies unable to handle all the work alone. Based on this, activities such as material procurement, product production and planning, product storage service, inventory control, distribution, delivery and customer service have now been transferred ...

Number of pages: 114 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Abstract In the not-so-distant past, when the boundaries of cities were defined by gates, the entry points to the city had a high spatial quality and were considered among the prominent elements and distinctive features of every city. Today, with the expansion and development of cities, the entry points have turned into expressways for the movement of motor vehicles, and the ...

Number of pages: 122 Category: Librarianship

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of accounting: In this chapter, the main problem of the research is explained first, and then the importance and necessity of the research topic is explained, because creating liquidity for securities is considered one of the most important functions of capital markets. In fact, liquidity is the most important ...

Number of pages: 135 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography and Tourism Planning Abstract: Due to the increase in population and the resulting pressure on natural resources and the environment, tourism can also leave favorable and unfavorable effects on the environment. Lahijan city is one of the most tourist-friendly cities in Gilan province and has favorable natural ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for master's degree in geography and urban planning Abstract One of the issues that most cities in the world are struggling with is natural disasters. Due to the unpredictability of natural disasters and the need to make quick and correct decisions and implement operations, theoretical and fundamental foundations have created a knowledge under the title of crisis ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography, Tourism Planning, Abstract: In recent years, rural tourism has received serious attention as one of the aspects of rural development in the whole world. In this type of tourism, the goal is to identify the various natural and human talents of the villages and develop the factors that cause tourists to enter and use ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's degree thesis in the field of geography and urban planning summarizes the physical development and growth of Iranian cities until a few decades ago, coordinated and appropriate to the needs of the urban society. With the emergence of new developments, cities quickly accepted changes and transformations. These transformations have been in the form of rapid population ...

Number of pages: 107 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Accounting Abstract: Obtaining returns in excess of the market return by considering other conditions such as risk is one of the most important issues discussed in financial planning and decision-making. In fact, maximizing the profits and returns of shareholders by managing resources and expenses and implementing correct policies is one of ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's thesis in the field of geography - ecotourism trend. Abstract Spending free time is one of the needs of human society. Therefore, the villages around the cities are ecotourism destinations that are basically based on natural attractions. On the other hand, the villages around the cities are increasingly faced with the construction of second homes and the growth of such ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering Abstract: In recent years, due to the growing number of requests and the joining of new customers to the world of computing, computer systems Computing should also change and be more powerful and flexible than before. In the meantime, cloud computing was presented as a model beyond a system that currently has the ability to respond to most ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System - Water and Soil Resources Abstract The increase in population and the excessive development of cities, especially in their outskirts, regardless of environmental and human characteristics, has caused irreparable damage to the environment and its residents. For this reason, the issues of ...

Number of pages: 110 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc) Field: Natural Geography - Hydrology and Synoptic Meteorology Abstract Damages caused by critical cold temperatures are increasing, especially in natural ecosystems and densely populated urban areas. Central Iran is a dry land prone to cold weather, especially during winter, and lacks resources to moderate temperature tensions, such as ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Management

Master's Thesis of Financial Management (M.A) Abstract Today, information technology has become an important factor in the future development of the financial services industry, especially companies and small businesses. Developments in information and communication technology have significantly contributed to the growth and profitability of financial institutions around the ...

Number of pages: 167 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree (MA) field: Geography, orientation: political. Abstract The Islamic world has a set of heterogeneous geopolitical features. Muslim countries have extremely important facilities for regional convergence and the formation of a regional system based on indigenous elements and mixtures. This thesis was done with the aim of analyzing the ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: business management, marketing trend, factors affecting the loyalty of GSM customers in West Mazandaran. Abstract: The secret of staying in today's business world is to have satisfied customers who not only buy from the company's services again and again, but also minimize the cost of attracting new customers by introducing ...

Number of pages: 217 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis With the establishment and formation of fixed settlements in the form of ten villages, these settlements needed a place to exchange their products with each other. This place was named because of its nature (service-commercial) and related to the surrounding areas of the city. For this commercial center, the existence of an agricultural area and surrounding ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in electrical engineering, electronics, abstract, accurate measurement and control of temperature in industrial and research systems is of particular importance, and the correct operation of some industrial and laboratory tools is possible only in a certain location with a small number of channels (maximum 8 channels). Therefore, the ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in electrical engineering, electronics, abstract. The many advantages of on-site calibration compared to calibration in the calibration center have led to the formation of mobile calibration teams in all companies that work in the field of calibration. Therefore, in recent years, the design of standards and equipment suitable for ...

Number of pages: 136 Category: Management

Academic Dissertation for Master's degree in the field: Business Management, International Business. Abstract The use of new quality engineering methods has been increasing in recent years, so that industrial and service companies use these quality engineering methods to produce and provide their products and services in accordance with the changing demands of customers.

Number of pages: 166 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management (Financial Orientation) Abstract: Considering the necessity and importance of studying the efficiency of banks, in order to identify inefficient units and plan to improve the performance of banks, in the present study, the efficiency of 20 branches of Tejarat Bank branches in Tehran city and in the period of 2009 and 2010 ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree, field: business management, orientation: insurance, abstract: nowadays, the implementation of office automation has provided many benefits for organizations, including their customers. Speed, accuracy, safety, etc. are among these advantages. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of administrative automation on ...

Number of pages: 125 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Master's Thesis on Natural Resources - Desertification Abstract Mangrove forests are located in the southern coastal areas of Iran, and due to their numerous functions and environmental values, it is necessary to protect, restore and develop them. Deciding the way to act in a certain way is consciously to achieve the goals, so as to choose a suitable option among various ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in electrical engineering, control trend, abstract of new methods of identifying errors in systems, such as the use of qualitative analysis of events, can lead to tangible and understandable results for everyone. The gas turbine system is one of the systems in which there is a possibility of many errors. And sometimes even modeling them with mathematical methods ...

Number of pages: 123 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electrical engineering, power orientation. Abstract The limitation of fossil fuel resources and the possibility of running out of fossil energy reserves, global warming, environmental pollution, price instability, as well as the increasing need of industrial and urban centers for energy, have made the international community think of suitable ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.Sc) in the field of electrical-power engineering. Abstract In this thesis, the design of a resistant controller in power electronic circuit breakers and its comparison with linear control methods have been examined. The main goal of research and development in this field is always to find the most suitable control method in order to implement ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis of Computer Engineering - Computer Architecture Abstract With the advancement of electronic device manufacturing technology and the cost-effectiveness of large-scale sensor networks, wireless sensor networks provide research fields with rapid growth and great interest, which have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Large-scale wireless sensor networks ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving the MA degree in the field of Business Administration. Abstract: Based on economic theories, the development of the financial system through the expansion and diversification of the country's financial markets leads to a more appropriate allocation of resources and ultimately faster economic growth. The main goal of this research is to investigate the ...

Number of pages: 127 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Master's Thesis of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (Exercise Physiology) Abstract The purpose of this study was to study the effect of omega-3 supplementation during an increasing aerobic training period on the response of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-?, ?1-IL and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic men. For this purpose, 30 men with type 2 diabetes with an ...

Number of pages: 130 Category: Management

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in business administration, financial management, abstract title of the thesis: Investigating the effect of working capital management on the performance of companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research examines the relationship between working capital management and the performance of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock ...

Number of pages: 152 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Academic Thesis for Master's degree in the field: Natural Geography-Climatology in Environmental Planning Abstract Rains of more than 100 mm in one day are one of the causes of floods and natural hazards, and knowing how they occur and the extent of their effects helps greatly in reducing possible environmental damage. The current research was conducted to identify and ...

Number of pages: 151 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering, Power Systems, Abstract: During the last two decades, the electricity industry has undergone fundamental changes in the way it is produced, transmitted and distributed, which is referred to as restructuring. With the restructuring in the electricity industry, reactive power has been introduced as one of the most ...

Number of pages: 244 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.A) field: business management, marketing orientation. Abstract In today's competitive world, there are successful companies that can create more values ??for customers and, according to Sergio Ziman[1], provide more reasons to customers to encourage them to buy and create a long-term relationship with the company. Creating superior ...

Number of pages: 66 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc degree, direction: relationship between man, machine, computer. Abstract: Today, with the rapid changes in technology, the level of security of individuals and organizations has also decreased, and this security has been invaded by profiteers and vandals. In the meantime, the increasing progress of biometric methods has made tremendous achievements in the ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of power electronics, power electronics, Abstract: The use of pulsed power sources in various plasma processes is increasing due to the relationship established between them. According to the research done in this case, the design of pulsed power sources with the aim of reducing losses and increasing efficiency can have important effects on plasma ...

Number of pages: 106 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc. Abstract A wireless sensor network is a network consisting of many small nodes. The node receives information about the environment through sensors. The energy consumption of the nodes is usually provided by batteries, which in most cases cannot be replaced. Therefore, the consumption power of nodes is an important issue in these networks. And it is very ...

Number of pages: 83 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in electricity, power orientation Abstract: The production of electrical energy for power systems with the aim of minimizing the total cost of production for active units in the power network is one of the most important topics for today's modern systems. In other words, the purpose of economic load distribution is optimal and appropriate ...

Number of pages: 89 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation to receive a master's degree in electrical engineering, power trend. Abstract: Flexible power transmission systems, which are known as FACTS[1] compensators, are modern tools that have been used in power systems to strengthen the controllability and develop the transmission capacity of power networks based on power electronic converters during the last decade. In ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Electronic Engineering

Abstract The main task of the synchronous generator excitation system is to provide the necessary voltage for the generator excitation winding. The excitation voltage is a dc voltage and it is used to create a flux in the excitation winding of the generator and consequently to produce a magnetic field to produce electrical energy by a synchronous generator. In the provided ...

Number of pages: 75 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation to receive a master's degree > Dissertation: Fault tolerance software is one of the prominent and important features of today's information systems. Among the various methods of improving fault tolerance, the software method is more complicated than other methods. Here, considering that our target system is business intelligence systems, which play a significant ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of computer engineering (artificial intelligence) abstract of various image processing techniques are widely used in the field of dentistry. Among these applications, we can mention the identification based on dental images, the detection of dental caries, as well as the identification and examination of dental lesions, which mainly occur around the ...

Number of pages: 91 Category: Management

Master's thesis in the field of power electronics, power electronics, Abstract: The use of pulsed power sources in various plasma processes is increasing due to the relationship established between them. According to the research done in this case, the design of pulsed power sources with the aim of reducing losses and increasing efficiency can have important effects on plasma ...

Number of pages: 100 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Artificial Intelligence Abstract In this thesis, we intend to perform classification on brain signals by presenting a suitable feature. For this purpose, first the noise of the recording device is removed from the brain signals, then the features are extracted from these signals using Walsh transform and entropy. After feature extraction, ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Computer Networks Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1 What is mobile ad hoc network? A mobile ad hoc network [1] is a network formed by wireless hosts [2] that can also be mobile. In these networks, no prefabricated infrastructure is necessarily used. This means that there is no infrastructure such as a central station, router[3], switch[4] or anything ...

Number of pages: 94 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis in Computer Engineering (Software) Abstract Most modern translation approaches in the field of machine translation, including statistical machine translation, example-based machine translation, and combined machine translation, use a collection of co-translated texts under the name of parallel text bodies as the main educational data. But for most languages, ...

Number of pages: 150 Category: Urban Development

Master's Thesis in Urban Management Abstract All organizations, whether public or private, need to evaluate the performance of their activities and processes for development, growth and sustainability in today's competitive arena, so that they can measure the efficiency and effectiveness of their organization's programs, processes and human resources. Monitoring and evaluation ...

Number of pages: 99 Category: Civil Engineering

To receive a master's degree in civil engineering - water Abstract: Relaxation ponds should be designed in such a way that they can depreciate the potential energy stored in the reservoir water of dams and dams in such a way as to transfer it to the natural bed so as not to cause the loss of the bed and in critical conditions to destroy the pond and dam itself. In different ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Computer Engineering

Master's Thesis Field: Computer Engineering Major: Software Abstract Expensiveness of information is a major problem in the current web. To deal with this problem, web personalization systems have been provided that adapt the content and services of a website to people based on their interests and browsing behavior. A fundamental component of any web personalization system is ...

Number of pages: 156 Category: Computer Engineering

Dissertation for M.Sc degree, specialization: software engineering. Abstract The process of inserting information into a multimedia signal so that the insertion effect is not visible and the information can be extracted when needed is called encryption. To implement a cryptographic idea, one should focus on the characteristics of power[1], reliability and reliability[2] and ...

Number of pages: 192 Category: Management

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.A) in public administration, information systems orientation, abstract due to the changes and evolution in the field of IT and the rapid growth of the top technology of the decade. 1990, the pattern of global economic growth has fundamentally changed, as a result of which, knowledge as the most important capital has replaced ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Industrial Management, Major: Finance, Abstract: Today, like other organizations in the world, the country's organizations are forced to compete with other organizations, both inside and outside the country, in order to remain in the business environment. Therefore, they must be able to be superior to their competitors in at least one area, in ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering, Marine Structures, Abstract: Tension-based platforms are among economic marine platforms for use in deep waters. The correct prediction of the platform's dynamic response to environmental loads is very important in its economic and safe design. In this research, the dynamic behavior of the tension base platform under the ...

Number of pages: 191 Category: Literature - Persian Language

Dissertation for receiving the degree of ""M.A"" specialization: Persian language and literature Abstract Hazrat Ali (peace be upon him) is the leader of the Shiites and Nahj al-Balaghah is an excerpt from his wisdom, letters and sermons that Seyyed Sharif Razi compiled with his literary taste in the fourth century, which poets and writers use in different ways. Maulana ...

Number of pages: 111 Category: Management

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Public Administration (M.A.) Major: Human Resource Management Abstract: The main purpose of this research is the relationship between managers' commitment to employees and their job performance in the General Department of Tax Affairs of Gilan Province. The statistical population of the current research is 840 employees of the General ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Management

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of executive management, marketing and export orientation. Abstract The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between strategic thinking and the performance of senior managers in the oil company of Ardabil province. The statistical population of this research is all the official, contract and contractual ...

Number of pages: 174 Category: Civil Engineering

Dissertation for master's degree in civil engineering, structural orientation. Abstract: Today, in earthquake-prone countries, it is recommended to use a variety of energy-depleting tools in order to dissipate the energy of earthquakes on the structure. One of these tools is rotational friction dampers. Because the current regulations do not provide a value for the coefficient ...

Number of pages: 147 Category: Electronic Engineering

Master's thesis in medical engineering, bioelectrical trend, abstract of the separation of prosthesis projections and tissue implants in sinogram images of spiral CT scan using active contour methods for metal implants such as prostheses and tooth filling materials during the reconstruction of CT images with different methods, creates an artifact that appears as light and dark ...