Effect of industrial oil extraction parameters with solvent on free fatty acids, phosphatides and trace metals in crude oil

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree

in the field of agricultural engineering - food science and technology - food technology

abstract           

Vegetable oil is considered a strategic product in our country. The amount of import of this product in the country is important, and for this reason efforts are made to extract crude oil. made from oilseeds inside the country, it is comparable with its imported type in terms of cost and quality. This research aims to express the effect of various factors of oilseed preparation on the final quality of the oil extracted with hexane solvent, by examining the amount of free fatty acids and peroxide, which are indicators of the quality of the crude oil extracted, the amount of phosphorus and hydrophilic and non-hydrophilic phosphatides, which play a decisive role in determining the amount of loss in the oil refining stage, as well as the amount of iron and copper The title of rare metals that aggravate oxidation and reduce the quality of crude oil has been done and it has been done by examining the performance and working conditions of the devices on an industrial scale and in the Golbahar Sepahan vegetable oil plant. The importance of this research in its applicability is due to the fact that it was carried out in real conditions and by describing the quality control conditions of all the devices used in oil painting factories, which can be generalized to other factories active in the field of oil painting and also used in the preparation of textbooks and instructions.

Solvent extraction, acidity, crude oil, phosphatide, rare metals, quality control

Introduction:

Oilseeds, which are the most important products containing oily substance, are divided into two main categories: seeds with annual plants such as soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, cottonseed and corn, and seeds with perennial plants such as Oil palm, olive and coconut are divided, these seeds occupy a large area of ??cultivated land around the world due to factors such as climate diversity, cultivation conditions, transportation and processing facilities. Similar to different cultivation conditions, the type of oil used is not the same in different regions of the world; For example: consumption of soybean oil in China, olive oil in Mediterranean areas, soybean, corn and cotton seed oils in America and palm oil in Malaysia and Indonesia are more common(1). It has been equal to its consumption. The vegetable oils consumed at that time were mainly imported and supplied from America and the Netherlands. Nevertheless, Iran's first oil extraction factory was established in Varamin in 1317 with a capacity equivalent to 3500 tons per year (2).

After that, with the establishment of a hydrogenated oil factory in Iran and by promoting information and education about the benefits of consuming vegetable oils as a suitable and unique source of essential compounds needed by the human body, this product gradually found its place in the household consumption basket.

The industry of producing vegetable oil from oilseeds with an age of about 70 years is one of the growing and developing industries in our country, which due to the high employment generation, the existence of a suitable climate for the cultivation of oilseeds, especially the cultivation of rapeseed, which is a significant raw material for this industry throughout the country, as well as the possibility of cultivating oilseeds in spring and autumn crops as well as second crops, the existence of a suitable consumer market inside the country and in the countries of the region, the industry of oilseeds can be find its proper place in the Iranian industry (4).

An interesting point in the oil extraction and vegetable oil industry is the food and medicinal use of the side products of these industries, which can be referred to different oilseed meal. For example, soybean meal, which is the remaining product from the extraction of soybean oil by halal, which is one of the most important products due to its abundance and favorable characteristics such as high digestibility and the ability to create balance in the diet of livestock and poultry and the active trade market.. For example, soybean meal, which is the remaining product from the extraction of soybean oil by solvent, is one of the most important products due to its abundance and favorable characteristics, such as high digestibility and the ability to balance the diet of livestock and poultry, and the active trade market. Soybean hulls are another product that is considered as a source of energy, fiber, protein, and minerals, and due to its low lignin content, it is easy for livestock to digest. High-oil products[1] (HFP) which is a side product and a mixture of soybeans and corn and has high energy (fat) and fiber and is often used in feeding dairy cows (4). 2- isolated soy protein, 3- textured soy protein [2] with various aromas and flavors, and 4- soy flour [3] (5). Soy lecithin is a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and inositol, it is considered a significant source of phosphorus, choline and energy. This substance is used in both commercial and edible forms in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, paint and aquaculture industries. It is also possible to mention fatty acids, soap, soy milk, soy-based yogurts and new products such as emulsifiers, as well as the direct use of the products of this industry in the important biodiesel and biofuel industry. Despite the above, like other industries, Iran's oil extraction and vegetable oil industry, like other industries, faces problems and obstacles, such as the inappropriate time of buying oil seeds and distance. The large number of ports to the oil factories, which increases the cost of transportation, loss of oilseeds and high storage costs, as well as the lack of supervision and careful expertise during the purchase and loading of seeds and oil, which causes an adverse effect on the quality of the final product. Agriculture due to the low quality of seeds produced inside the country as well as the inadequacy of investment in industrial and applied research, which causes a reduction in product quality and by-products of the oil extraction factories in the country, is one of the problems facing the lack of progress in the oil extraction and vegetable oil industry in Iran. Based on the aforementioned cases, this research tries to investigate the effect of various processing parameters in the oil extraction industry, such as: moisture content and quality of input seeds to The production line and control of the effective parameters in the extraction of oil from soybean and rapeseed oil seeds in different stages of oil extraction, including cooking in a cooker [4], flaking in a flicker [5] and expanding in an expander [6], comparing the oil extracted from the press and also the effect of the conditions of extracting oil from seeds by solvent extraction in continuous horizontal extractors [7] and with counter current [8] and also the effect of the gumming stage with water [9] on the amount of free fatty acids, phosphatides, iron and copper metal elements and determine the amount of crude oil loss in the gumming stage, calculate the production efficiency and by analyzing the results, describe the amount of production loss reduction and increase the profitability of the process. By carrying out this project on an industrial scale, the results of this plan can be important for the country's vegetable oil production industry. important.

This study, in direction of expressing different factors of oilseeds preparation steps on final quality of solvent extracted oil with focus on free fatty acid and peroxide value level (as quality index of crude vegetable oil), phosphorous and hydratable and none-hydratable phosphatides (that has direct effect on losses amount in oil refinery level) and finally trace metals (iron and copper) which has peroxidation effect and cause decrease increase vegetable crude oil quality.

This study was done in GOLBAHAR-SEPAHAN agro-food CO.