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  3. Identification of species of the genus Larinus spp. (Col. Curculionidae) and study of some biological characteristics of the dominant species in Kerman region

Identification of species of the genus Larinus spp. (Col. Curculionidae) and study of some biological characteristics of the dominant species in Kerman region

Number of pages: 102 File Format: word File Code: 32546
Year: 2011 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Biological characteristics - biology - Echinops - Larinus - Lixini - Morisita index - Shannon diversity index - Shannon uniformity index
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  • Summary of Identification of species of the genus Larinus spp. (Col. Curculionidae) and study of some biological characteristics of the dominant species in Kerman region

    Abstract:

    Species of Larinus spp.  (Col.: Curculionidae) feed on the seeds of dark weeds of Asteraceae and are effective in controlling weeds belonging to this family. In this research, Larinus species were collected by regular sampling during different growth stages of dark weeds of Asteraceae during 2009 and 2010. In this study, seven Larinus species with the scientific names Larinus affinis Fremuth, L. nidificans Guibourt,
    L. onopordi (Fabricius), L. syriacus Gyllenhal, L. grisescens Gyllenhal, L. liliputanus Faust and Larinus sp. were identified. All species are reported from Kerman for the first time. The abundance percentage of Larinus species was calculated on six dark weed species of Asteraceae. The results showed that L. affinis has the highest relative abundance (89-91%) on the host plant Echinops aucheri Boiss, L. nidificans has the highest relative abundance (51-61%) on the host plant Echinops longipenicillatus Mozaff. & Ghahr and Larinus sp. It had the highest relative abundance (87.5 to 88%) on the host plant Cousinis stocksii Winkler. Shannon's index of diversity and evenness was calculated on six Asteraceae dark weed species. The results showed that Shannon's diversity and uniformity index was significantly lower for Larinus species on E. aucheri and C. stocksii compared to other weeds in both studied years. Also, Shannon's diversity and uniformity index respectively during the growth stages of germination, bud growth, flowering and ripening of E. aucheri and
    C. stocksii decreased in the two years studied. The diversity similarity index of Morisita-Horn species was calculated on six dark weed species of Asteraceae. The results showed that the diversity similarity index of Morisita-Horn species for Larinus species is between (1)
    E. aucheri and the next five weed species (less than 0.1), (2) C. stocksii and the next five weed species (less than 0.1) and (3)
    E. longipenicillatus and the next five weed species (0.024 to 0.310 depending on the weed species) was lower. While the Morisita-Horn species diversity similarity index between E. lalesarensis - C. oxyachantha, E. lalesarensis - O. leptolepis and C. oxyachantha - O. leptolepis was more than 0.5. 1389 and 1390 were studied. This weevil had one generation per year and overwintered as full insects under plant remains. The duration of the immature stages was determined as 66.4 to 67.2 days in the two years under study. The average reproductive rate of this weevil was determined from 40.3 to 60.6 eggs per female, respectively, in the two years studied. The females placed the eggs individually in the flower plate of the host plant. Also, the life span of full-fledged female insects removed from the winter shelter was determined to be 45.9 to 48.6 days in the two years under study. The population density of the weevil L. affinis was studied during the two years of 2009 and 2010. The results showed that the density of overwintering insects was significantly higher in the germination stage and the growth and development of the whole buds in both studied years. The population of eggs in 1389 in the germination stage and in 1390 in the germination stage and the growth and development of the total buds was significantly higher than other developmental stages. The population of larvae in the flowering stage in 2009 and in the growth and development of buds and flowering in 2010 was more than other developmental stages. The peak population of newly emerged pupae and complete insects was observed at the beginning and end of flower layers, respectively. The results of the present research showed that the weevil L. affinis is a specific pest of the weed E. aucheri. Therefore, this weed can be useful as a biocontrol agent in the integrated management of this weed in the Kerman region.
     

    Key words: Larinus, Lixini, Kerman, Echinops, Shannon diversity index, Shannon uniformity index, Morisita-Horn index, biology

    Introduction and review of past research

    1-1- Introduction

     

    Plants belonging to the sunflower family[1], have various species, some of which are weeds in fields and pastures, some are medicinal plants, and some are crops (Nasirzadeh et al., 1384). One of the important genera of this family, which is considered as a weed, is the genus Onopordun, which includes about 50 species of plants in this family (Bryce et al. [2], 1990). Species of the genus Onopordun and Centaurea (Sobehin and Fornaseri[3], 1994) are propagated only by seeds. From the genus Centaurea, the species Centaurea solstitialis L. or yellow star flower is an important weed in fields and pastures (Group et al.[4], 1990; Shelley et al.[5], 1998; Di Tommaso[6], 2005). Different species of weeds from the genus Onopordun, such as cotton thistle, often grow in barren lands, along streams and rivers, along roads, pastures, pastures, and various agricultural lands, especially grain fields (Doi[7], 1991). The growth of these weeds in pastures causes a decrease in the production of fodder in these lands and also limits their use for raising livestock. The high density of thorny weeds in the pastures is like a natural barrier preventing cattle from moving and making it difficult for them to access new sources of food and water. Also, farmers face many problems in agriculture and animal husbandry due to the thorniness of the leaves and stems of these plants (Sindel[8], 1991).

    Other genera of dark plants of Asteraceae such as Echinops have species that are known as medicinal plants and are used in the treatment of many respiratory diseases and convulsions (Zargari, 1370).

    Some species of this genus are also used as decorative plants in gardening, but more attention is paid to their medicinal aspects (Dahlia et al.[9], 2006).

    Generally, weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants that have a negative impact on human well-being and comfort by competing with human exploitation of water and soil resources. Although herbicides play an important and effective role in reducing the density of weeds and preventing their damage in agriculture and grazing, however, the use of herbicides has increased concerns about the safety of produced food and environmental pollution, and has also caused weed control experts to turn to the use of alternative methods for weed control. For example, weed C. solstitialis is observed in high density in pastures and pastures, vineyards and other habitats, especially in the western United States; So that in California, the level of contamination with this weed reached from 0.48 million hectares in 1958 to 2.3 million hectares in 1985 (Maddox et al.[10], 1985). Because chemical control on a large scale causes environmental pollution, therefore, biocontrol agents are used to control this weed on a large scale (Sobehin and Fornaseri, 1994). Considering that this weed reproduces only by seeds, therefore, seed-eating insects are desirable biocontrol agents for this weed (Sobehin and Fornaseri, 1994).

    Using biocontrol agents to control weeds as an alternative and desirable method in weed management plays a very important role. Monovorous insects [11], which feed on certain types of weeds as a food source, are among the suitable biocontrol agents for weed control. The intensity of the effect of biocontrol agents on weeds depends on the climatic conditions of the region, reproduction, size and feeding method of the insect (Ravo [12], 2000). Weevil species belonging to the genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 play an important role in controlling most dark weeds of Asteraceae (Zolfer et al., 1971 and Coombs et al., 2004). These weevils control them by feeding on the seeds of weeds belonging to the genus Onopordun (Karimpour, 2007). These weevils are distributed from the eastern regions of the Mediterranean basin to the central regions of Asia (Karimpour, 2007). A number of species of this weevil have nutritional activity on the species of the genus Echinops and cause the production of man [15] on them (Nasirzadeh et al., 2014).

  • Contents & References of Identification of species of the genus Larinus spp. (Col. Curculionidae) and study of some biological characteristics of the dominant species in Kerman region

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Chapter 1 1

    1- Introduction and review of past researches 2

    1-1- Introduction 2

    1-2- The position of weevils of the genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 in animal classification 4

    1-3- Morphology of family weevils (Curculionidae) 4

    1-4- Weevils of the Lixinae subfamily 6

    1-4-1- Morphological features of the weevils of the Lixinae subfamily 7

    1-5- Larinus weevils in different regions of Iran and the world 9

    1-6- Larinus Dejean weevils, 1821 16

    1-7- Bioecology of weevils of the genus Larinus 17

    1-8- The role of weevils of the genus Larinus in the biological control of weeds 18

    1-9- The role of weevils of the genus Larinus in man production 20

    1-10- Combining the use of weedicides Larinus with other biocontrol agents in weed control 22

    1-11- Host plants of Larinus weevils 23

    1-12- Larinus weevil parasitoids 24

    1-13- Objectives and necessity of research 25

    Chapter 2 26

    2- Materials and Research method 27 2-1- Collection and identification of Larinus species 27 2-2- Determining the abundance percentage of Larinus species and species diversity index 30 2-2-1- Determining the abundance percentage of each Larinus species 31 2-2-2- Shannon diversity and uniformity index for each of the host plants and their growth stages. 32 2-2-3- Total Shannon diversity index for each of the host plants 33 2-2-4- Similarity index of Morisita-Horn species diversity among host plants 33 2-3 Population density of L. affinis in different growth stages of E. aucheri 33 2-3-1 Determination of the number of samples 33

    2-3-2- A study of population density of the weevil L. affinis 34

    2-4- Life cycle characteristics of the weevil L. affinis on the host plant E. aucheri 35

    2-5- Identification of parasitoids of the weevil L. affinis 38

    2-6- Statistical analysis 39

    Chapter three 40

    3- Results 41

    3-1- Identification of Larinus weevil species from pastures and fields in Kerman province 41

    3- 2- Identification key for Larinus species in Kerman region 41

    3-3- Brief description of the morphological characteristics and distribution of the collected species 42

    3-4- Percentage abundance of Larinus species on different host plants 52

    3-5- Shannon diversity and uniformity index for Larinus species in different growth stages of host plants 56

    3-6- Total Shannon diversity index for Larinus species on six host plants 60

    3-7- Total Shannon uniformity index for Larinus species on six host plants 60

    3-8- Morisita-Horn species diversity similarity index for Larinus species among host plants 61

    3-9- Biological parameters of the weevil L. affinis on the plant species E. aucheri in Kerman region 63

    3-10- Population density of the weevil L. affinis on the host plant E. aucheri 67

    3-11- Predators and parasitoids of L. affinis weevil 70

    4- Discussion 71

    4-1- Larinus weevil species in Kerman region 71

    4-2- Relative abundance and diversity of Larinus species on different host plants 72

    4-3- Biological parameters of L. affinis weevil on weeds E. aucheri in Kerman region 77 4-4- Population density of L. affinis on E. aucheri weed 80 5- Suggestions 83 Resources used 84 Source: 1- Adnani, S. M., Rezaei, A., Khakdaman, H. 2013. Investigating the sources of production and the production method of Man Shekartigal in Qom province. The second conference of medicinal plants, February, Tehran, Shahid University. p. 171.

    2- Amin, Gha. 1370. Traditional plants of Iran. Iran Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy. 142 p.

    3- Ayane Chi, Y. 1370. Medical Vocabulary and Medicinal Plants of Iran (second edition). Tehran University Publications. 197 p.

    4- Bagheri, M., Nasrasafhani, M. 2013. Part of the fauna of pests and beneficial arthropods of medicinal plants and pastures in Isfahan. A specialized quarterly of entomological research, volume 3: p. 119-132.

    5- Zarezadeh, A., Mirokili, S. M., Mir Hosseini, A. 2016. Introducing the flora, biological form and geographical distribution of the plants of Dam Gaman Mehriz Valley (province)Introduction of flora, biological form and geographical distribution of plants in Gaman Mehriz valley (Yazd province). Journal of research and construction. Volume 74: p. 137-129.

    6- Zargari, A. 1370. Medicinal plants (third volume). Tehran University Publications. 888 p.

    7- Hero, A. 1373. Cormophytes of Iran (plant systematics). The third volume. Academic publishing center. 520 p.

    8- Karimpour, Y. 1387. Biology of the weevil according to Larinus latus (Col.: Curculionidae) and its effect on seed production of host plants in Urmia region. Letter of the Entomology Society of Iran. Volume 28: p. 35-50.

    9- First teacher, M. 1376. List of agricultural pests and their natural enemies in Iran. Publications of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. p. 147-429.

    10- Mozafarian, V. 1375. Dictionary of names of Iranian plants. Contemporary culture. 197 p.

    11- Mirhaider, H. 1373. Plant knowledge (the sixth volume). Islamic culture publishing office. 747 p.

    12- Nasirzadeh, A.R., Javedtash, A., Deshatas, M. 2014. Identification of the species of Shekartighal and investigation of some biological characteristics of the common wasp (Larinus vulpes Oliv.) in Fars province. Iranian medicinal and aromatic plants research quarterly, volume 21: p. 346-335.

     

    13- Abegaz, B.M., Tadess, M., Majinda, R. 1991. Distribution of sesquiterpene lactones and polyacetylenic thiophenes in Echinops. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 16: 323-328.

    14- Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A., Lyal, C.H.C. 1999. A world catalog of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (except Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis Secure Copy, Spain. 315 pp.

    15- Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A., Lyal, C.H.C. 2002. Addenda and corrigenda to; a world catalog of families and genera of Curculionidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zootaxa. 63: 1-37.

    16- Booth, R.G., Cox, M.L., Madge, R.B. 1990. The guides to insects of importance to man, Coleoptera. International Institute of Entomology Natural History Museum, C.A.B International, London. 384 pp.

    17- Briese, D.T. 1996a. Life history of the Onopordun capitulum weevil Larinus latus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its effect on the survival of immature stages. Oecologia. 105: 454-463.

    18- Briese, D.T. 1996b. Oviposition choice by the Onopordun capitulum weevil Larinus latus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its effect on the survival of immature stages. Oecologia. 105: 464-474.

    19- Briese, D.T. 2000. Impact of the Onopordun capitulum weevil Larinus latus on seed production by its host plant. Journal of Applied Ecology. 37: 238–246.

    20- Briese, D.T., Lane, D., Hyde-Wyatt, B., Crocker, H.J., Diver, R.G. 1990. Distribution of thistles of the genus Onopordun in Asturalia. Plant Protection Quarterly. 5: 23-27.

    21- Change, C.T., Yang, J T., Hsu, M.T. 1990. Study on the natural pesticide components in Echinops grijissi. Plant-Media, Japan. pp. 533-560.

    22- Chaudhuri, P.K. 1988. Constituent of the flowers of Echinops fchinatus. Fitoterapia. 59: 150-151.

    23- Colonnelli, E. 2003. A revised check list of Italian Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa. 337: 1-142.

    24- Colonnelli, E., Osella, G. 2009. New data on some Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Anthribidae, Apionidae, Curculionidae) from Sardinia. Zootaxa. 2318: 421-426.

    25- Colwell, R.K. 2006. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8.

    26- Coombs, E.M., Clark, J.K., Piper, G.K., Cofrancesco, J.A.F. 2004. Biological control of invasive plants in the United States. Oregon State University Pres., Corvallis Oregon. 467 pp.

    27- Crowe, M.L., Bourchier, R.S. 2006. Interspecific interaction between the gall-fly Urophora affinis Frfld. (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the weevil Larinus minutus Gyll. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) two biological control agents released against spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe L. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 16: 417-430.

    28- Dalia, E., Michele, Z., Xinlu, C., Moshe, R. 2006. Regeneration and transformation of Echinops cv. Weitsch blue. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 85: 1-9.

    29- Dewey, S.A. 1991.

Identification of species of the genus Larinus spp. (Col. Curculionidae) and study of some biological characteristics of the dominant species in Kerman region
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