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  3. Investigating the effects of nitroxin fertilizer and lack of irrigation on agronomic and physiological traits of millet cultivars

Investigating the effects of nitroxin fertilizer and lack of irrigation on agronomic and physiological traits of millet cultivars

Number of pages: 100 File Format: word File Code: 32548
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: IT Information Technology Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Agricultural traits - BBCH - Cultivation - fodder millet - Irrigation - Irrigation interruption conditions - millet - Nitroxin fertilizer - Phenology of plants - Physiological traits - The main plots
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  • Summary of Investigating the effects of nitroxin fertilizer and lack of irrigation on agronomic and physiological traits of millet cultivars

    Dissertation for Master's Degree

    Agricultural Engineering Field

    Agriculture Orientation

    Abstract

    This project is to investigate the effect of nitroxin fertilizer under the condition of irrigation interruption (based on BBCH, phenology stages of plants) on physiological traits and Cultivation of fodder millet cultivars in Damghan region in the cropping year 2011-2019 was carried out as a factorial split-plot experiment in the form of randomized complete blocks. The treatments included three levels of irrigation, control (full irrigation), interruption of irrigation at the stage of 61BBCH (beginning of flowering) and interruption of water at the stage of 71BBCH (end of flowering) in the main plots and the use of nitroxin (+) fertilizer and no use of fertilizer. Nitroxin(-) and three fodder millet cultivars (Bastan, Peshahang and Isfahan) were also located in sub-plots. The results showed that the maximum protein in Isfahan and Peshahang cultivars were 24.31% and 24.19%, respectively, with no significant difference, compared to the ancient cultivar, the highest amount of ash was found in the ancient cultivar with 8.22%, the highest percentage of soluble sugars was observed in the ancient cultivar with 8.91%, and the highest fiber content with 74.17% was obtained at the beginning of flowering. The highest amount of digestible dry matter under the influence of full irrigation, with 58.04%, had the highest amount of digestible dry matter. The highest amount of proline was observed under the effects of three factors in the ancient cultivar and the lack of fertilization at the beginning of flowering was equal to 2.86%, chlorophyll a and b and total at the level of 1% in all treatments had a significant effect, the percentage of relative humidity under the influence of the effects of the three factors in the Isfahan cultivar, at the beginning of flowering and the use of nitroxin fertilizer, was equal to 53.66%, and the highest height was under the influence of the two factors of the cultivar and fertilizer that in the ancient cultivar and The use of nitroxin fertilizer had the highest height with 148.27 cm, the highest forage and dry yield under the effects of 2 factors of irrigation and variety, in full irrigation, and in ancient Qom had the highest yield with 88.43 and 30.04 tons per hectare, respectively, due to the very fast growth of millet and the short growing period compared to the cultivated plants in this region, and the tolerance of millet to drought and its uniqueness in terms of The harvest time, when it is not possible to harvest other fodder plants such as corn, as well as the climatic conditions of the region and the high fodder requirement, it is recommended to cultivate millet (ancient number) in this region.

    Key words: stop irrigation, fodder millet, nitroxin fertilizer, agricultural traits, physiological traits.

    Chapter One

    Introduction and Generalities

    Introduction:

    Millet is one of the small grains and annual plants of hot and dry regions, which has many species, the name (millet[1]) from the word meaning (one thousandth root[2] ) and the word (small and small [3]) is often used to refer to extremely small things and it is considered one of the traditional cereals in dry and semi-arid areas of tropical regions (Rai et al. [4], 1988). which is due to its high tolerance to drought and salinity stress, millets are ranked sixth in importance among cereals after wheat, rice, corn, barley and sorghum. In the past, despite their agricultural importance as a major crop in harsh regions, millets are neglected. Annually, millets are cultivated on about 28 million hectares of arid and semi-arid lands in Africa and the Indian subcontinent to produce seeds and fodder (Andrew and Kumar [5], 1992). The high percentage of protein, leafiness and palatability, the absence of prussic acid, its four-carbon content, its high ability to produce in hot and dry areas, and its high water consumption efficiency compared to three-carbon species, all have made it a desirable plant for cultivation in hot and dry areas that face water limitations (Nakhoda et al., 2019). One of the most important limitations of production in arid and semi-arid regions is the lack of water (Reedy et al. [6], 2004).

    The effect of drought is a function of its duration, the growth stage of the crop plant, cultivar and species, type of soil and management activities to adapt to drought. Flowering is the most sensitive stage of the growth of crop plants to drought, which affects the seed yield of the plant, two weeks of drought stress during the stage..

    The effect of drought depends on its duration, the growth stage of the crop plant, cultivar and species, type of soil and management activities to adapt to drought. Flowering is the most sensitive stage of the growth of crop plants to drought, which affects the seed yield of the plant. Two weeks of drought stress during the flowering phase can lead to a complete reduction in seed yield. In drought stress conditions, the surface of the soil starts to dry, but the depth of the soil is still moist. but the roots of the plant have the ability to absorb water, as a result, deep roots can be more effective in creating tolerance to drought than superficial roots. For this reason, deep roots are a suitable measure for drought tolerance in the field (Kocheki and Khajeh Hosseini, 2017). (Salk-Gilani et al., 2013; Ghanbari Pirgami et al., 2011).

    Nowadays, special attention has been paid to the biological fixation of nitrogen through free helper bacteria, including (Azospirillum[7]) and (Azetobacter[8]) (Tilak et al.[9], 2005). Nitroxin biological fertilizer has a set of nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Azotobacter and Azospirillum, which causes the growth and development of roots and aerial parts of plants (Gilik et al. [10], 2001). They rank sixth in importance, in the past, despite their agricultural importance, millets are neglected as a major crop in harsh regions. Millet is cultivated annually on an area of ??about 28 million hectares of arid and semi-arid lands in Africa and the Indian subcontinent for grain and fodder production (Andrew Kumar[11], 1992). Being, its high production ability in hot and dry areas, and its high water consumption efficiency compared to three-carbon species, all have made it considered as a desirable plant for cultivation in hot and dry areas that face water limitations (Nakhoda et al., 1379).

    Drought stress increases the percentage of dry matter and also increases the percentage of soluble sugars (Rehbari et al., 1390). The reactions of plants to drought stress are different at different levels, from the cell to the whole plant, depending on the intensity and duration of the stress, as well as depending on the plant species and even in the genotypes belonging to the same species (Chaos et al.[12], 2002; Jalal et al.[13], 2008). Millet and sorghum are the most important fodder plants in arid regions, which have relatively high tolerance to drought stress, and due to this compatibility and high efficiency of water consumption, they can produce satisfactory performance in these conditions (Montreal et al. [14], 2007). (2013) stated that drought stress at the beginning of flowering causes a decrease in fodder yield per hectare.

    Factors limiting photosynthesis are divided into two categories:

    1- Stomatal factors that lead to a reduction in Co2 diffusion into the intercellular space due to the reduction of stomatal conductance,

    2- Non-factors A hole that occurs with the lengthening of the stress period and limits photosynthesis through the direct effect of water shortage on the biochemical processes of carbon processing (Ahmadi et al., 2017). The close relationship between the inhibition of photosynthesis under stress conditions and metastructural changes in chloroplasts is a reason for the direct effect of stress on chloroplasts (Khazaei and Kafi, 2018). Chlorophyll stability is known as an indicator of drought stress and a criterion for selecting drought-tolerant cultivars, and a high stability index means that the stress has no effect on the plant and makes the plant have better access to chlorophyll (Kocheki and Khajeh Hosseini, 2017). The ability of plants to resist various stresses avoids the occurrence of stress by creating physical or metabolic barriers (Adalati Fard, 2015). Avoidance of water deficit can be done by reducing during the season or by further developing the root system and absorbing water from the lower profile of the soil or by closing the plant's stomata (Thaghal Al-Islami et al., 2015). Solar is converting it into dry matter and sharing the dry matter produced between various plant organs, including harvestable organs (product) (Imam and Thagha Al-Islami, 1384).

    Drought is considered the most important limiting factor in the successful production of crops worldwide (MC Donald [15], 2003).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effects of nitroxin fertilizer and lack of irrigation on agronomic and physiological traits of millet cultivars

    List:

    Abstract 1

    1-1- Importance of the topic. 4

    1-3- Research structure. 7

    1-4- Research objectives. 7

    Generalities. 8

    1-5- Botany. 8

    1-5-1- Inflorescence. 9

    1-5-2- Spike. 10

    1-5-3 leaves. 10

    1-5-4- stem. 10

    1-5-5- root. 11

    1-5-6- height. 11

    The second chapter. 13

    A review of the conducted research. 13

    2-1- The history of millet. 14

    Numbers of millet cultivated in the research. 14

    2-1-1- Isfahan millet. 14

    2-1-2- Ancient millet. 15

    2-1-3- scout millet. 15

    2-3- Drought stress and water shortage. 16

    2-2- Phenological stages of millet plant (BBCH) 19

    2-4- Nitroxin fertilizers. 19

    2-5- dry matter. 21

    2-6-chlorophyll. 22

    2-7- Proline. 23

    2-8- The relative humidity of the leaf. 23

    2-9- protein. 24

    2-10- Soluble sugars. 25

    2-11- Fiber 25

    2-12- Leaf surface index. 25

    2-13- Dry weight of aerial parts. 26

    2-14- Performance of wet fodder 26

    2-14- Performance of dry fodder. 27

    The third chapter. 28

    Materials and methods. 28

    3-1- Position of project implementation. 29

    3-2- Measurement of fodder quality and physiological traits. 29

    CP protein percentage. 30

    Percentage of DMD digestible dry matter. 30

    % of total ash of ASH. 30% of soluble sugars WSC. 30

    CF fiber percentage. 30

    3-2-1- Measurement of proline: 30

    3-2-2-Measurement of relative moisture content (RWC) 31

    3-3-Measurement of the amount of chlorophyll a and b and total: 31

    3-4-Measurement of yield and yield components 32

    3-5-Measurement of leaf area index. 32

    Chapter Four. 33

    Results and discussion. 33

    4-1- Analysis. 34

    4-1-1- crude protein CP. 34

    4-1-2-ASH ash. 35

    4-1-3-WSC soluble sugars. 35

    4-1-4- CF fiber. 36

    4-1-5- DMD digestible dry matter. 37

    4-2-1- Chlorophyll a. 44

    4-2-2-chlorophyll b. 45

    4-2-3- total chlorophyll. 47

    4-2-4- percentage of relative humidity of RWC. 48

    4-2-5-Proline. 49

    4-3-1- Leaf surface index. 57

    4-3-2-height. 58

    4-3-3-Dry weight of shoot. 59

    4-3-4- performance of wet fodder 60

    4-3-5- performance of dry fodder. 61

    The fifth chapter. 71

    Conclusions and suggestions. 71

    5-1- Conclusion. 72

    5-2- Suggestions. 74

    Resources. 75

    Appendix. 89

     

     

    Source:

     

     

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Investigating the effects of nitroxin fertilizer and lack of irrigation on agronomic and physiological traits of millet cultivars
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