The hidden and hidden secrets of the aforementioned uprisings based on the book of Muqatil al-Talbeyin

Abstract:

Shia movements and uprisings have a special prominence in the history of Shiism and have appeared in a special way at any point in time. The serious manifestation of these uprisings followed the fatal incident of Karbala, which had a deep impact on the spirit of Muslims, especially the Alawites. The killing of Imam Hussain (a.s.) and his companions aroused the moral and religious emotions of the people; Especially those who had invited the Imam to pledge allegiance, but refused to help him for any reason. As a result, these people fought against the Umayyad government and organized uprisings to demand the blood of the martyrs of Karbala. A large number of Sadat Hosni and Hosseini went out against the oppressive rule with God-seeking motives, and some of these uprisings were successful and others were quickly suppressed. Of course, it should be noted that the most effective uprisings and the most martyrdoms were during the Bani Abbas era, and most of the Umayyad uprisings took place to ask for the blood of Imam Hussain (a.s.) and the martyrs of Karbala, while most of the uprisings in the Bani Abbas era were carried out to establish an Islamic government.

Despite the political and life-threatening struggle and the conflict of the Alawites to overthrow the Umayyad caliphate and the early cooperation of the Bani Abbas with them in this struggle, the Bani Abbas with all their cleverness and the existence of a group of social political factors They gained power. The Alevis realized that the Alevis and the descendants of Bani Hussain (a.s.) suffered hardships, hardships, death, imprisonment, and torture for several decades, but the Abbasids came to power with cunning and a series of other factors, and now not only is there no place for them in this government, but by abusing the family of Ahl al-Bayt (a.s.), they violated Islamic laws and began to persecute the Shiites and the descendants of the pure Imams (a.s.), and in this work even the Bani The Umayyads have also surpassed. Alevis could not tolerate the atrocities of the Abbasid era and the humiliation they inflicted on them because of the previous plan to achieve the right and finally their religious zeal and fanaticism and revolutionary zeal. Therefore, with the support of the people and the jurists, they started a movement and revolt against the Abbasids. They set up many uprisings against the rulers by force and deception, and even in this way many of them lost their lives. Among the most important of these uprisings, we can mention the Shia uprisings from 65 to 250 AH, mainly because of blood lust for the uprising and martyrdom of Imam Hussain in 61 AH. (66 AH) and the uprising of Zayd bin Ali (121 or 122 AH) in the Umayyad period, and the uprising of Muhammad bin Abdullah known as Nafs Zakiyah (145 AH), the uprising of Ibrahim bin Abdullah (145 AH), the uprising of Hussein bin Ali Shahid Fakh (169 AH), the uprising of Yahya bin Abdullah (176 AH), the uprising of Muhammad bin Ibrahim known as Ibn Tabataba (199 AH) and the uprising of Muhammad bin Qasim (219 AH) during the reign Abbasids.

This article aims to explain and analyze these uprisings with an analytical and descriptive approach.

Key words: uprising, Alawites, Shia, Bani Umayyad, Bani Abbas, Muqatil al-Talbeyin

Introduction:

The incident of Karbala is a turning point in the history of Shiism. Although the Shia religion was formed at the same time as the mission of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Abu Dharr, Salman, Miqdad and Ammar Yasir were the first Shiites of Ali (PBUH) during the life of the Prophet, but remembering the selflessness and sacrifice of Imam Hussein (PBUH) to defend the truth in Muharram 61 AH and the sufferings they suffered along the way has been the main factor in the spread of Shiism throughout history. The uprising of Imam Hussain (AS) became a standard for the fight between right and wrong, immediately after the incident of Karbala, a series of Shia uprisings began, which continued until the middle of the third century of Hijri, and led to the spread of Shiism.

Although the split that occurred among the Shiites scattered them, this seemingly negative factor turned into a positive factor for the spread of the Shia religion, and the dispersion of the Shia sect in the east and west of the Muslim territory caused the spread of Shiism. The Shia religion continued to exist despite all the pressures and restrictions it endured, and during two and a half centuries, under the leadership of Shia leaders, Shia culture expanded in such a way that at the end of the third century, Shiites ruled over a large part of the Islamic lands.

It should be noted that the most effective uprisings and the most martyrdoms were during the Bani Abbas period, and most of the uprisings during the Umayyad period were for the blood of Imam Hussain (a.s.) and the martyrs of Karbala. took place, while most of the uprisings of the Bani Abbas era were carried out to establish the Islamic government.The Abbasids took power by claiming to belong to the Prophet's family and claiming their satisfaction and rights. A group of Shiites, after the difficult period they had left behind during the Umayyad period, put their hope in the Abbasids, who came to power with the slogan "Al-Reza Man Al Muhammad".

Later, the Abbasids turned away from this slogan and the Alawites were subjected to pressure and torture. First, it is necessary to discuss the role of the Shiites or the Alawites in the history of Islam, then examine the books written as Muqtal and explain the position of the Muqatil al-Talebiyin book and the position of this book in comparison with other books. After that, it is necessary to briefly examine the uprising of Imam Hussain with the view that the foundation of all Shia and Alawite uprisings goes back to this uprising. Then he analyzed the uprisings that occurred in the two periods of Banu Umayyad and Banu Abbas separately. The uprisings of the Umayyad period are briefly: the uprising of Tawabin, the uprising of Mukhtar Thaqafi, the uprising of Zayd, and the role of Shiite and Alevi thought, especially the very effective slogan "Al-Reza Man Al-Muhammad (PBUH)" in the fall of the Umayyad state, the influence and influence of the Alawites and the Abbasids, as well as how they came to power and after that, should be re-read. It is necessary to discuss and analyze how the Shiites, Alawites and Abbasids clashed and the foundations, causes and factors of the formation of Shiite uprisings and their continuation, and to compare and evaluate them with other sources.