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  3. The effect of different levels of wastewater washing on soil solute balance

The effect of different levels of wastewater washing on soil solute balance

Number of pages: 95 File Format: word File Code: 32531
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Effluent - Fresh water sources - Hydrology - laundry - salt water - Soil solute balance - solute balance - Washing with sewage - water washing
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  • Summary of The effect of different levels of wastewater washing on soil solute balance

    Irrigation and Drainage Master Thesis

    Abstract

    In arid and semi-arid regions, wastewater treatment and its reuse is considered as an important factor in water resource planning. Some researchers believe that the use of treated wastewater in agriculture is a very suitable solution because the elements removed from the soil by plants are returned to the soil and the risk of environmental pollution and water resources is reduced. The possibility of using wastewater as irrigation water requires checking factors such as soil salinity. Soil salinity is one of the important factors that, in addition to reducing agricultural products, gradually reduces the area under cultivation. One of the major problems related to irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas is the accumulation of solutes in the soil profile. Due to the limitation of available water for agriculture, the use of water with unfavorable quality is increasing day by day. One of the effective methods to reduce soil salinity is washing and washing management. There are not many researches related to the leaching of soils irrigated with wastewater. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the need to wash the soils under the influence of sewage. In this research, the effect of two irrigation water treatments including ordinary water and wastewater at three salinity levels of 1, 3.5, and 6 dS/m and three levels of leaching of 10, 20, and 30% on the chemical characteristics of drainage water and soil in soil test columns with sandy loam texture was investigated. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Isfahan University of Technology as a factorial experimental design with 3 replications. The electrical conductivity and the concentration of cations in the drainage water and soil of both irrigation water treatments were investigated at the beginning, middle and end of the test period. At salinities of 1 and 3.5 decisiemens barm, the electrical conductivity of the drainage water of both irrigation water treatments did not have significant differences at the beginning, middle and end of the test period. At the salinity of 6 decision/m, at the leaching levels of 10, 20 and 30%, upon reaching the end of the test period, the difference in the electrical conductivity of the drainage water of the two irrigation water treatments became significant. At the end of the test period, sampling was done from the depths of 15, 30 and 45 cm from the soil surface and the chemical characteristics of the soil samples were analyzed by extraction. In the salinities of 1 and 3.5 decims/m, the electrical conductivity of the soil of the two irrigation water treatments did not have significant differences with each other in any of the leaching levels. In the salinity of 6 decisiemens barm, in the leaching levels of 10 and 20%, the difference in electrical conductivity of the two irrigation water treatments was significant, but at the leaching level of 30%, this difference was not significant. The use of wastewater for irrigation requires proper management to prevent the accumulation of salt in the soil. Keywords: wastewater, salt water, washing, solute balance First: Introduction and review of resources

    1-1-Introduction

    The limitation of fresh water resources and its ever-increasing decrease due to the increase in the world population and as a result the activities that are carried out to respond to the needs of this population, in the not too distant future, humans will face a great challenge called water scarcity. The increase in water demand on the one hand and on the other hand the increase in industrial activities and the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the phenomenon of climate change have caused a decrease in water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the uneven distribution of population, available water and wealth, a balanced and equal distribution of water resources is difficult. About 1.1 billion people in the world (18%) do not have access to clean water [53]. The total volume of renewable water in the world's hydrological cycle is several times the world's needs. However, due to geographic factors and seasonal temperature differences related to renewable water, only 31% of this water is available for human use [42]. On a global scale, annually harvested water for irrigation constitutes more than 65% of the total human consumption. Industry water consumption is about 20% and urban consumption is about 10% [1]. Optimizing and increasing the efficiency of water consumption in the agricultural sector (as the largest water consumer) in arid and semi-arid regions is essential to have a dynamic and sustainable agriculture and to provide carefree needs in the future..

    During the last few years, many researchers in different sectors have provided many solutions to deal with the problem of water scarcity and also to optimize water consumption. Some of the issues related to the agricultural sector include: the use of treated wastewater in the irrigation of fields, the use of pressurized irrigation systems and the implementation of low irrigation management. It is necessary to reuse the sewage. Some researchers believe that the most appropriate way to dispose of domestic wastewater is to use it in agriculture because both the elements removed from the soil by plants are returned to them and the risk of pollution of the environment and rivers and other water sources is reduced [25]. The term irrigation with wastewater means that wastewater is used as an alternative source of conventional water in irrigation [40]. The use of purified wastewater in agriculture reduces the use of water that can be used for other purposes such as drinking in addition to agriculture [40]. With the expansion of wastewater treatment methods, the attention to the use of wastewater obtained from urban wastewater treatment plants in agriculture has increased.

    The widespread use of treated domestic wastewater in irrigation systems along with extensive research in Europe and America began in the early 1900s. For the first time in America, in 1889, sewage effluent was used to irrigate and fertilize green spaces in the famous park (Golden Kite) in San Francisco. After that, in 1929, in the city of Panoma (California), the basic use of purified wastewater for irrigating gardens and green spaces began. Despite the excellent benefits of treated wastewater, unpleasant and harmful issues such as its bad smell and high concentration of micro and rare elements limit its use. Therefore, farmers are less inclined to use it. Microbial contamination in treated domestic wastewater and its transfer to other plant organs reduces its use. Viruses, bacteria, protozoa and algae can be mentioned among the microbial contaminations found in most wastewaters. Dissemination and improper use of domestic treated sewage on the farm level increases the spread of various diseases. The use of domestic sewage is recommended only when there is full knowledge of the interaction effects of toxic elements and microbial activities with environmental factors governing the region such as temperature, humidity, soil pH, and soil physical and chemical characteristics.

  • Contents & References of The effect of different levels of wastewater washing on soil solute balance

    List:

    Title.. . Page

    Table of Contents ..Eight

    List of Figures.. .Ten

    List of Tables.. .Twelve

    Abstract .. 1

    Chapter One: Introduction and Review of Sources

    1-1- Introduction.. 2

    1-2- Use of Wastewater.. 3

    1-3- Treatment Wastewater.. 4

    1-4- Sources supplying urban sewage. 5

    1-5- Salinity and P-has of sewage.. 6

    1-5-1- Water and soil salting ions. 7

    1-6- Qualitative classification of irrigation water.. 9

    1-7- Effects of salinity.. 10

    1-7-1- Effect of salinity on plants.. 10

    1-7-2- Effect of salinity on soil.. 14

    1-7-3- Effect of salinity on soil permeability. 15

    1-7-4- Movement of water and solutes.. 16

    1-7-5- Distribution of salt in the soil profile. 17

    1-8- Washing.. 18

    1-9- The importance of doing this research.. 21

    Chapter Two: Materials and methods

    2-1- Characteristics of the soil used.. 22

    2-2- Characteristics of irrigation water.. 23

    2-3- Experimental design and treatments.. 24

    2-4- Preparing the columns.. 25

    2-5- Determining the time of irrigation.. 25

    2-6- Collecting the drainage water.. 25

    2-7- Sampling the soil at the end of the season. 26

    2-8- The process of performing calculations and analyzing the results. 26

    Chapter Three: Results and Discussion

    3-1- Investigating the measured attributes for the water drain. 32

    Eight

    3-1-1- First irrigation.. 32

    3-1-2- Fifth irrigation.. 35

    3-1-3- Ninth irrigation.. 37

    3-2- Checking the measured traits for soil samples. 39

    3-2-1- 0-15 cm depth.. 39

    3-2-2- 30-15 cm depth.. 41

    3-2-3- 30-45 cm depth.. 43

    3-3- Investigation and comparison of water drainage salinity changes during the irrigation season. 46

    3-3-1- Salinity 1 decisiemens per meter - washing 10%. 46

    3-3-2- Salinity 1 decisiemens per meter - washing 20%. 47

    3-3-1- Salinity 1 decisiemens per meter - washing 30%. 48

    3-3-2- Salinity 5.3 decisiemens per meter - washing 10%. 49

    3-3-3- Salinity 3.5 decisiemens per meter - washing 20%. 50

    3-3-4- Salinity 3.5 decisiemens per meter - washing 30%. 51

    3-3-5- 6 decisiemens salinity per meter - 10% washing. 52

    3-3-6- Salinity 6 decisiemens per meter - washing 20%. 53

    3-3-7- 6 decisiemens salinity per meter - washing 30%. 54

    3-4- Comparison and examination of soil salinity changes at the end of the irrigation season. 55

    3-4-1- Salinity 1 decisiemens per meter - washing 10%. 55

    3-4-2- 1 decisiemens salinity per meter - 20% washing. 56

    3-4-3- 1 decisiemens salinity per meter - 30% washing. 56

    3-4-4- Salinity 3.5 decisiemens per meter - washing 10%. 57

    3-4-5- Salinity 3.5 decisiemens per meter - washing 20%. 58

    3-4-6- Salinity 3.5 decisiemens per meter - washing 30%. 58

    3-4-7- 6 decisiemens salinity per meter - 10% washing. 60

    3-4-8- 6 decisiemens salinity per meter - washing 20%. 60

    3-4-9- 6 decisiemens salinity per meter - washing 30%. 60

    Chapter Four: Results and Suggestions

    4-1- Conclusion.. 62

    4-2- Suggestions.. 64

    References..

    Source:

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The effect of different levels of wastewater washing on soil solute balance
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