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  3. The effect of different levels of super absorbent (A-200) on the yield and yield components of Shahriar cultivar wheat at different levels of irrigation in two types of soil with different textures.

The effect of different levels of super absorbent (A-200) on the yield and yield components of Shahriar cultivar wheat at different levels of irrigation in two types of soil with different textures.

Number of pages: 100 File Format: word File Code: 32554
Year: 2010 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Different levels of irrigation - drought stress - performance - performance components - soil - soil - Super absorbent - Super absorbent polymer - wheat
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  • Summary of The effect of different levels of super absorbent (A-200) on the yield and yield components of Shahriar cultivar wheat at different levels of irrigation in two types of soil with different textures.

    Dissertation for M.Sc. degree

    Strategy: Agriculture

    Abstract

    Effect of different levels of super absorbent (A-200) on the yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Shahriar at different levels of irrigation in two types of soil

    with different textures.

    This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of the application of different levels of superabsorbent polymer A-200 on the yield and yield components of Shahriyar variety wheat at different levels of drought stress in two types of soil with different textures in Chitab region, 40 km west of Yasuj in 1387-88 in Shahriyar variety wheat. The experiment was carried out as a factorial and in the form of a completely randomized design in four replications in pots. The experimental treatments include: irrigation at three levels (FC, 0.7FC and 0.5FC). Soil treatment in this research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the application of different levels of superabsorbent polymer A-200 on the yield and yield components of Shahriar variety wheat at different levels of drought stress in two types of soil with different textures in Chitab region, 40 km west of Yasuj in 2017-2018. The experiment was carried out as a factorial and in the form of a completely randomized design in four replications in pots. The test treatments included: irrigation at three levels (FC, 0.7FC and 0.5FC), soil treatment at two levels (heavy texture and light texture) and superabsorbent polymer at four levels (0, 1, 2 and 4 grams of superabsorbent polymer per kg of soil). The results showed that different levels of superabsorbent polymer had a significant effect on seed yield, biological yield, number of spikes, weight of 1000 seeds and number of seeds per spike. By increasing the amount of superabsorbent, the seed yield increased. The effect of soil type on grain yield and biological yield was significant at 1% level. In soil with heavy texture, more grain yield and biological yield were obtained. The effect of different levels of drought stress on seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, number of spikes, weight of 1000 seeds and number of seeds per spike was significant at 1% level. The highest grain yield and biological yield were related to FC treatment, and with increasing stress, grain yield and biological yield decreased. Drought stress decreased grain yield by reducing the yield components, especially the number of spikes and the number of seeds per spike. The interaction of superabsorbent polymer, soil type and drought stress were not significant for any of the measured parameters. The maximum average grain yield was obtained separately from the consumption of 4 grams of superabsorbent polymer per kilogram of soil, soil with heavy texture and FC drought stress.

    Key words: soil, superabsorbent polymer, wheat, yield and drought stress.

     

    1- First chapter: General

    Introduction

    Drought and shortage of water resources is one of the most important problems in today's world, which has faced serious restrictions on agricultural development. Lack of water not only for agriculture and horticulture, but also for other purposes such as drinking, industry and sanitary purposes has become an increasing problem of the current century. Water is the main factor in the production of agricultural products, ecology and healthy environment, and providing food for the population, which, with its ever-increasing population, has been excessively exploiting and polluting its resources (Zohurian Mehr, 2015; Chatzoploz et al., 2000). In Iran, the dry and semi-arid climate has affected most of the regions, and especially the recent droughts have added to the problem of water scarcity. Each of the plants in general and agricultural plants in particular have a minimum water requirement to grow and produce optimal performance even under greenhouse conditions. If the minimum water requirement is not provided for some reason, the plant facing drought stress can cause irreparable damage to the crop if the said stress coincides with growth stages sensitive to water shortage, such as seed germination and flowering stage (Yazdani et al., 2018).         

    According to the available statistics, more than 90% of the consumed water is consumed in the agricultural sector, of which 63% is wasted with incorrect and traditional methods of irrigation (Kikhaei, 2011; Ganji Khorram Del, 2011). Therefore, the optimal use of water in this sector plays an important role in the life of humanity, because in addition to increasing potable water resources, it increases the cultivation area in dry areas.Therefore, the optimal use of water in this sector plays an important role in the life of humanity, because in addition to increasing potable water resources, it will increase the cultivation area in dry areas and increase production. In most of the regions of our country, rainfall is very little and scattered, and the average annual rainfall is 200 to 250 mm, and it mostly happens in the non-agricultural season, and it goes out of use, and sometimes it causes the destruction and erosion of useful agricultural lands. In these areas, agricultural and garden plants are mostly in drought stress (Maouni and Chengizi, 1386).

    Drought stress occurs when the available water in the soil is decreasing and the atmospheric conditions cause more evaporation and transpiration in the plants, and these conditions may last longer, in which case the soil moisture will be at the point of wilting and the action of water absorption and transfer It is practically cut off and the plant dies and the production efficiency in agricultural products decreases significantly and providing food for the growing world population will be a problem and a complicated issue (Maaouni and Chengizi, 2016).  

    If only providing enough food for the growing population of the world is considered, paying attention to new irrigation methods and agricultural methods to use any type of measures with the aim of optimal use of existing water resources, in order to achieve maximum production in agriculture, will be an inevitable and necessary issue. In this case, the efficiency of water consumption in the agricultural sector should reach from 0.7 kg of production per liter of water consumed to 1.8 kg of production per liter (Eleh Dadi et al., 1384; Eleh Dadi, 1381; Eleh Dadi et al., 1384). This will be realized when we are able to preserve and store scattered rains and other limited water resources in the soil with the correct management of water and soil and using advanced techniques. Wheat is the most important crop on earth (Martin and Leonard, 1950; Imam, 2013). It is known that every day it is planted in one part of the earth and harvested in another part on the same day. This indicates the ability of this plant to adapt to different climates. In such a way that wheat is cultivated from Finland in the Northern Hemisphere to Argentina in the Southern Hemisphere. At the global level, nearly 52% of the world's arable land (equivalent to 707 million hectares) is dedicated to grain cultivation, and a third of this amount (nearly 232 million hectares) is under wheat cultivation (Salfar, 1994). The history of wheat cultivation reaches 10 to 15 thousand years BC (Arnon, 1927; Salfer, 1994; Imam, 2013). The wild ancestors of wheat were found in the Middle East region, western Iran, eastern Turkey and northern Iraq, and they still exist in these regions (Evans et al., 1975). On average, 15% to 16% of the world's cultivated land is dedicated to this product. so that it provides more than 20% of the calories needed by the world population (Bushok and Rasper, 1994).

    The amount of global production according to FAO statistics is more than 600 million tons and among the major producing countries; America, Canada, and Turkey have the highest yield per unit area (www.fao.org). In general, 75% of the world's wheat is used for human consumption, 15% for animal feed, and the remaining 10% for seed use. In Iran, bread made from wheat is the most important source of people's daily food and provides more than 40% of the total energy needed. The per capita consumption of bread in urban areas until 1375 (Iranian Statistics Center) is estimated at 151 kg and in rural areas at 210 kg annually (Farm Economy, 1388; Habibpour, 1388).  

    The Food Organization of the United Nations (FAO) announced that the global production of cereals will decrease by 3% to less than 2219 million tons by the end of 2009. Based on this report, the per capita consumption of cereals in the world is 153 kg. The amount of global grain reserves in 2009 was 528 million tons, which is expected to decrease by more than 7 million tons to 521 million tons in 2010. According to FAO, Iran's wheat production in 2008-2009 was equal to 9.8 million tons, which required 6 million tons of imported wheat. Iran's wheat reserves until the end of 2009 are equal to 3 million tons and the total annual requirement of Iran's wheat is 15.7 million tons. China ranks first in Asia with the production of 111 million tons, and Iran is the twelfth largest producer of wheat in the world (Farm Economy, 2008).

  • Contents & References of The effect of different levels of super absorbent (A-200) on the yield and yield components of Shahriar cultivar wheat at different levels of irrigation in two types of soil with different textures.

    List:

    Abstract 1

    1- Chapter One: General

     

    Introduction. 2

    1-2- research hypotheses. 5

    1-3-Research objectives. 6

    2- The second chapter: an overview of the conducted research

    2-1- Morphology and physiology of wheat. 7

    2-1-1- Wheat botany. 7

    2-1-2- The history of wheat in the world and Iran. 8

    2-1-3- compatibility. 9

    2-2- Different stages of wheat life. 10

    2-2-1- germination. 10

    2-2-2- turning green. 11

    2-2-3- clawing. 12

    2-2-4- Longitudinal growth of the stem. 13

    2-2-5- Flowering. 13

    2-2-6- Going to the pod. 14

    2-2-7- The appearance of the spike. 14

    2-2-8- Flowering (pollination) 15

    2-2-9- Seed milking. 15

    2-2-10- Seed pulping. 15

    2-2-11- Seed ripening. 16

    2-3- Drought stress management. 16

    2-3-1- Foreknowledge. 17

    2-3-2- Proper tillage operation. 17

    2-3-3- Selection of drought resistant cultivars. 18

    2-3-4- Planting date. 19

    2-3-5- suitable planting depth. 19

    2-3-6- Adherence to proper planting density. 19

    2-3-7- Use of mulch. 20

    2-3-8- Proper irrigation. 20

    2-3-9- control of weeds, pests and diseases 21

    2-3-10- rotation. 22

    2-3-11- Using chemical and organic substances to reduce the intensity of drought stress. 22

    2-3-12- Ensuring soil fertility. 23

    2-3-13- Use of soil physical property modifiers. 24

    2-4- The effects of water stress on the plant 31

    3- Third chapter: materials and methods

     

    3-1- The time and geographical location of the project implementation. 34

    3-2- Shahriar variety wheat 36

    3-2-1- Grain yield. 37

    3-2-2- Agricultural specifications. 37

    3-2-3- Suitable areas for cultivation. 37

    3-2-4- bakery quality. 37

    3-2-5- Disease resistance. 38

    3-2-6- Agricultural recommendations. 38

    3-2-7- The amount of seed consumption 38

    3-2-8- The amount of fertilizer required 38

    3-3- Characteristics of the soil used in the experiment. 39

    3-4- Type of design and experimental treatments. 39

    3-5- Test steps. 41

    3-5-1- harvesting. 43

    3-5-2- Measurements 43

    3-5-3- Data Analysis 45

    4- Chapter Four: Results, Discussion

    4-1- Components of performance and performance 46

    4-1-1- Seed performance. 46

    4-1-1-1- The effect of different levels of super absorbent polymer on grain yield. 46

    4-1-1-2- Effect of soil type on seed yield. 47

    4-1-1-3- The effect of different humidity levels (irrigation) on seed yield. 48

    4-1-2- Biological function. 50

    4-1-2-1- The effect of different levels of superabsorbent polymer on biological performance. 50

    4-1-2-2- Effect of soil type on biological performance. 51

    4-1-2-3- The effect of different humidity levels on biological function. 52

    4-1-3- harvest index. 53

    4-1-3-1- Effect of different levels of superabsorbent polymer on harvesting index. 53

    4-1-3-2- Effect of soil type on harvest index. 55

    4-1-3-3- The effect of different levels of irrigation on harvest index. 55

    4-1-4- the number of spikes in the pot. 57

    4-1-4-1- The effect of different levels of super absorbent polymer on the number of spikes in the pot. 57

    4-1-4-2- The effect of soil type on the number of spikes in a pot: 58

    4-1-4-3- The effect of different levels of irrigation on the number of spikes in a pot. 59

    4-1-5- the number of seeds per spike. 61

    4-1-5-1- The effect of different levels of superabsorbent polymer on the number of seeds per spike. 61

    4-1-5-2- The effect of soil type on the number of seeds per spike. 62

    4-1-5-3- The effect of different levels of irrigation on the number of seeds per spike. 62

    4-1-6- The weight of a thousand grains. 64

    4-1-6-1- The effect of different levels of superabsorbent on the weight of one thousand seeds. 64

    4-1-6-2- The effect of soil type on the weight of a thousand seeds. 65

    4-1-6-3- The effect of different levels of irrigation on the weight of a thousand seeds. 66

    4-1-6-4- mutual effects of soil and irrigation on seed yield. 68

    5- Chapter Five: General conclusion and suggestions

    5-1- Conclusion. 72

    5-2- Suggestions. 74

    List of sources. 75

     

    Source:

     

     

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    Al-Dadi, A., Yazdani, F., Akbari, G., and Behbahani, S. (2004). Investigating the effect of different amounts of Superab A-200 polymer on the growth, yield, yield components and nodulation of soybean under drought stress conditions. Collection of articles of the third training course and specialized seminar on agricultural application of superabsorbent hydrogels. November 2014. Tehran. Research Institute of Polymer and Petrochemistry of Iran. Imam, Y. (1373). A guide to identifying the growth stages of wheat and barley. Technical Journal No. 18. Shiraz University Publications. 25 pages.

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The effect of different levels of super absorbent (A-200) on the yield and yield components of Shahriar cultivar wheat at different levels of irrigation in two types of soil with different textures.
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