Investigating the foaming effect of Chubak plant extract in malt beer

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Agricultural Engineering

Food Science and Industry

Food Technology Orientation

Abstract

In this research, the effect of saponin from Chubak plant on the stability and increase of foam in Beer is done. As we know, the root of Chubak plant is a rich source of saponin compounds, so they are considered the most important and active compounds in it. Saponins have high surface and inter-surface activity, they act as emulsifying agents and form a stable foam in water, therefore, the emulsifying properties of Chubak extract can be considered a function of the presence of saponins in it. Saponins and saponin extracts of plant origin have various uses in the processing of different foods, for example, in Iran and Turkey, Chubak extract and other similar plants are used as an emulsifier in the preparation of some traditional and industrial halva. In order to increase the stability of an emulsion system, the surface tension that exists between two immiscible liquids must be reduced, and in the food industry, a series of surface active agents called emulsifiers are used for this purpose. Currently, in the country, emulsifiers are one of the most widely used compounds used in food formulations. For this purpose, we first collect Chubak root from Torbat Heydarieh city and then perform the extraction process and prepare solutions with concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 grams per liter of the dried extract and add it to the malt liquid before pasteurization and perform the pasteurization process. After a period of time, the amount of foam and its stability were measured and compared with the sample without Chubak plant extract, and it was observed that the addition of saponin from the Chubak plant has the ability to stabilize and increase the amount of foam in beer. style="direction: rtl;"> 

Chubak Botany

     The general name of Chubak is a number of plants whose roots have been used in ancient times due to the presence of saponin, like soap for washing and cleaning clothes. These plants are from the clove family [1]. Some of them, which are shrubs and have thick roots and grow mostly in Iran, belong to the genus Acanthaphyllum[2] and some of them are annual and perennial but herbaceous, they belong to the genus Saponaria[3], which mostly grow in Europe, but a few of them are also seen in Iran (Mirhaidar, 1377).

There are a total of 61 species of the genus Acanthaphyllum in the world. Of these, 33 species can grow in Iran, and 23 species are native to this region (Ghaffari, 2004). Based on available sources, most of these species have been identified in the eastern parts of Iran (Khorasan province) and its neighboring areas (Afghanistan and Turkmenistan) (Hoyer, 1967, Eschin, 1988). And he named Baluchistan, each of which has its own characteristics.

1-1-2-Properties and uses

    Chubak root is hot and dry in nature, and among its properties is that it is a sneeze, relieves hiccups, and is useful for crushing bladder stones. Pouring its infused drops into the nose is very antisneezing and is very beneficial for opening blocked passages in cases of colds. It is so sneezing that in some cases it is dangerous for pregnant women to smell it or drop it in their nose because they may sneeze so much that they miscarry the baby. Its poultice with vinegar is useful for relieving sciatica pain and splenitis. Its edible amount is up to 5 grams. It should be noted that since saponin is a poison, more than 2 to 3 grams, and up to 5 grams in the case of strong people, it is dangerous to eat it, and consuming 15 grams is definitely fatal. Therefore, its use should be under the supervision of a doctor. To prepare its infusion, brew 2-5 grams of the root in 200-300 grams of boiling water after straining with a small spoon.To prepare its infusion, brew 2-5 grams of the root in 200-300 grams of boiling water and drink it gradually after straining it with a small spoon (Mirhaidar, 1377). to be The root of Chubak plant is a rich source of saponin compounds, so they are considered the most important and active compounds in it (Mirhaider, 2017). Based on this, most of the previous researches centered on this plant have mainly focused on identifying the structure and determining the physicochemical and biological characteristics of these compounds. However, until the beginning of the last decade, no chemical and biological research had been done on this species. For the first time, Lacail Dubois et al. (1993) isolated compounds from the root of this plant and determined the structure. The main saponin of this plant named squaroside A [4] was extracted from its root and its structure was determined using chemical methods and carbon and hydrogen NMR and IR. This saponin is a triterpene type [5] and the activity was in the form of white amorphous powder. In the investigation of the immunological activity [6] of this compound using the in vitro lymphocyte transfer test [7], it was observed that in high concentrations (10 micrograms per liter) squaroside A can inhibit the immune system, but in very small doses (10 picograms per liter), it stimulates the immune system. This was the first time that dose-dependent effects of a saponin on the immune system were reported. In 2000, using different chemical and mechanical methods, the structure of the second triterpene saponin of this plant was determined. This saponin did not have any toxic effect on lymphocytes, and its effects on the immune system were very insignificant compared to squaroside A (Gaidy et al., 2000).

    Gaidy et al. (2004) also by using special combination techniques, succeeded in determining the structure and identification of 4 new types of saponins from another species of woodpecker called Acanthophyllum glandulosum. They named these 4 new saponins Glanduloside [8] A, B, C, and D.

    Dashtosh and Sarafaraz (1380) by extracting and purifying the total saponin of Acanthophyllum glandulosum, stated that the total saponins extracted from the root of this plant have significant surface activity and are able to disrupt the biological membrane.

     In another similar work, Sajjadi et al. (1379) by examining the interfacial activity of Acanthophyllum Squarosum saponin, concluded that the said saponin has a very high interfacial activity, so that it can replace chemical surfactants [9] in pharmaceutical formulations. These researchers also investigated the absorption-enhancing effect of this saponin on the absorption of insulin through the nose and its effect on blood flow in rats, and stated that this type of saponin has remarkable absorption-enhancing properties and its effect is comparable to Kilaya saponin (Sajjadi et al., 2011).

Aqil et al. They used a kind of herbal shampoo. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of herbal shampoo produced by these researchers were all acceptable. Azad Bakht et al. (1384) were other researchers who investigated the effectiveness of the extract obtained from a species of Chubak in deparasitizing parsley and found out the high deparasitizing ability of this saponin extract compared to water and also the commercial disinfectant and cleaning agent used for this purpose.

1-2- Some of the most important saponin plants

1-2-1-Licorice[10]

    Licorice is the rhizome[11] and dried roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, which has a yellow and sweet wood. Licorice root consists of roots and underground parts. Licorice extract is extracted with water, then filtered and concentrated by vacuum to obtain a viscous mass. By continuing the process of extraction, a hard mass is obtained