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Analysis of the effects of fluid flow and forces on the pig

Number of pages: 105 File Format: word File Code: 32587
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Facilities - Mechanics
Tags/Keywords: Analysis of flow effects - drag force - fluid flow - Fluid pressure gradient - fluid velocity - force for - Pig - shear stress
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  • Summary of Analysis of the effects of fluid flow and forces on the pig

    Field of study: Mechanics

    Inclination: Energy conversion

    Abstract

    The present study was conducted to investigate the movement of pig in pipelines. Due to the importance of pipelines in providing energy resources in the world, after installation and operation, the maintenance of these lines is of high importance, which has caused special attention to be paid to the design of the pipes depending on the type of use. For this purpose, by starting with the extensive study of the research literature, while presenting a simplified model of the pig as a cylindrical body in the fluid flow inside the pipe, the velocity and gradient of the fluid pressure and changes in the velocity of the body are theoretically studied, and the theoretical and experimental results of other sources are also expressed. Therefore, for a more accurate analysis, using the Fluent software, the fields of velocity, pressure, shear stress on the wall of the object and the forces acting on it are displayed. By comparing all the obtained results and also stating the experimental results for a real pig, the level of precision and accuracy of the research to increase the efficiency of the pig is discussed and investigated. Keywords: pig - fluid velocity - fluid pressure gradient - shear stress - drag force and drag force

                             Today, the oil and gas industry is one of the most important and vital industries in the world. In our country, in terms of the huge underground resources of oil and gas, a huge amount of the country's income resources are provided in this way. Therefore, it is the largest industrial center of the country in this field. Drilling wells, exploitation centers, transmission lines, pressure boosting and reduction stations, petrochemical industries, etc. It can be mentioned in this context that without a doubt these industries are among the largest technical and engineering centers of any country in the world.

    After the oil and gas wells have been dug and the necessary equipment for operation has been installed on them, pipelines [1] should be used to transport them to the refining, industrial and consumer centers. Pipelines are the main arteries of energy transmission in the world. After a pipeline is installed and put into operation, various factors such as corrosion [2], pipe failure, and line clogging make the repair of the pipeline necessary. When maintaining the line and protecting it against destructive factors, various devices are used to prevent or delay the failure of the pipes, one of the most widely used devices is the pig [3]. Pigs are tools that are inserted into the pipeline by the fluid flow, including oil, gas, water, etc. they move Usually, this inspection device is used to remove the deposited materials that block or slow down the flow in the pipeline, or to identify the damaged points, cracks and corrosion in the pipelines. In order to use it, it is placed at the beginning of the line and pushed forward by the pressure of the fluid behind it and taken out of the line at the end. Pigs are used to increase the amount of flow passing through the pipeline. Any reduction in the internal dimensions of the pipeline will reduce the amount of flow passing through it. It is practically impossible to expect 100% return from a line. Friction and other physical factors reduce the amount of fluid flow inside the pipe. Dust along with gas, paraffins, water, multi-phase fluids and sand inside the well which comes out along with oil and gas cause problems in transmission. In all the mentioned cases, contaminations with extracted materials increase the resistance to flow and reduce the efficiency of the line, as a result of which the cost of transmission increases.The smart pig run[4] is also responsible for tasks such as monitoring the pipe body and recording the geometric information of the pipe. Measuring the amount of current passing through the line and observing a large decrease in the passing current shows that it is time for the line to be considered. Periodic cleaning with a pig is a way to prevent the pipe from being corroded by corrosive materials with fluid.

    In this thesis, the movement of a cylindrical object inside the pipe as a simplified model of a pig, its dynamic analysis[5] and the comparison of geometrical and software calculations with the analytical and experimental results of a real pig are discussed. Since the investigation of the movement of the solid body inside the pipe depends on various parameters, it is practically impossible to obtain a comprehensive formula that relates these parameters together, for this reason simplifications are made when obtaining and solving the equations governing the flow. The obtained answers should be compared with laboratory and semi-experimental results in order to get information about their accuracy. Today, numerical solutions and computer software have helped a lot in this matter.

    1-2 Importance and Necessity of Research

    With the advancement of science and knowledge and the discovery of new sources of energy such as solar energy[6] and nuclear energy[7], fossil fuel[8] is still an unrivaled source of energy in the world due to its cost, ease of consumption and conversion to energy, abundance of applications and many other advantages. Although oil and gas energy is running out, according to research and forecasts, pipelines will be used as the most important and main means of energy transmission in the world for more than 50 years.

    Transmission lines, like the veins of the human body, transport the vital substance of industries to industrial centers, domestic uses and export bases. Obviously, oil and gas pipelines are one of the most important issues in the industry. Design, installation, repairs and protection of pipelines are the most important issues in this field. The day-by-day expansion of pipelines in the world and the importance of its maintenance and safety, especially the need for continuous maintenance and inspections of old pipelines, has caused more attention to be paid recently to the topic of pigging and pigging. The following examples show the importance of exploiting and using the maximum efficiency of the line: Each percent increase in the efficiency of a gas pipeline that is daily It transports 100 million cubic feet of gas equivalent to 2.8 million cubic meters, it can increase the output of gas at the end of the line by one million cubic feet equivalent to 0.028 million cubic meters per day.

    Every 30% increase in the efficiency of a crude oil pipeline that moves 50 thousand barrels of crude oil equivalent to 135950 cubic meters per day can increase the output at the end of the line to 1500 barrels per day. increase to 4079 cubic meters.

    In Iran, there are about 14,000 kilometers of old pipelines, which are subject to smart pigging operations to inspect their internal conditions (corrosion, leakage, etc.). Depending on the type of use of the pig as a pipe cleaner or a non-destructive testing tool [9], the amount of dynamic effect of the fluid behind the pig is always important, so in order to understand how fast the pig moves and what speed it has along the path, we must have a detailed analysis of these dynamic effects so that they can be controlled.

    The aim of this study is to investigate the motion of the pig in the pipeline. After the installation, regarding the importance of pipeline for its ability to supply the energy sources of the world, maintenance of these lines is in a high degree of importance, which nowadays leads to special attention to the design of the pig, depending on its usage. For this purpose, by producing a simplified model of pig, in the shape of a cylindrical object in the fluid flow inside the pipe, the fluid velocity and pressure gradient and changes in the velocity of the object have been studied theoretically, and also the theoretical and experimental results of the other resources have been presented.

  • Contents & References of Analysis of the effects of fluid flow and forces on the pig

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Introduction.. 2

    Chapter One: General. 3

    1-1 statement of the problem.. 4

    1-2 importance and necessity of research. 5

    1-3 research objectives.. 7

    1-3-1 general objectives.. 7

    1-3-2 detailed objectives.. 8

    1-4 research questions.. 8

    1-5 research hypotheses. 8

    1-6 Definition of words, concepts and variables. 9

    1-6-1 Pigs.. 9

    1-6-2 Reasons for the failure of pigs and ways to prevent it. 10

    1-6-3 Bernoulli equation (energy equation). 11

    1-6-4 Navier-Stokes equation. 11

    1-6-5 continuity equation. 12

    1-6-6 momentum equation. 12

     

    1-6-7 dimensionless groups. 13

    1-6-8 Buckingham theorem. 14

    1-6-9 buoyancy force.. 14

    1-6-10 drag force and lift force. 15

    1-6-11 Fluent software. 15

    Chapter Two: Literature and research background. 17

    2-1 Introduction.. 18

    2-2 History of the research.. 19

    2-3 The theoretical framework of the research.   20

    2-4 analytical model of research. 21

    The third chapter: research method. 23

    3-1 Introduction.. 24

    3-2 Research method and plan. 24

    3-3 research process.. 25

    3-4 sample, sampling method and sample size. 25

    3-5 data collection tool (information). 25

    3-5-1 Validity of the data collection tool. 26

    3-5-2 Reliability of data collection tools. 26

    3-6 data collection method. 26

    3-7 data analysis methods. 27

    Chapter four: data analysis. 28

    4-1 Introduction.. 29

    4-2 Analysis of velocity and pressure gradient. 30

    4-3 Analytical and experimental results.  38

    4-4 Investigating the effect of traction force and shear stress. 41

    4-5 Results and graphs.. 44

    4-6 Review of the effect.. 48

    4-7 Experimental results.. 52

    4-8 Physical models in Fluent. 60

    4-9 mass conservation equations. 61

    4-10 momentum conservation equations. 61

    4-11 Perturbation models. 63

    Chapter five: Conclusion and suggestions.  66

    5-1 Analysis of research results. 67

    5-1-1 speed analysis.. 69        

    5-1-2 pressure analysis.. 73

    5-1-3 shear stress investigation. 78

    5-1-4 Checking the forces entering the body. 82

    5-1-5 Investigation of shear back force. 82

    5-1-6 checking the compressive back force. 86

    5-2 Comparing the results with the practical application of pigs. 94

    3-5 discussion and conclusion. 95

    5-4 suggestions.. 99

    5-4-1 Removing the assumption of buoyancy in modeling and numerical solution. 99

    5-4-2 Investigating the effect of object weight on slopes. 99

    5-4-3 Inspection and design of pegs passing through bends. 100

    5-4-4 Checking the movement of the pig during sedimentation. 100

    5-4-5 Pig movement analysis in two-phase fluid. 100

    5-4-6 Investigating the fluid flow during pig run for transferring two separate phases. 101

    Resources. 102

    List of sources.. 103

    English abstract

     

    Source:

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    Capsules, part 7: An experimental investigation of the transport by two oils of single cylindrical and spherical capsules with density equal to that of the oil, Can. J. Chern. Eng, 42(1964)201-206.

    C. C. Feng, The Measurement of Vortex-Induced Effects in Flow Past Stationary and Oscillating Circular and D-Section Cylinders, Master's thesis (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1968). D. Kwak, J. L. Chang, S. P. Shanks, and S. R. Chakravarthy, A three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver using primitive variables, AIAA J: 24,390(1986).

    E. J. Jensen, Capsule pipelining-The system and its potential, Hydrotransport3, May 1974, Paper G1.

    F. H. Harlow and J. E. Welch, Numerical calculation of time-dependent viscous incompressible flow of fluid with free surface, Phys. Fluids 8(12), 2182(1965).

    G. A Osswald, K.N. Ghia, and U. Ghia, A direct algorithm for solving ofGhia, A direct algorithm for solution of incompressible three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, A/AA Paper 87-1139-CP(1987).

    G. F. Round and L. H. Bolt, The pipeline flow of capsules, Part 8: An experimental investigation of the transport in oil of single denser than oil spherical and cylindrical capsules, Can. J. Chern. Eng, 43(1965)197-205.

    G. Keulegan and L. Carpenter, Forces on cylinders and plates in an oscillating fluid, J: Res Nat. Bureau Standards 60(5), 423 (1958).

    G Moe, K. Holden, and P. Yttervoll, Motion of spring supported cylinders in subcritical and critical water flows, in Proceedings of the fourth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (1994), p. 468.

    G Ren and T. Urnes, Comparison of different projection methods for solving the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations via implementation of a finite element scheme, Numet: Meth. Laminar Turbulent Flow 8, 691(1993).

    G. W. Hodgson and M. E. Charles, The pipeline flow of capsules, part 1: The concept of capsule pipelining, Can. J. chern. Eng, 41 (1963) 43-45.

    H. A. R. Alnakeeb, Drag coefficient for tethered spheres in a vertical pipeline with and without polymer addition, M. Eng. Thesis, McMaster University, 1977.

    H. G. polderman, the development of a mathematical model for the design of hydraulic capsule transport systems, PhD Twente University of Technology, 1981.

    H. Schlichting, Boundary-Layer Theory (McGraw-Hiley, New York, 1987).

    H.S. Ellis, An analysis of the lift-off of pipeline capsules, Hydrotransport4, 1976, paper C1.

    H. S. Ellis, An experimental investigation of the transport in water of single cylindrical capsules with density greater than that of water, Can. Chem. Eng, 42(1964) 69.

    H. S. Ellis, J. Kruyer and A.A. Roehl, The hydrodynamics of spherical capsules, Can. J. Chem, Eng, 53(1975) 119-125.

    H. S. Ellis and J. Kruyer, Minimizing the pressure gradient in capsule pipelines, Can. J. Chem. Eng, 52(1974)457-462.

    H. S. Ellis and J. Kruyer, The pipeline flow of capsules, Part 10: Empirical pressure and velocity correlations for cylindrical capsules conveyed in pipelines up to 4 inches in diameter, Hydrotransport 1, 1970, Paper C2.

    H. S. Ellis, The effect of the density of cylindrical capsules on the pressure gradient in capsule pipelines, Hydrotransport3, May 1974, Paper G3.

    H. S. Ellis, The pipeline flow of capsules, part 3: An experimental investigation of the transport by water of single cylindrical capsules with density equal to that of water, Can. J. Chern. Eng, 42(1964) 1-8.

    H. S. Ellis, The pipeline flow of capsules, Part 4: An experimental investigation of the transport in water of single cylindrical capsules with density greater than that of the water, Can. J. Chern. Eng, 42(1964), 69-76.

    H. S. Ellis, The pipeline flow of capsules, part 5: An experimental investigation of the transport by water of single spherical capsules with density greater than that of water, Can. J. Chern. Eng, 42(1964)155-160.

    H. Tokunaga, K. Yoyeda, and N. Satofuka, Direct simulations of three-dimensional flows using generalized vector potential method, A/AA Paper 9/-/6/0-CP(1991).

    J. Kruyer, Friction and surface roughness effects in capsule pipelines, Hydrotransport3, May 1974, Paper G5.

    J. Kruyer and H.S. Ellis, Predicting the required liquid throughout from the capsule velocity and capsule pressure gradient in capsule pipelines, Can. J. Chern. Eng, 52(1974)215-221.

    J. Kruyer and L. M. White, Hydrodynamics of the design of a capsule pipeline, Hydrotransport 4, 1976, Paper C2.

    J. Kruyer, P. J. Redberger and H. S. Ellis, The pipeline flow of capsules, Part 9, J. Fluid Mech. 30(3)(1967)513-531.

    K. Nakajima, Y. Kallinderis, l. Sibetheros, R. W. Miksad, and K.

Analysis of the effects of fluid flow and forces on the pig
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