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  3. Effect of water cut stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of two castor cultivars

Effect of water cut stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of two castor cultivars

Number of pages: 82 File Format: word File Code: 32580
Year: 2012 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Castor - drought stress - Morphological characteristics - nitrogen fertilizer - Physiological characteristics - tension - Water cut stress
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  • Summary of Effect of water cut stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of two castor cultivars

    Master's Thesis

    Horticultural Sciences, Physiology and Breeding of Medicinal Plants

    Abstract

    In order to investigate some physiological and morphological properties of castor plant under drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer in different cultivars of this experimental plant with a basic design of split complete blocks Factorial was done in three repetitions in 2019 at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Damghan branch. In this plan, two improved castor varieties (V1) and local Mashhad (V2), three irrigation treatments including: control without stress (D1), stress at the beginning of flowering (D2), stress at the beginning of grain setting (D3) and three nitrogen fertilizer treatments including: control without nitrogen (N1), 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare (N2), 300 kg of nitrogen per hectare (N3) were considered. The results showed that the highest average of chlorophyll a (2.06 mg/g fresh weight) was in the reciprocal effect (D3*V1), in the tripartite effect (D2*V2*N1) the highest amount of chlorophyll a was (2.62 mg/g fresh weight). In the interaction effect (D1*N1) the highest mean of chlorophyll b was (2.09 mg/g fresh weight), in the interaction effect (V2*N2) the highest average of chlorophyll b was (1.92 mg/g fresh weight). The highest mean chlorophyll T was in the interaction (D1*N1) (41 mg/g fresh weight). In the interaction (V2*N3) the highest carotenoid concentration was (128.8 mg/g fresh weight). In the interaction effect (V1*D3), the highest mean of flavonoid was (34.3 mg quercetin per gram of dry weight of the plant), in the interaction effect (V1*N2) the highest average of flavonoid was (31.2 mg of quercetin per gram of dry weight of the plant). The highest carbohydrate concentration was in the triple effect of (D1*V1*N2) treatments with an average of (105.8 mg/g dry weight of the plant). The highest relative leaf water content was in the interaction effect (V1*N1) with an average of (48.6%). The highest weight of one thousand seeds was (228.6 kg/ha) due to the three-way effect (D3*V2*N2).  V2 had the highest plant height with an average (67.68 cm). The highest flower height was related to the interaction effect of treatments (D1*V2) with an average of (72.3 cm). The highest amount of oil (34.45%) was related to treatment D1 and drought stress caused a significant decrease in the amount of oil. Drought stress significantly increased the concentration of proline in castor, so that treatment D2 had the highest amount of proline (5.75 ?mol of proline per gram of plant fresh weight). The results showed that cultivar V2 had more protein (0.35 mg/g fresh weight), which was at a higher level than other treatments. The interaction effect (D3*N2) had the highest peroxidase enzyme activity with an average of (6.1) per minute per milligram of protein. The highest activity of catalase enzyme was observed under the influence of tripartite effects (D3*V1*N3) (0.65) per minute per milligram of protein. Based on the results obtained in this experiment, it can be said that although by reducing the amount of water consumed and the occurrence of drought stress, the yield of castor plant is reduced, but by using fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer at the highest level of stress, the adverse effects of drought stress on the yield of this plant can be reduced to some extent. rtl;">key words: drought stress, nitrogen fertilizer, castor, morphological characteristics, physiological characteristics

    Many uses of castor oil due to its unique physicochemical properties, in the pharmaceutical, health, cosmetic, biodiesel and recently in the food industries, have led to a lot of research on it (Omid Begi et al., 1388). The planting of oilseeds has long been an important part of the world's agriculture, especially in the Middle East, and the increase in its production in the world is proof of the importance of this issue. Therefore, some countries have a significant inherent talent in this regard, and they have a long history in the field of producing some of them, such as castor and sesame, but due to various reasons and reliance on the oil industry and lack of proper planning for agricultural priorities, this potential talent has not been fully realized (Nasseri, 2014). Lack of water in Iran has always been considered as a factor limiting the cultivation of agricultural and medicinal plants. Drought stress in different growth stages, especially the flowering and seeding stages, limits yield.The effects of lack of moisture on the performance and changes in the effective substances of medicinal plants have special characteristics that must be fully evaluated. It seems that medicinal plants have different reactions to drought stress in their performance and effective substances. To understand these characteristics, extensive research on plants with medicinal value and the application of different treatments is needed. The lack of moisture forces the plant to various morphological reactions such as reduction of leaf area, pricking, early fall, reduction of aerial parts, increase in root growth, physiological and metabolic, such as stomatal closure, reduction in growth rate, accumulation of antioxidants and soluble substances, and the activity of specific genes, etc. (Hoqz et al. [1], 1989). Plant growth and potential performance are related. Drought stress is considered as one of the most important environmental stresses. Cold, freezing, heat, wind and salt stress eventually lead to drought stress and damage to the plant in this way (Sarmadnia and Kochki 1998, Kochki and Nasiri 1993). The reaction and coordination with water stress is related to other factors, the duration and intensity of the stress and the stage of expansion or development and differentiation of the plant (Kumar[2], 1993).

    1-1 Purpose of the research:

    The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of drought stress and the amount of nitrogen consumed and their interaction on some physiological and morphological traits of castor medicinal plant in order to optimally use the agricultural facilities of Damghan city and to find species resistant to drought stress as well as to increase the amount of active substance and oil percentage in different varieties of castor medicinal plant using nitrogen treatment and water cut stress and finally to identify the best growth conditions for Cultivation of different cultivars of this medicinal plant on an industrial scale and applying drought stress to obtain the most suitable level of stress that can produce the most amount of product. 2-1 Research Necessity: Considering that castor is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world and this plant is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, improving the quantity and quality of this plant is of particular importance in order to increase its efficiency in the above cases. is, because the improvement of the quantity and quality of this plant is largely influenced by irrigation and proper fertilizer feeding and the results of quantitative research are available in Iran, it is necessary to carry out experiments to check and find the best irrigation regime and also the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer for this plant.

    For this purpose, to check the yield, yield components and oil percentage of the medicinal castor plant under the conditions of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer in different varieties of this plant in the field of Azad Islamic University of Damghan in the form of a basic plan Randomized complete blocks (RCBD) were done in the form of factorial split in three replications.

    1-2 Botany of castor

    Euphorbiaceae family has 331 genera and 8000 species, most of which have seminal saps and unisexual flowers (Zargari, 1383). Castor (Ricinus communis) is one of the industrial plants of this family (Volak and Stodola, 2012). Castor is a perennial, herbaceous plant in the form of a shrub or a small tree with a height of about 4 meters and very large leaves similar to fig leaves, male and female flowers grow distinctly near the end of the branches, and the fruit is in the form of a capsule that contains three seeds and has soft thorns, a wooden stem and a hollow, a panicle-like inflorescence, and in the term called candlestick, the male flowers are seen at the bottom and the female flowers are seen at the top (Mir Haider, 2006).

  • Contents & References of Effect of water cut stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of two castor cultivars

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Chapter One.. 2

    Introduction.. 2

    1-1 Aim of the research:.. 3

    2-1 Necessity of research:.. 4

    Chapter Two.. 5

    Review of sources.. 5

    1-2 Castor Botany.. 6

    2-2 Geographical distribution.. 6

    2-3-3 Ecological needs.. 6

    2-4-Pests and diseases.. 7

    5-2 Castor cultivars.. 7

    6-2 propagation method.. 7

    7-2 Irrigation.. 8

    2-8 Harvesting.. 8

    9-2 Part used and its application. 8

    10-2 Drought.. 9

    11-2 Dryness.. 9

    2-12 Definition of stress.. 10

    2-13 types of stress.. 10

    14-2 Drought stress and how it occurs. 10

    2-15 nitrogen.. 11

    Inorganic nitrogen:.. 11

    Organic nitrogen:.. 13

    Nitrogen fertilizers:.. 14

    Chemical sources of nitrogen fertilizers:.. 14

    Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) :.. 14

    Liquid ammonia:.. 15

    Urea:.. 15

    Ammonium sulfate (AS):.. 16

    Ammonium nitrate:.. 16

    The amount of nitrogen in the plant:.. 17

    16-2 Mechanisms of plant resistance to stress. 18

    17-2 The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on plants.. 21

    18-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on oil percentage in plants. 23

    19-2 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on flavonoid concentration in plants. 23

    20-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on proline concentration in plants. 24

    21-2 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on carbohydrate concentration in plants. 25

    22-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the relative water content of leaves in plants. 26

    23-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in plants. 26

    2-24 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on seed protein percentage in plants. 27

    25-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the concentration of plant pigments in plants. 28

    26-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the weight of 1000 seeds in plants. 29

    27-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the morphological characteristics of plants. 31

    28-2 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on leaf protein in plants. 33

    Chapter 3.. 34

    Materials and methods.. 34

    1-3 Project execution location.. 35

    2-3 Project specifications.. 35

    A- Irrigation (main factor).. 35

    B- Figures used (secondary factors). 35

    P- Nitrogen fertilizer (sub-factors). 37

    2-6-3 Application of water cut stress treatments. 37

    7-3 how to take samples and measure.. 38

    1-7-3 plant height.. 38

    2-7-3 inflorescence height.. 38

    3-7-3 weight of one thousand seeds.. 38

    4-7-3 measurement of relative humidity (RWC) according to the method of Ritchie et al. (1990). 38

    5-7-3 Measurement of pigments.. 39

    6-7-3 Measurement of seed oil.. 39

    7-7-3 Measurement of proline (Bates et al., 1973). 41

    8-7-3 Measurement of total soluble sugars by the method (Eschligel, 1986). 42

    9-7-3 Measurement of flavonoid content. 43

    10-7-3 Seed protein measurement (Kjeldal, 1932). 43

    First stage: digestion of food. 44

    Second stage: Distillation stage.. 44

    Third stage: Titration stage. 45

    Preparation of materials and solutions.. 46

    11-7-3 Measurement of catalase activity. 46

    12-7-3 Measurement of guaiacol peroxidase activity. 46

    1-12-7-3 Enzyme activity calculation method. 47

    13-7-3 Determination of leaf soluble protein concentration. 48

    8-3 data analysis.. 48

    Chapter four.. 49

    Discussion results.. 49

    1-4 effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on oil percentage in castor medicinal plant. 50

    2-4 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on flavonoid concentration in castor medicinal plant. 52

    3-4 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on proline concentration in castor medicinal plant. 53

    4-4 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on carbohydrate concentration in castor medicinal plant. 57

    5-4 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the relative water content of leaves in the medicinal plant castor. 59

    4-6 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in castor medicinal plant 60

    4-7 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on seed protein percentage in castor medicinal plant. 63

    8-4 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on concentration63

    4-8 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the concentration of plant pigments in the castor medicinal plant. 65

    9-4 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the weight of 1000 seeds in castor medicinal plant. 71

    4-10 The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the morphological characteristics of castor medicinal plant. 72

    11-4 Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on leaf protein in castor medicinal plant. 74

    Conclusion. 76

    Suggestions. 77

    Table 1. Variance analysis of quantitative and qualitative traits in castor plant. 78

    Table 2. Comparison of averages related to quantitative and qualitative traits under the influence of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer in castor 79

    Table 3. Comparison of averages of two-way effects related to quantitative and qualitative traits under the influence of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer in castor 80

    Table 4. Comparison of averages of three-way effects related to quantitative and qualitative traits under the influence of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer in Castor 81

    Table 5. Correlation coefficients between quantitative and qualitative indicators to stress and nitrogen fertilizer. 82

    Resources. 86

    Abstract

    Source:

    Abrosh., A. Siadat., A and P Borumand Fard. 2019. Evaluation of the effects of drought stress on some morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of wheat lines in Dezful. Scientific Research Quarterly Journal of Plant Physiology - Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch. second year Number two. pp. 113 to 130.

    A. Duke, J., 2017. Culture of medicinal plants. Translators Z. the teacher A. Mohaghegzadeh and M. Shams Ardakani 1st edition, Marlik Publications, 1070 pages.

    Tehmeharian, K., 2018. The effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and planting date on cumin yield and yield components in Kushkak region of Fars province. Master's thesis on management of desert areas, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University. . 2013. The effect of drought stress on soluble carbohydrates, chlorophyll and proline in four wheat cultivars adapted to different climatic conditions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 35, Number 3, pp: 763-753.

    Omid Beigi, R., A-Reza Lu, A., A-Reza Lu, K and F. Habibi Nodeh 2018. Evaluation of the quality and physicochemical properties of castor oil in East Azerbaijan. Journal of Food Industry Research. Volume 1/19. No. 2. P.: 69-79.

    Omid Beigi, R., Fakhr Tabatabai, S.M. and T. Akbari. 1380. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on fertility (growth, seed yield and effective substances) of oilseed flax. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1: 64-53.

    Amini, Z., Haddad, R. and Moradi, F. 2017. Investigating the effect of dehydration stress on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the reproductive growth stages of barley plant (Hordeum vulgare L.) Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, Year 12, Number 46 (A), 10 pages. M., Imam, Y. and Barzegar, M. 1387. The effect of water stress, excess carbon dioxide and ultraviolet radiation on the qualitative characteristics of durum wheat flag leaves, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, Year 12, Number 45 A, pp: 167-181.

    Hajbi, Abdulhamid., Heydari Sharifabad, Hossein. 2014. Investigating the effect of drought stress on the growth and nodulation of three types of clover. Journal of research and construction in agriculture and horticulture. 66: 13-21.

    Jalilewand, H., Kazemi, F., Habibi, D. And A, Akbari Nia. . 2017. The effect of nitrogen and plant density on mucilage and some mineral elements of basil medicinal plant seeds. The 10th Congress of Agricultural Sciences and Plant Breeding of Iran. 535 pages.

    Joanshir, A., Zahtab Selmas, S., Omid Beigi, R., Aliari, H. and Ghasemi Golazani, K. 2010. The effects of irrigation and planting date on the amount of essential oil and antol in anise medicinal plant. National Conference of Iranian Medicinal Plants. Research Institute of Forests and Pastures. February 29 Pages 117 to 118.

    Khazaei, H. R., Mohammad Abadi, A. A. and Borzoi, A. 2014. Investigating the morphological and physiological characteristics of millet varieties in different irrigation regimes, Iran Agricultural Research Journal, Volume Three, Number 1, 10 pages.

    Khalili. A. Sower, vol. 2013. Analysis of annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall changes in five old stations of Iran in the last one hundred and sixteen years, 9(1):25-33.

    Dehghan Shaar, M., Hamidi, A. 2014. Seed strength evaluation methods. Azmon Agriculture Publishing, Karaj, Iran.

    Rahimi, M. M., Noor Mohammadi, Q., Aineband, A., Afshar, A., and Maaf Pourian, G. 2018. The effect of planting time and different levels of nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Journal of Seedling and Seed Agriculture 2-25: 79-91. Rahimi, M-M. and Mazaheri, D. 1383.

Effect of water cut stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of two castor cultivars
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