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  3. Investigation and efficiency of pneumatic, electric and manual pruning shears on apple trees

Investigation and efficiency of pneumatic, electric and manual pruning shears on apple trees

Number of pages: 87 File Format: word File Code: 32539
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Agricultural machines - apple tree - black pruning - Gardening plants - Pneumatic pruning - Pruning - Pruning - Pruning shears
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  • Summary of Investigation and efficiency of pneumatic, electric and manual pruning shears on apple trees

    Master's Thesis in Agricultural Machinery Mechanics (M.Sc)

    1- Introduction

    Most horticultural plants, especially woody perennials, if they grow in suitable environmental conditions without human intervention, after a few years they will turn into trees or shrubs with dense branches, both in terms of quantity and quality. Fertility and appearance will not be favorable. In such plants, the branches interfere with each other's growth and become twisted and bent. On the other hand, due to the large number of leaves, enough light does not reach the plant's shoot, the leaves and the middle branches of the shoot gradually dry up and disappear, and the production of flowers and fruits is limited to the outer surface of the shoot, and the yield is reduced. In order to prevent this and to create a suitable shape and state in the plant, it should be pruned [1] and trimmed in the desired manner. 1-

    1- 1- 1- Definition of pruning

    Generally, pruning is the complete or partial cutting of branches, roots, bark, leaves, or flowers and fruits in order to influence and It is guiding the growth and fertility of the plant, which is one of the important gardening operations that has been known and used since about three thousand years ago.

    The reasons and benefits of pruning can be summarized as follows:

    1- Removal of disturbing, infested, diseased and broken branches to maintain and ensure the health of the plant.

    2- Creating suitable conditions for the entry of light and air into the branch and making its crowded and dense places quiet in order to produce more and better products. 3- Creating a visage shape in the plant branch, this is of particular importance in fruit work and also in shaping plants to decorate the garden.

    5- Rejuvenating old trees by removing old branches and forcing the tree to produce new branches, in order to increase the fruiting power.

    6- Bringing forward or delaying plant fertility and regulating flowering and creating a balance between vegetative growth and yield and increasing quality.

    7- Limiting growth and shortening to facilitate operations such as spraying, and crop harvesting, as well as for decorative reasons.

    1- 1- 2- Pruning time

    Depending on the type of plant and the purpose of pruning, this is done at two times of the year: A- Pruning during dormancy or sleep It is done in winter and is called black pruning or winter pruning. B- Pruning that is done during the activity period of the plant, i.e. when the plant has leaves or flowers and fruits, and is called green pruning or summer pruning. Regarding both types of pruning, it should be noted that pruning at any time causes a delay in the fertility of young seedlings and a decrease in the yield of fertile trees, therefore, balance should be observed in all types of pruning and the cutting of plant organs should be done only to the necessary amount and with extreme caution.

     

    A - Black or winter pruning

    These prunings are more common since they are done at a time when the plant has no leaves and is dormant, because firstly, at this time, bare branches are visible and you can easily reach them, and choose those that need to be completely or partially removed with an open mind. The steps in the formation of the main branches of the future tree or bush are considered, and in fact, they form the basis of the future shape of the plant. In addition to these prunings, the removal of broken, diseased and infested branches should also be done in the winter before the plant becomes active, because these types of branches are usually a shelter and a source of spreading pests and diseases (Khushkhovi, 2013).Basically, the time of this pruning starts after the fall of the leaves in the fall and ends in the late winter when the plant sap begins to flow and the blossoms swell. In cold-season fruit trees such as apples, pears, apricots and plums, it is worth noting that if they are pruned in early winter and because the crown of the tree is considered a cold protection factor for the buds inside the tree, the pruned branches and lateral surface buds may be damaged by the onset of cold and severe frost. Its crown is exposed to severe and deadly cold, and as a result, the tips of the branches freeze and dry, and for this reason, it is recommended to postpone pruning in very cold areas until the end of winter and before the plant sap flows (Pishbin, 1384).

    1- 1- 3- Types of pruning

    A- Branch pruning

    Among the different parts of a plant, the number and manner of growth of branches is the most important determining factor in the way and size of its stability against the pressures caused by the weight of the fruit, wind and snow in winter. In addition to this, how the branches are located and their angle with the main trunk and branches greatly affects the fertility of the plant and its tolerance to adverse conditions, because it affects it. For these reasons, when pruning the branches of a plant, great care must be taken and its final shape and size should always be taken into account. In general, woody plant branches can be divided into two groups, fertile and infertile. Infertile branches include: stipes, branches, and normal barren branches (without flowers and fruits).

    Fertile branches include: spikes and normal bearing branches (with flowers and fruits).

    Depending on their position, the branches can be pruned or pruned in two ways during the resting period of the plant. (Pruning of branches is in two ways:

    1- Fruiting pruning

    2- Form pruning (trimming)

    Both pruning together are done in late autumn (autumn pruning) or late winter (spring pruning).

    1- 1- 4-Pruning methods

    Currently, all over the world, various types of pruning are done by using tools such as scissors and saws, which are done by hand, but since the world's population is increasing, the need for large-scale production has increased, and due to the high cost of skilled workers, this is not practical and cost-effective at these levels. If possible, trees and shrubs should be planted in special ways and mechanically pruned by special machines. style="direction: rtl;"> 

    1- 1- 5- Pruning trees and shrubs

    Pruning means giving a specific shape to the plant and making it suitable for certain purposes, among these purposes are opening the middle of the crown to allow more light to enter, adjusting the height and horizontal distribution of the tree, strengthening the main branches and increasing their resistance to the pressure caused by the weight of the fruit. And the winter snow called increasing stability against the wind.

    Types of trimming:

    Trimming is divided into four main groups.

  • Contents & References of Investigation and efficiency of pneumatic, electric and manual pruning shears on apple trees

    List:

    Chapters. 1

    General. 1

    1- 1- Introduction. 2

    1- 1- 1- Definition of pruning. 2

    1- 1- 2- Zamanharas. 3

    A - Winter blackberry. 3

    1- 1- 3- types of pruning. 4

    A- Every branch. 4

    1- 1- 4- Herskarden methods. 5

    A- Any mechanical. 5

    1- 1- 5- Pruning trees and shrubs 5

    1- 2- Statement of the problem. 7

    1-3-The importance and necessity of conducting research. 7

    1- 4- Research objectives. 7

    1-5- Research questions. 8

    1-6- research hypotheses. 8

    1-7- Definition of specialized technical terms. 9

    The second chapter. 11

    History research. 11

    21 Literature and background research on foreign values ??12

    22 Literature and background research on domestic values ??17

    Chapter three. 22

    Materials and methods. 22

    3- 1- Description of the experimental case garden. 23

    3- 2- Used machines. 26

    3-2-1-tractor 26

    3-2-2- scissor evaluation. 27

    A- Scissors working system 29

    B- Pneumatic scissor working system with tractor. 29

    C- Electric scissor work system. 29

    D- Manual scissor work system. 30

    E- The ability to cut the net with scissors 31

    F- The ability to cut the net with manual scissors. 31

    g- The ability to cut nets with pneumatic scissors. 31

    H- The ability to cut nets with electric scissors. 32

    3- 3- Description of field experiments. 32

    3-3-1- How to connect the devices 32

    A- How to connect the pneumatic scissor device to the tractor 32

    B- How to connect the electric scissor device. 33

    C- Charging any electric battery. 34

    3-3-2- Experiments related to the duration of work (speed) 35

    3-3-3- Experiments related to costs 35

    3-3-4- Experiments related to ease of work (non-fatigue) 36

    3-3-5- Investigating the power supply source of the shears and the power level of the pruner. 36

    A- Tests related to (control treatment 1) 36

    B- Tests related to (treatment 2) 37

    C- Tests related to (treatment 3) 38

    3- 3- 6- Tests related to the effects of cuttings 39

    A- Testing of tissue damage. 39

    B- Testing the number of branches created. 40

    D- Testing for the symptoms of Chcytospora infection. 41

    3-3-5- Testing the performance of trees sawn by each of the scissors 42

    3-3-6- Quality tests of the trees sawn by each of the scissors 43

    A- Testing the quality of the fruits in terms of color. 44

    B- Testing the quality of myos according to weight. 44

    3-3-7- Static analysis and simulation of manual scissor working mechanism. 45

    A- Scissors design in the environment of Abaqusuktia software 46

    B- Networking and determination of the base and place of force action. 46

    C- Static analysis. 46

    D- Simulating the working mechanism of manual scissors. 47

    Chapter four .. 48

    Discussion results. 48

    4- 1- Results obtained from field tests. 49

    4-1-1- The results obtained from the test related to the time to complete the work (speed) 49

    A- The time to complete the threshing with manual scissors (control treatment 1): 49

    B- The time to complete the threshing with the pneumatic scissors (treatment 2): 49

    C- The time to complete the threshing with the electric scissors (treatment 3): 50

    4- 1- 2- the results obtained from the test related to the costs 52

    a- cost of manual scissors (treatment 1) 52

    b- cost of pneumatic scissors (treatment 2) 52

    c- cost of electric scissors (treatment 3) 53

    4 - 1-3- The results obtained from the test related to the ease of work (non-fatigue) 54

    4-1-4- The results obtained regarding the strength of scissors and the amount of hand force of the pruning person 55

    A- The test related to manual scissors (control treatment) 55

    B- The experiment related to pneumatic scissors (Treatment 2) 55

    4-1-5- The results obtained from the experiments related to the effects of scissors 59

    A- The results obtained from the tissue development test. 59

    A-1- Test of tissue compression by manual scissors (control treatment 1) 60

    A-2- Test of tissue compression by pneumatic scissors (treatment 2) 61

    A-3- Test of tissue compression by electric scissors (treatment 3) 61

    A- The results obtained from the test of the number of branches. 63

    A-1- Test of the number of branches formed (control treatment 1) 63

    A-2- Test of the number of branches formed (treatment 2) 63

    A-3- Test of the number of branches formed (treatment 3) 63

    B- Results obtained from the callus (callus) test 65

    C- The results obtained from the test of infection symptoms of checytosporiasis. 66

    4-. 66

    4-1-6- The results obtained from sawn wood performance related to any scissors. 67

    4-1-7- The results obtained from the quality of sawn tree fruit related to any cut. 69

    A- The results obtained from the color of the cut tree fruit related to any scissor. 70

    B- The results obtained on the weight of the cut tree fruit related to each cut. 71

    4-2- The results obtained from the analysis of hand-held software. 72

    4-2-1-Static analysis of scissor in the analysis environment of Actia software 72

    4-3- Carpet from simulation of manual scissor work performance. 72

    The fifth chapter. 73

    Conclusion of all proposals. 73

    5- 1- General conclusion. 74

    5-2- Proposals 75

    Resources. 76

    Appendixes. 79

    Appendix 1- Output results of Spss software. 80

    Appendix 2- The results and calculation of the Katia software for the static analysis of hand tools. 89

    Source:

    1- Introduction

    Most horticultural plants, especially woody perennials, if they grow in suitable environmental conditions without human intervention, after a few years, they will turn into trees or shrubs with dense branches, which will not be desirable in terms of fertility rate and quality or appearance. In such plants, the branches interfere with each other's growth and become twisted and bent. On the other hand, due to the many leaves, enough light does not reach the plant's shoot, the leaves and the middle branches of the shoot gradually dry up and disappear, and the production of flowers and fruits is limited to the outer surface of the shoot, and the yield is reduced. In order to prevent this and to create a suitable shape and state in the plant, it should be pruned [1] and trimmed in the desired way. 1-

    1- 1- 1- Definition of pruning

    Generally, pruning is the complete or partial cutting of branches, roots, bark, leaves, or flowers and fruits in order to influence and guide the growth and fertility of the plant, which is one of the most important horticultural operations, which is about three thousand It was known and used years ago.

    The reasons and benefits of pruning can be summarized as follows:

    1- Removal of annoying, pest, diseased and broken branches to preserve and ensure the health of the plant.

    2- Creating suitable conditions for the entry of light and air into the branch and making its crowded and dense places quiet in order to produce more and better products.

    3- Creating a visage shape in the branch Plant, this matter is of particular importance in fruit work and also in the shaping of plants to decorate the garden and garden. 4- Creating a balance between the shoot and the root, when transplanting and moving the plant, in order to ensure success and create faster initial growth of the plant. 5- Rejuvenation of old trees by removing old branches and forcing the tree to produce new branches, in order to increase the fruiting power. 6- Before or after Reducing the fertility of the plant and regulating flowering and creating a balance between vegetative growth and the amount of the crop and increasing the quality. 7- Limiting the growth and shortening to facilitate operations such as spraying and harvesting the crop as well as for decorative reasons. or hibernation is done and it is called black pruning or winter pruning. B- Pruning that is done during the activity period of the plant, that is, when the plant has leaves or flowers and fruits, and is called green pruning or summer pruning. Regarding both types of pruning, it should be noted that pruning at any time causes a delay in the fertility of young seedlings and a decrease in the yield of fertile trees, so balance should be observed in all types of pruning and the cutting of plant organs should be done only to the necessary amount and with extreme caution. leaves and is dormant are more common because, firstly, bare branches are visible at this time and you can easily reach them, and choose those that need to be completely or partially removed with an open vision, secondly, because the plant does not have much biological activity at this time, the amount of damage caused by pruning is reduced to a minimum. Pruning is the most important step in the formation of the main branches of the future tree or bush, and in fact, it is the basis of the future shape. They form the plant.

Investigation and efficiency of pneumatic, electric and manual pruning shears on apple trees
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