Studying the history of Shiism in Gilan and Dilman (from the beginning to the emergence of Al-Kia)

Abstract

The area of ??Gilan and Dillman is one of the oldest centers of Shia activity. The historical investigation of the emergence, expansion and religious, political and social continuity of Shiism in the area of ??Gil and Daylam helps us to understand the pathology and analysis of the weaknesses and strengths of this presence in addition to drawing the historical development of Shiism in the mentioned area so that these experiences can be used in the future. In this research, an attempt has been made to find the reason for the entry and expansion of Shiism in Gil and Daylam. By studying the history of Shiism in the Gil and Dilam region, we found that, unlike its current geography, in the past, that region covered a wide area and included parts of the present-day provinces of Mazandaran and Qazvin. In the following article, the historical geography of Gil and Dilem is considered. In the second chapter, it was mentioned that the Alevis, who were against the caliphate system, established their relationship with the people of Gil and Dilam in their enmity with the caliphs. After entering Gil and Dilam, the Shia Alevis spread the seeds of Shiism there with correct cultural propaganda, and the people of Gil and Dilam willingly converted to pure Shia Islam. Gil and Daylam not only converted to Alevi religion but also helped them in establishing the government in Tabaristan. Contrary to popular belief, Tabarstani did not play a significant role in the formation of the Alevi government of Tabaristan. Rather, the Alevis established the government of Tabaristan with the unhesitating support of Gil and Daylam warriors, and with their help, the Alevi rule over Tabaristan was maintained for many years. In the third chapter, by examining the situation of Shiism after the collapse of the powerful Alawite government, it became clear that the successive uprisings and political and even religious conflicts, as well as the oppression of some Alawites, caused the discouragement of Gil and Dilam from them and ultimately caused the political decline of Shiism. Despite this, the people of Gil and Wedilam never left the Shia religion. As mentioned in the last chapter, the three prominent Shia sects (Zaydiyya, Ismailiyya, Imamiyya) were more or less active in that country, and the two Zaydiyya and Imamiyya sects, taking advantage of their political and social conditions, managed to provide considerable scientific and cultural services to Shia and even the Islamic world.

Foreword

Shia religion is considered one of the most original and oldest intellectual and social movements in the history of Islam. This important and prominent religion has always had a colorful presence in the political, cultural and social arenas of the Islamic world due to its religious and political views throughout Islamic history. In the past, some areas of the Islamic world were known as the center of Shia activity and Shia religion. Gil and Dilam region is one of the oldest and most important regions.

The importance of Shia history in Gil and Dilam region is such that one of the first Shia governments was founded in this region. A place that had stubbornly resisted the exhausting efforts of greedy Islamic caliphs for two centuries. In this system, the Shiite government and the Shiite religion have influenced some of the political and scientific developments in the Islamic world. Although the presence of Shiism in Gil and Dilam has been associated with political decline in some periods, Shiite school has always had an uninterrupted presence in the field of culture and society in Gil and Dilam for centuries. which adds to the necessity and importance of research on the upcoming issue.

Based on some brief studies, the researcher was inclined to the hypothesis that the aggressive and far from Islamic culture of the troops of the Islamic caliphs to the people of Gil and Dilam and the refuge of the Alevis against the caliphate in the Gil and Dilam region encouraged the people of those areas to accept Shiite Islam. Shi'ites tried to propagate and promote Shi'ite beliefs with cultural and practical methods. These correct efforts, which were derived from Islamic teachings, made people more inclined to accept pure Islam, which is the same as Shia beliefs. In addition, it should also be emphasized that the spirit of hospitality of the people of Gil and Daylam had prepared the conditions for entry and cultural work for the fleeing Alevis. In this way, the people of this region, by using the teachings of Shia Islam in the fields of science, culture, and art, shined and provided valuable services to the Islamic world.

In this research, it has been tried to analyze the initial connection of Alevis with Gil and Daylam people and also their first arrival. Because the most important and perhaps the only factor in the spread of Shiism in Gil and Daylam was the entry of Alevis into that system and their commendable efforts. Shiism gained political power shortly after its arrival in Gil and Daylam. But after some time, its political power went to Mahaq, but at the same time political decline, it maintained its religious supremacy in that region for centuries. Although the Shiite leaders of that country made great efforts to gain political leadership as a superior power, they never succeeded in emerging as a powerful political government. Until in the second half of the 8th century, with the emergence of Sadat Al-Kia's rule, Shiism in Gil and Daylam once again regained its political supremacy after several centuries. Since in the period of Al-Kia, Shiism entered a new stage, therefore, in the present study, the situation of Shiism in Gil and Daylam is investigated until before the rule of Al-Kia. Because the political and social conditions of Shiism in Al-Qiya era are different compared to its previous era.

In this research, the researcher tried to obtain and reflect as much as possible data and research statements from ancient and first-class sources. In this regard, from authoritative texts in subjects such as general history, Zaidian historiography, geography, genealogy, and royalty. has been used It is regrettable to say that the researches about Shi'ism in Gil and Daylam, while being few, suffer from limited and sometimes scarce contemporary sources, and this shortcoming has led those studies to an incomplete and unrealistic conclusion. In the upcoming research, those deficiencies have been tried to be compensated to a large extent. Therefore, a large amount of the content of this article has opened the door to new research for the first time. Many of the Shia works of Gil and Daylam have been transferred to the Zaidi homeland of the Yemenite Shiites by the Zaidi Shiites. Probably, a large number of these works, which reflect the status of Shia Gil and Daylam, have remained in the Yemeni libraries in manuscript form. One of the problems facing this research is the non-publication of those works, perhaps with the publication of those books, a more realistic analysis of the presence of Shiism in Gil and Daylam can be presented. However, the author of this list has found some of those manuscripts and has used them.

However, the author acknowledges that this writing is only a small step in the field of Shia studies in Gil and Dilam region and suffers from some inevitable shortcomings. It is hoped that enthusiastic and thoughtful researchers will take the next steps to contribute to the completion and enrichment of this work while removing the deficiencies and problems. Shi'ism in Gilan and Dillman from the beginning to the birth of Al-Qiya. In this research, an attempt is made to examine the history of Shiism from the political, cultural and social aspects from the beginning to the emergence of Al. Therefore, in this research, the process of Shi'ism history is investigated from the beginning to the first years of Al-Qiya's rule. Because after the establishment of the Al-Kia government, the history of Shiism in Gil and Dilam entered a new phase. Therefore, we will not deal with it. It should be noted that in order to deal with the arrival of Shiism in Gil and Dilam, it is also necessary to investigate some issues such as the familiarity of the Dilem people with Islam, which was a little before the influence of Shiism.

1. This geographical area has been considered one of the most important centers of Shiism for many centuries. From this effort, the history of Shiism in that region can be analyzed and investigated in this research. Of course, the area of ??Gilan and Dillman region was wider than the current area at the time of the research topic and included parts of modern Mazandaran and Qazvin provinces. In this article, the historical area of ??Gilan and Diilman is considered.

1-1-1-3- Thematic scope of the research

The subject of this research is the study of the history of Shiism in the mentioned areas.