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  3. The effect of salicylic acid on yield and yield components of barley variety (Walfajr) under drought stress conditions

The effect of salicylic acid on yield and yield components of barley variety (Walfajr) under drought stress conditions

Number of pages: 83 File Format: word File Code: 32544
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: atmosphere - drought stress - Irrigation - performance - performance components - Performance components of the atmosphere - Salicylic acid
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  • Summary of The effect of salicylic acid on yield and yield components of barley variety (Walfajr) under drought stress conditions

    Dissertation for M.Sc. degree

    Tension: Agriculture

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the yield and yield components of barley (Walfajr) under experimental drought stress conditions It was implemented in the greenhouse of Arsanjan Azad University in the agricultural year (1389-1390). This experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete design with three replications. The first factor included salicylic acid at four levels of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mM, and the second factor included three levels of irrigation based on 45, 65, and 85% of the farm's capacity. The results showed that plant height, spike per plant, seed per spike, biological yield, thousand seed weight, root weight, stem weight, shoot to root ratio and proline increased with increasing concentration of salicylic acid. In irrigating 45% of the field capacity, the highest root weight and proline content were obtained, and in irrigating 65% of the field capacity, the highest number of seeds per spike, spike per plant, 1000 seed weight and stem weight were obtained. In irrigating 85% of the field capacity, the highest plant height, biological yield, weight of leaf and stem to root were obtained. The results of the interaction effect showed that the highest number of seeds per spike, spike per plant, thousand seed weight, root weight, leaf weight, and stem weight were obtained in 2 mM salicylic acid with 65% field capacity irrigation, the lowest number of seeds per spike, spike per plant, plant height, biological yield, thousand seed weight, leaf weight, shoot to root ratio, and stem weight were obtained in 0 mM salicylic acid (control) with 45% field irrigation. And the lowest root weight and proline content in 0 mM salicylic acid were obtained with irrigation at 85% of field capacity. Salicylic acid increased all traits compared to the control, and this indicates an increase in plant resistance with the use of salicylic acid. Finally, it seems that by using 2 mM salicylic acid and irrigating 65% of the field capacity, a higher yield can be achieved. rtl;">Introduction:

    Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants and the fourth most important grain in the world after wheat, corn and rice. The amount of world production is about two fifths of wheat (Pullman [1], 1973). With the trend of increasing population, in order to provide food in the coming years, the amount of agricultural production and food should be greatly increased in order to meet the food needs of the human society. From the point of view of agricultural production experts, increasing food production is the only solution to the problem of hunger. Especially in developing countries, it is necessary to invest more in food production, if food supply is to be done in the current way, these countries should increase their agricultural production by at least 60% in the next 30 years (Fathi, 2012). Nearly 70% of the world's population is concentrated in developing countries, while in terms of food production, this ratio is the opposite. In advanced countries, with the use of technology and the application of new sciences and techniques, the production of food and the yield of agricultural products per unit area are increasing rapidly, so that the amount of production is often higher than domestic consumption. Unfortunately, in most of the developing countries, at the same time as the population growth rate increases, food shortages are spreading, and the majority of the foreign exchange income of these countries is consumed by food imports (Rostegar, 2012). Considering that progress and development in agriculture is only possible through scientific knowledge and the principles of the effect of environmental factors on optimal plant growth, and in addition to improving the conditions of the growing environment, the correct use of agricultural institutions is necessary, therefore, to create a suitable infrastructure for agricultural development, not only timely provision of institutions is necessary, but also the correct use of these institutions, as well as the application of correct management at the farm level and the use of these methods is necessary (Malkoti and Nafisi, 2013).                                                      

    Drought stress is the most important factor that makes it difficult to achieve high yield in most stages of the growth of crops in arid and semi-arid regions by creating restrictions on growth. With the intensification of drought stress, the water in plant tissues and cells is gradually lost and the natural metabolism of plant tissues and cells is disturbed.With the intensification of drought stress, the water in plant tissues and cells is gradually lost and disrupts the natural metabolism of plant tissues and cells, and as a result, performance is severely reduced (Karamer [2], 1969).                                                    

    Irrigation has been developed in many countries as a method to increase food production.              High evaporative capacity and high temperatures expose the plant to water stress, which the adverse effect of this stress can be partially reduced through sufficient water and nitrogen source due to the compensatory effects on the growth and development of the plant (Akiwido[3], 1991; Parihar[4] et al., 1974). Water stress can affect yield by affecting tillering, photosynthesis and leaf senescence, seed number and size (Frederic [5] and Cambrato [6], 1995; Koman [7] and Mauria [8], 1986).   

                  

    1-1- Barley

    Barley is one of the most important cereals in the world, which is used as food by humans and animals. This herbaceous plant belongs to the gramine family and has cultivated and wild varieties. It is more compatible than wheat and can be used in all temperate regions and in many cold regions. In the drylands where soil moisture and rainfall are insufficient for wheat growth, barley can replace it.  The origin of barley, like wheat, is the fertile halal region. Cultivated barley may have originated from two-rowed wild barley, which has a fragile spike axis and is easily crossed with cultivated barley (Imam, 2012). In dry areas, since barley is more tolerant to adverse environmental conditions and on the other hand, it ripens earlier than wheat, to avoid the danger of drought at the end of the season, it is preferred to grow it over wheat (Imam, 2012). The efficiency of water use in barley is higher than that of wheat under drought stress conditions. In addition, the efficiency of water use in cultivars with ridges is higher than cultivars without ridges. Barley is sensitive to waterlogged conditions (Zare, 1385).

    1-2- Botanical characteristics of barley

    There are many similarities between wheat and barley. The difference between barley leaves and wheat is in the ears, which are large and hairless in barley, but small and hairy in wheat. In addition, the tip of the first barley leaf is somewhat wide. But the tip of the first wheat leaf is sharp. Although the green color of barley leaves is not as dark as that of wheat leaves, but because the color of the leaves changes under the influence of some agricultural factors, including the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. It is not a reliable criterion for distinguishing wheat from barley. Barley stalks are hollow like wheat stalks and are thick at the nodes. Usually, each barley stalk consists of 5 to 7 internodes, the lower internodes are shorter than the upper ones. to the last internodes of the stem which is under the spike. It is said that the number of stalks in each barley plant is influenced by the factors affecting tillering, usually it varies between one and six stalks. As usual, two-rowed barley produces more leaves and stalks per plant (Imam, 2004).

    Barley, like wheat, has a compound spike, but unlike wheat, there is only one spike in each spike. There is a flower. In barley, three ears are attached to each stair of the spike axis, while in wheat, only one spike is attached to each stair of the spike axis. Of the spikelets that are attached to each step of the axis of the spike, in two-row barleys only one spikelet (central spikelet) and in six-row barleys all three spikelets are fertile, and the size of the central spikelet is usually larger than the two side spikelets (Zare, 1385).

    1-3- Spike structure Barley

    The flower of the barley plant is a spike that is located at the tip of the stem, the axis of the spike is usually parallel on both sides. The lower knot of the spike axis is called the collar. In each node of the axis of the spike, three spikelets are formed. Normally, each spikelet consists of one floret and two narrow glume, because in most cultivars of Lema and Palea, they remain attached to the seed after the crop is threshed. Barley is considered as a small grain grain. The central spikelet in each node is the largest spikelet, and the lateral spikelets form a spectrum from fully fertile in six-rowed oats to completely sterile in two-rowed oats (Stock, 1985).

  • Contents & References of The effect of salicylic acid on yield and yield components of barley variety (Walfajr) under drought stress conditions

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Chapter One: General research

    Introduction.. 2

    1-1- Barley.. 3

    1-2- Botanical features of barley. 4

    1-3- Barley spike structure.. 5

    1-4- Barley cultivated area.. 5

    1-5- Barley plant growth stages.. 6

    1-6- Types of barley.. 7

    1-7- Amount of seeds per hectare.. 8

    1-8- Barley resistance.. 8

    1-9- The history of the barley plant.. 9

    1-10- The economic importance of barley. 10

    1-11- salicylic acid. 11

    1-12- Stress.. 12

    1-13- Drought stress.. 13

    1-14- Drought resistance mechanisms in agricultural plants. 15

    1-14-1- Drought resistance. 16

    1-14-2- Avoiding dryness. 16

    1-14-3- drought tolerance. 17

    1-14-4- Healing or improvement after dryness. 17

    1-15- The effect of drought stress on the development of roots. 18

    1-16- Beneficial effects of drought stress. 19

    1-17- Metabolic reactions under drought stress. 19

    1-18- The objectives of the research.. 21

    Chapter Two: Review of the researches

    2-1- The effect of drought stress on the yield and yield components of barley and wheat. 22

    2-2- The mutual effect of drought stress and nitrogen on yield and yield components of barley and wheat. 30

    2-3- The effect of salicylic acid on tension. 35

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    3-1- Specifications of the place of the experiment. 44

    3-2- Weather conditions.. 44

    3-3- Specifications of soil test. 44

    3-4- Specifications of the test.. 45

    3-5- Procedures for conducting the test.. 46

    1-5-3- Operation of substrate preparation. 46

    2-5-3- fertilization operation.. 46

    3-5-3- planting operation.. 46

    4-5-3- irrigation.. 47

    5-5-3- fight against weeds. 47

    6-5-3- Fighting pests.. 47

    7-5-3- Applying tension.. 47

    8-5-3- Spraying salicylic acid. 47

    9-5-3- Harvesting operation.. 49

    6-3- Investigated traits.. 49

    7-3- Data analysis.. 49

    Chapter four: results and discussion

    4-1- Plant height.. 49

    4-2- Number of seeds in spike. 51

    4-3- The number of fertile spikes in the plant. 54

    4-4- Biological performance.. 56

    4-5- Thousand seed weight.. 58

    4-6- Stem weight without spike. 61

    4-7- Root weight.. 63

    4-8- Aerial organs to the root. 66

    4-9- Leaf weight.. 68

    4-10- Proline amount.. 70

    Conclusion.. 73

    Suggestions.. 73

    Resources

    Resources.. 75

    Source:

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The effect of salicylic acid on yield and yield components of barley variety (Walfajr) under drought stress conditions
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