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Modeling of flexible beam excited by memory alloy wire

Number of pages: 105 File Format: word File Code: 32596
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Facilities - Mechanics
Tags/Keywords: alloy - Alloy wire - beam deflection - Flexible beam - Memory alloy - Shape memory - strain - Super elasticity - tension
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  • Summary of Modeling of flexible beam excited by memory alloy wire

    Master's thesis in the field of applied design mechanics

    Abstract

    Hafez Hadar alloys are smart materials with two unique features of memory and superelasticity. These two characteristics are caused by phase transformations under different thermodynamic loadings. Depending on these two mentioned features, memory alloys can be used as actuators in different forms. These structures can be used in various fields such as medicine, aerospace, aviation science, automobile vehicles, civil structures, robots, biotechnology and intelligent structure control. The use of these materials and alloys will reduce the size of the part, economic efficiency and better and more accurate control and ensure the improvement of the performance of the part.

    In this thesis, the active control of beam deflection through heating and cooling of memory alloy wires is investigated. The structural laws governing memory alloy wires have been investigated and Brinson's modified equations have been selected for use. The effects of shape memory and superelasticity have been investigated for a sample made of nitinol alloy in different temperature ranges. In the following, beam deflection under external force has been investigated for two theoretical linear and non-linear modes, and a number of examples have been solved and compared with existing experimental results. Also, the evaluation of beam responses in two linear and non-linear modes is provided. Finally, the equations of the beam were solved in linear mode with the equations of nitinol memory alloys and the amount of deflection of the beam with the presence of memory alloy wire at different temperatures was studied and the results were analyzed. At the end, conclusions and suggestions for further work are given.

    Introduction to memory alloy

    Smart materials provide new, economical and cost-effective solutions for engineering problems, these materials play an important role in new technologies, smart materials can be used as both control elements and structural members (such as piezoelectric, memory alloys or magnetostriction materials). The technological advantages of these materials compared to traditional materials are due to their unique molecular and microstructural properties.

    These materials offer great possibilities for self-controlling structures and enable the structures to adapt to different loading conditions. These unique features add a lot of complexity to the experimental analysis and analysis in the field of engineering materials and structures.

    Using these materials in smart structures, actuators and sensors that are integrated within the structure are able to provide instrument and control functions. These structures can be used in various fields such as airplanes, aviation science, automobile vehicles, robots, biotechnology, civil structures and other applications.

    Memory alloys are one of the drivers of interest in smart structures due to two unique effects, which are known as the shape memory effect [1] and super elasticity [2]. These characteristics are caused by phase transformations, which occur due to temperature changes or applied stress changes, and provide unique thermal and temperature properties of memory alloys in various engineering fields. Due to high recovery strain (up to about 10%) and high strength to weight, memory alloys are widely used to control the shape of flexible structures.

    Shape memory behavior is due to reversible thermoelastic crystal phase transformation between a mother phase (austenite) with high symmetry and a product phase (martensite) with low symmetry, phase changes occur as a function of stress and temperature. The formation of martensite phase under uniaxial or shear stress causes the formation of different crystal orientations (non-twinned martensite), which leads to a large recoverable strain (about 10%). This capability is controllable and reversible for large strains, which is an important advantage in memory alloys as control materials.Large deformations can be easily and reproducibly created with these materials, or subsequently, in a limited situation, large stresses can be given to the connected structural components.

    ) for a material by performing a tensile test at different temperatures, drawing transformation bands [M], [A], [t] and [d] have been obtained. In the path of loading with components in the direction of the transformation bar vector, the transformation from the parent phase to the product phase (or vice versa) occurs in the corresponding bar. At high temperatures, the unloaded material is austenite, and upon reaching the critical stress during loading, the transformation to non-twinned (oriented) martensite takes place, then in the loading process, as the material returns to the austenite phase, the reverse transformation takes place (see loading path 1 in Figure (1-1).) Here, the material is under a large strain along the transformation strip [M], in a residual loop as the material passes through the recovery strip [A]. can be At lower temperatures, after loading, an austenite or twinned martensite material is also transformed into non-twinned martensite through the bands [M] and [d] (Path 2 in Figure (1-1).) During this path, as the material remains in its non-twinned state, no strain is recovered upon loading. Strain recovery can be obtained subsequently by heating this material through the strip [A]. Cooling the material in the austenitic phase at low or zero stress levels so that it passes through the [t] band results in the formation of twinned martensite without macroscopic deformation or strain. The loading paths in this thesis are more complicated because the memory alloy wire is limited by the elastic beam during loading/heating.

    1-2 rtl;">a) Alloy manufacturing by melting and casting using induction furnaces and resistance furnaces

    b) Alloy manufacturing through powder metallurgy

     

    The melting and casting method is used to produce memory alloy in high and commercial tonnages.

    Uses of memory alloy:

    In the discussion of memory alloy, this alloy is used in two ways in applications, one type is used as memory wire
    and the other type is used as memory spring. In the following, both the applications of spring and wire and their differences are mentioned:

    As mentioned, the martensitic phase transformation that is induced by stress and temperature is one of the remarkable characteristics of memory alloys, which raises the concept of smart actuators for various purposes. Memory alloy elements are used in various forms in actuators and sensors, and in some forms such as wires, rods, torsion springs and spiral springs, they are more used in mechanical works. It should be mentioned that memory alloys in the form of wires are widely used due to their availability, low cost for manufacturing, and ease of modeling, but the small amount of reversible strain in them is considered a major disadvantage. In fields where a large amount of reversible strain is needed in a small working space, springs are used as one of the most useful elements, namely, memory springs due to their ability to restore a large amount of duty cycle (memory property) and deformation of 200% to 1600% compared to 5% deformation for memory wire and also having very small changes in force and tension while increasing a large amount Strain (pseudo-elastic property) are used in many fields, some of which are introduced below. solid-solid martensitic phase transformations under various thermo-mechanical loading.

  • Contents & References of Modeling of flexible beam excited by memory alloy wire

    Index:

    Table of Contents..T

    List of Figures..H

    List of Tables..R

    Chapter One: Introduction..1

    Foreword of Memory Alloy..1

    Manufacturing Memory Alloys..4

    Applications of Memory Alloy..4

    1-3-1 Applications of Memory Alloy In medical engineering. 5

    1-3-2 application in aerospace industries: 13

    1-3-3 application of memory springs in automotive industry. 14

    1-3-4 application in industries such as petrochemical, gas and... 22

    1-3-5 application of memory alloy in construction and construction. 22

    1-3-6 other applications ..27

    1-4 review of the work done in the field of memory alloy. 28

    1-5 Preface of memory alloy and beam.. 29

    1-6 review of work done in the field of memory alloy and beam. 30

    Chapter two: memory alloy and its structural model. 32

    1-2- Introduction of memory alloys Dar..32

    2-2- Review of structural models of memory alloys.38

    2-2-1- Macroscopic models..38

    2-2-2 Tanaka model..42

    2-2-3 Liang model..43

    2-2-4 Brinson model..45

    2-2-5 model Modified Brinson..49

    Chapter 3: Beam model..55

    3-1 Linear analysis..58

    3-2 Non-linear analysis..60

    3-3 solution method for integration of beam and memory alloy..60

    Chapter four: Numerical results..63

    4-1 Linear analysis of beam..64

    4-2 Non-linear analysis of beam..69

    4-2-1 Comparison of linear and nonlinear analysis of beam.72

    4-3 Analysis of memory alloy..73

    4-3-1 Stress-strain diagram at 60°C temperature.75

    4-3-2 Stress-strain diagram at 40°C temperature.76

    4-3-3 Stress-strain diagram at temperatures of 5 and 20 degrees Celsius.77

    4-3-4 supplementary diagrams..78

    4-4 Integration of beam and memory alloy equations..81

    4-4-1 Linear analysis of beam..81

    4-4-2 Integration of memory alloy actuator and beam..85

    Chapter Fifth: Conclusion..89

    Suggestion for continued work..90

    References.

    Source:

    [1] Brinson, L.C., Huang, M.S., Boller, C., Brand, W., "Analysis of Controlled Beam Deflections Using SMA Wires," Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.12-25, 1997.

    [2] http://www.rasekhoon.net/article/print-25516.aspx

    ]3 [Kodkhodaei, M., Thermodynamic Modeling of Memory Alloys, Isfahan: Doctoral Thesis, Faculty of Mechanics, Isfahan University of Technology, 1386

    [4] Miura, F., Mogi, M., Ohura, Y. and Karibe, M., "The super-elastic Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics part III. Studies on the Japanese NiTi alloy coil spring", American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, pp.89-96, 1988.x Masakuni Mogix

     

    Fujio Miura

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    Affiliations

    From Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Professor and Chairman, 1st Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Japan

    Correspondence

    Reprint requests to: Dr. Fujio Miura 1st Department of Orthodontics Tokyo Medical and Dental University 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113, Japan

    x

    Fujio Miura

    Search for articles by this author

    Affiliations

    From Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Professor and Chairman, 1st Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Japan

    Correspondence

    Reprint requests to: Dr. Fujio Miura 1st Department of Orthodontics Tokyo Medical and Dental University 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113, Japan

    [5] Kim, B., Lee, S., Park, J. and Park, J., “Design and fabrication of a locomotive mechanism for capsule-type endoscopes using shape memory alloys (SMAs)”, IEEE/ASME Trans. on Mechatronics, Vol. 10, No 1, pp.77-86, 2005.

    [6] Dong, Y., Boming, Z. and Jun, L., “A changeable aerofoil actuated by shape memory alloy springs,” Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 485, No. 1-2, pp. 243–250 , 2008.

    [7] Stoeckel, D., “Shape memory actuators for automotive applications,” Materials & Design Vol. 11, No.6, pp. 302-307, 1990. [p>

    ]8 [           Amini, F., and Sarijlo, M., ((Passive control in bridges by smart alloys)), in the 3rd National Congress of Civil Engineering, Tabriz, 1386

    ] 9[       Saber del Sadeh, M., Mostafazadeh, M. and Ghasemieh, M., ((Strengthening and optimization of concrete structures using intelligent alloy)), in the 5th National Congress of Civil Engineering, Mashhad, 1389.

    ]10[      Ghasemieh, M., Selahshor, H. and Abedini, M.J., (Application of shape memory alloys in civil engineering), in the first national conference on infrastructure engineering and management, Tehran, 1388. [11] Motahari, S.A., Ghassemieh M., and Abolmaali, S.A., "Implementation of shape memory alloy dampers for passive control of structures subjected to seismic excitations," Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 63, pp. 1570–1579, 2007.

    [12] Speicher, M., Hodgson, D. E.,  DesRoches, R. and Leon, R. T., “Shape Memory Alloy Tension/Compression Device for Seismic Retrofit of Buildings,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 18, No. 5-6, pp. 5-6, 2009.

     

    [13] Santos, Filipe Pimentel Amarante dos, “Vibration control with shape memory alloys in civil engineering structures,” Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2011.

    [14] Novoyny, M., and Klipi, J., “Shape memory alloy (SMA),” 2010. [Online] Available: www.ac.tut.fi.

    [15] Mihalcz, I., "Fundamental characteristics and design method for nickel-titanium shape memory alloy," Periodica Polytechnica Series Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 75-86, 2001

    [16] Kauffman, G., “The Story of Nitinol: The Serendipitous Discovery of the Memory Metal and Its Applications,” The Chemical Educator, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 1-21, 1997. [17] Kauffman, G., Memory metal, Chem matters, 1993. [18] Chaudhry, Z., and Rogers, C.A., “Bending and shape control of beams using SMA actuators,” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., Vol. 2, pp. 581-602, 1991.

     

    [19] Brand, W., Boller, Chr., Huang, M.S., and Brinson, L.C., “Introducing the constitutive behavior of shape memory alloys into adaptive engineering structures,” ASME Winter Annual Meeting: Symp. on the Mechanics of Phase Transformations, and Shape Memory Alloys (Chicago, IL), 1994.

     

    [20] Steven, G., Shuy, Dimitris, C., Lagoudas, Z., Hughes, D., and Wen, J.T., “Modeling of a flexible beam actuated by shape memory alloy wires,” Smart Mater. Struct. Vol. 6, pp.265-277, 1997. [21] Moallem, M., "Deflection Control of a Flexible Beam Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuators," Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 12, No.6, pp.1023-1027, 2003. [22] Humbeeck, J.V., "Non-medical applications of shape memory alloys," Materials Science and Engineering A273-275, pp. 134-148, 1999.

    [23] Zakerzadeh, M.R., and Salehi, H., "Comparative Analysis of Some one-Dimensional SMA Constitutive Models for a Ni-Ti Wire for Shape Control Applications with Experimental Data," Proceeding of 20th Int. Conf. on Adaptive Structures and Technologies, Hong Kong 2009.

    ]24 [Researchers on the thermomechanical behavior of memory alloy wires, Master thesis, Faculty of Mechanics, Isfahan University, 2008.

    [25] Dye, T. E. 1993. "An Experimental Investigation of the Behavior of Nitinol," MSc thesis, Virginia Tech.

    [26] Brinson, L.C., “One-Dimensional Constitutive Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys: Thermomechanical Derivation with Non-Constant Material Functions and Redefined Martensite Internal Variable,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 1993.

    [27] Liang, C. and Rogers, C.A. 1990 "One-Dimensional Thermomechanical Constitutive Relationship for Shape Memory Materials," J. of Intell. Master. Syst and Struct. , Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 207-234, 1990.

Modeling of flexible beam excited by memory alloy wire
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