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  3. The effect of drainage type on the yield and yield components of triticale in the second crop after rice harvest

The effect of drainage type on the yield and yield components of triticale in the second crop after rice harvest

Number of pages: 70 File Format: word File Code: 32533
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: drain - drainage - Razi Shalizari - rice - rice harvest - second crop - Surface drainage - Triticale - Triticale performance - Underground drainage
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  • Summary of The effect of drainage type on the yield and yield components of triticale in the second crop after rice harvest

    Academic Thesis for Master's Degree

    Field: Agricultural Engineering          Major: Agriculture

    Abstract

     

    Underground drainage of paddy fields with the aim of drying the land during harvest (raising
    soil tolerance), mid-season drainage and lowering the pond level after rice harvesting (for autumn and winter cultivation) are constructed. In order to investigate the effect of types of drainage (surface and deep) and their distances on the yield and yield components of triticale as a second crop in paddy fields, this research was conducted in a factorial format in the form of a statistical design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research field of the Country Rice Research Institute located in Rasht in 2012. Experimental factors include a- surface drainage with levels: 1- no drainage, 2- surface drainage with 5-meter intervals and 3- surface drainage with 10-meter intervals from each other, and b- deep drainage with an average depth of one meter, 1- surfaces without deep drainage, 2- deep drainage with 7.5-meter intervals from each other, 3- deep drainage with 10-meter intervals from each other, and 4- deep drainage with intervals 15 of each other. The material of the pipes used in this research is P.V.C hose mesh with a diameter of 125 mm and the coating used for the drainage pipes is rice husk. The results showed that the effect of underground drainage and surface drainage on plant height, spike length, number of claws, number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per cluster, weight of 1000 seeds, weight of green matter in grass condition, grain yield in the condition of grass and grain harvest was statistically significant at 1%. The mutual effect of the distances of underground drainage and surface drainage on the number of claws is significant at the statistical level of 5%. The combination of underground drainage with a distance of 7.5 meters and surface drainage with a distance of 5 meters caused a 3-fold increase in the number of claws and the number of spikes per square meter compared to the control, and it also caused a six-fold increase in the grain yield in the state of grain harvesting compared to the control. Also, the effect of underground and surface drainage on forage and non-forage harvesting index was not significant. Finally, it can be said that the combination of underground and surface drainage increases the performance of triticale.

    Key words: underground drainage, surface drainage, triticale.

    Today's world with There are many challenges in the field of providing food and creating employment and income conditions for a large segment of the growing population. In Iran, after wheat, rice is the second grain that is used to feed people. The most rice cultivation in Iran is done in the three northern provinces of the country, namely Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, with 71% of the total cultivated area of ??the country. According to the results of the latest available statistics, 238 thousand hectares of land in Gilan province are dedicated to rice cultivation. The low per capita ownership of land for each farming household, the excessive import of rice, the rapid increase in the cost of rice cultivation, and the lack of water in recent years have caused a sharp decrease in the income of rice farmers. The continuation of the mentioned process can seriously threaten rice production. One of the most important ways to increase the income of rice farmers and encourage them to continue producing rice is to develop a second crop after harvesting rice. In this regard, solving important challenges such as combating land flooding caused by the rains of the second half of the year, selecting suitable crops for the second crop and its impact on the first crop (rice) and marketing and processing, as well as adopting supportive policies will lead to the development of the second crop. With this work, the aforementioned lands can be used more usefully to provide part of the community's food, avoid the seasonal unemployment of farmers, and get rid of single-crop agriculture. Being a single product of a geographical area may cause widespread economic losses under the influence of unfortunate consequences such as a sudden fall in product prices or an epidemic of plant pests. For this purpose, the implementation of practical plans for the second crop after rice can be an effective help in solving these problems. Currently, one of the important priorities of the agricultural sector of Gilan province is providing the possibility of using paddy fields to grow suitable crops as a second crop.In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine suitable lands for second cultivation, identify products suited to the region's climate, identify the natural, economic and social limitations of second cultivation and finally provide appropriate solutions.

    At the global level, the sharp increase in population and the demand for food and agricultural products have caused agricultural lands to be exploited in a centralized manner. In this regard, the policy of replanting rice as well as planting other plants after harvesting rice (second crop) has been developed in paddy fields.

    1-2- The necessity of implementing the second crop plan after rice

    Achieving self-sufficiency in the production of agricultural products is one of the important goals of agricultural sector planning. The production of second crop products in paddy lands will increase the financial power of the farmer and consequently increase the gross national income in the agricultural sector. In addition, creating employment at the village level, preventing the migration of villagers to cities, encouraging investors to establish food processing industries and related industries in villages are other benefits of second cultivation in Gilan. On the other hand, the use of pulses as a second crop in the rotation reduces the consumption of fertilizers and chemical pesticides and thus preserves the environment. Creating a suitable environment for stabilizing paddy fields and preventing land use change is one of the other desirable and very important consequences of second cultivation. With the increase in food production in the province, in addition to self-sufficiency in these products, we can take steps towards the development of exports. Removal of sewage from the field and good ventilation of the soil, combating the pest of the rice stem-eating worm that spends the winter in the straw and stubble, and preparing and supplying a part of the needs of livestock farms in the province through the cultivation of crops such as clover, are other positive effects of the second crop.

    The idea of ??a second crop after harvesting rice in the paddy fields of Gilan province has long been considered by agricultural practitioners, experts and promoters of the province, and the question was always raised as to why it should be done. A large area of ??suitable paddy fields in the province should be left unused for 6 to 7 months of the year. The production and supply of all kinds of vegetable and summer products, fodder, legumes and oilseeds that are exposed to sale from production to consumption on the side of rural roads shows the concrete fact that the lack of planting and unused paddy lands of the province, especially in the second 6 months of the year, is not due to the lack of work of the farmers; On the one hand, it is caused by the poverty of research and the lack of introduction of suitable products and cultivars, and on the other hand, the lack of executive support programs.

    Meanwhile, the strategy of developing the cultivation of autumn crops in Gilan province has been the focus of many experts. The physical possession of abundant production resources and the capacity to use 238,000 hectares of paddy land in this province for the development of second cultivation are strong points that reveal the need for research in order to operationalize this strategy. Although the lack of suitable infrastructure in Gilan province for the development of secondary cultivation is a serious threat to the development of the agricultural sector of this province, social benefits such as creating side income, creating stable employment, optimal allocation of resources and maximum use of production capacity and increasing the production of agricultural products in order to achieve the goals of self-sufficiency are parameters that show the importance of paying more attention to the development of secondary cultivation.

    1-2-1- Objectives of secondary cultivation

    The most important goals of the development of the second crop in the paddy fields of the province include increasing the production of agricultural products and providing a part of the country's food needs, providing and producing fodder for livestock and improving animal husbandry, providing a part of the country's consumed oil by cultivating oilseeds, providing a part of the protein needed by the society through the cultivation of pulses, the sustainability of rice production through enhancing fertility and preserving the soil and improving the quality of the land under rice cultivation, the possibility of reducing the consumption of poisons and chemical fertilizers for the main agriculture and reducing their imports, creating jobs and preventing migration. villagers, increasing the financial capacity of farmers, removing waste water and optimal soil ventilation, strengthening and launching appropriate conversion industries at the level of villages.

  • Contents & References of The effect of drainage type on the yield and yield components of triticale in the second crop after rice harvest

    List:

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-2- The necessity of implementing the second cultivation plan after rice. 4

    1-2-1- Objectives of the second cultivation. 5

    1-2-2- The benefits of second cultivation. 5

    1-2-3- Obstacles and problems of second cultivation. 5

    1-3- Cultivation of triticale as a second crop: 6

    1-4- Investigating the development process of second crop crops in the first, second and third five-year plans in Gilan province: 7

    1-5- Investigating the cultivation pattern of second crop crops in the province and cities 9

    1-5-1- Soil type. 9

    1-5-2- The amount of rainfall and its distribution. 10

    1-5-3- Plant growth period 10

    1-5-4- Available water. 10

    1-6- General information about underground drainage. 11

    1-6-1- History of drainage. 11

    1-7- Drainage situation in the world. 12

    1-8- Drainage situation in Iran. 15

    1-9- Objectives and effects of agricultural drainage. 16

    1-10- types of drainage methods. 18

    1-11- Drainage requirement of paddy fields. 19

    1-11-1- Paddy field drainage in the middle of the rice growing season. 20

    1-11-2- Drainage during harvesting. 21

    1-11-3- Drainage of paddy fields and development of second cultivation. 21

    2-1- An overview of the conducted studies 24

    3-1- The geographical location of the province and the characteristics of the place where the research was carried out. 38

    3-2- Experimental design used 38

    3-3- Parameters measured in the experiment. 44

    3-3-1 percent moisture by weight. 46

    3-4- Statistical analysis. 46

    4-1 plant height. 49

    4-2 spike length. 50

    4-3 number of claws. 52

    4-4 number of seeds in cluster. 53

    4-5 number of spikes per square meter. 55

    4-6 weight of thousand seeds (grams) 56

    4-7 weight of green matter in fodder state. 58

    4-8 grain yield in fodder state. 60

    4-9 grain yield in grain harvesting mode. 61

    4-10 non-fodder harvesting index. 63

    4-11 Investigating the trend of grain yield changes with respect to the distances of underground and surface drains. 65

    4-12 Investigating the changes in average surface soil moisture in different treatments. 66

    5-1 Conclusions and suggestions. 69

    Resources. 71

     

    Source:

     

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The effect of drainage type on the yield and yield components of triticale in the second crop after rice harvest
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