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  3. The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrition of marigolds under salinity stress conditions

The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrition of marigolds under salinity stress conditions

Number of pages: 81 File Format: word File Code: 32524
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Agricultural plants - Marigolds - Mycorrhiza - Mycorrhizal fungus - Proline - Salinity stress - tension
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  • Summary of The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrition of marigolds under salinity stress conditions

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Horticultural Engineering

    Abstract:

    Achieving sustainable agriculture along with increasing the yield of agricultural products and ensuring community health is one of the goals of researchers in the agricultural sector. In the last few decades, the use of chemical inputs in agricultural lands has caused many environmental problems, including the pollution of water and soil resources, the reduction of fertility, and the loss of the balance of chemical elements in the soil. One of the new methods to prevent these problems is the use of biological and chemical modifiers in the soil. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus on the marigold plant under salinity stress in Shahrood. Siemens per meter and 2 levels with mycorrhizae and without mycorrhizae were done in 4 replications in the form of a complete randomized factorial design. 1 F marigold seeds were inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus at the 4-leaf stage and salt treatment was applied. The investigated traits in this experiment included root dry weight, shoot dry weight, leaf width, number of flowering branches, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, sugar, proline, root colonization, and leaf phosphorus. The results showed that the use of different mycorrhizal treatments and salinity had a significant effect on the measured traits, so that the use of mycorrhiza on shoot dry weight, leaf width, and proline level at 5% level, while on the amount of phosphorus, the number of branches Flowering, chlorophyll a, b and colonization were significant at 1% level, and the use of salt treatment was significant on sugar level at 5% level (p?0.05) but on phosphorus, chlorophyll a, b and proline level at 1% level. The purpose of this research is to use mycorrhizal fungi to maintain and improve the growth of agricultural and garden plants under environmental stress conditions such as salt stress, especially in desert areas, on the ornamental medicinal plant marigold. rtl;"> 

     

    Introduction:

    Sustainable agricultural systems are systems that, while reducing the consumption of agricultural inputs, emphasize renewable resources within the farm, observing plant rotation and using nitrogen-fixing plants to maintain soil fertility, using biological fertilizers to improve soil structure, biological control and The integration of pests, the increase in the population of soil microorganisms, and the use of mutual effects between the effective factors in production, basically cause production costs to decrease and agricultural systems to maintain their stability. One of the main microorganisms in the root environment are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Drought and salinity, increasing resistance to pathogenic agents, production of plant hormones and improving soil structure by facilitating the creation of soil grains are among the benefits that the host plant benefits from in this symbiosis (Kocheki et al., 2010).

    Salinity is one of the important factors that reduce plant growth in many regions of the world. The extent of saline soils in Iran is about 24 million hectares, which is equivalent to 15% of the country's agricultural land. Salinity reduces the water potential of the root environment and causes a decrease in the water absorption capacity of the plant. In addition, with an increase in salinity in the root environment, the absorption and transfer of toxic ions to the plant tissues increases, which leads to a decrease in the absorption of essential elements, disruption of the ion balance, and toxicity caused by the accumulation of sodium and chlorine ions (Rangasamy [1], 2010).  

    By investigating the overcoming of salinity obstacles on the production of crops with traditional methods, it was stated that salt marshes were a major problem in arid and semi-arid areas, and the effect of salt marshes on crops includes reduced growth and plant death. (Pyotet [2] et al., 2013).

    Salinity stress may be the first factor of chemical stress that living organisms have encountered during evolution. Saline soils are a natural phenomenon on Earth, because nearly 75% of the surface of this planet is covered by seas that have high salt concentrations and contain Na, Cl, K, and Mg ions. Therefore, the existence of saline soils should not be considered unnatural phenomena. The waters originated and even today there are more types of brackish animals than animals that live in fresh waters, therefore, during evolution, plants have also appeared in such places and found the capacity to adapt to such environments. Nowadays, plants with this adaptation have taken a small share in natural and agricultural ecosystems (Larcher [3], 1995).

    The extent of saline lands in the world is not exactly known, but According to the estimates, 7% of the land is saline and 3% is very saline, and this estimate is still increasing due to the low amount of rainfall, high evaporation from the soil surface and irrigation with high salt water. In Asia, after the former Soviet Union, China, India and Pakistan, Iran has the largest area of ??salty and marine soils (Szabelik [4], 1992). Of course, Iran's dry and semi-arid climate contributes to the formation of saline soils in different regions (Davan [5] et al., 1994). Most of the country's surface is made up of saline and semi-saline lands due to the lack of water reserves and unfavorable weather conditions (Alavi Panah, 2011). According to the FAO report, more than 40% of Iran's irrigated lands are exposed to secondary salinity (Pesarakli[6], 1993). Saline soils in the country contain large amounts of soluble salts, and many of them have a light color and little to no substance. In Iranian soils, the predominant anion is chloride, but sulfates are also present in significant amounts in some areas. The dominant cation is also sodium, so the salts in these soils are mainly in the form of sodium chloride or sodium sulfate. The salt in these soils reaches about 3% and many of the country's soils are calcareous. The extent of saline soils in Iran is about 24 million hectares, which is equivalent to 15% of the country's land (Jaafari, 1373, Szabolik, 1992). Good quality waters may contain 100-1000 grams of salt per cubic meter. By irrigating 1000 cubic meters per year, 1 to 10 tons of salt is added to the soil per hectare, and as a result of water evaporation and transpiration, additional soluble salts are added to the soil, which must be removed from the soil by washing and draining. 1992).

    In order to deal with salinity, technological methods (irrigation with fresh water on a large scale) or biological methods and methods of breeding and identifying plants to create resistance to salinity are used. 1983), because different resistances to salinity are caused by the genetic diversity of plants, and the selection based on a suitable criterion factor in the evaluation of resistance to salinity that causes changes in the physiology, anatomy and morphology of cultivars should be noted. By using the methods of selection and modification of plants to salinity, it is possible to maintain the amount of production in arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran, in addition, one should look for a way to use the inexhaustible source of sea water in irrigation. Apstein and his colleagues in 1980 showed that more than one ton of barley was harvested with a certain type of barley plant, which was irrigated with seawater along with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. It is taken to mean the first day of every month because of its long flowering period and because it flowers almost all year round (Rand Hawa [8] et al., 1996).

  • Contents & References of The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrition of marigolds under salinity stress conditions

    List:

    Abstract 12

    1-1 Introduction: 14

    1-2 Evergreen 16

    1-2-1 Classification and botany. 17

    1-2-2 Necessary conditions for plant growth 17

    1-2-3 Ecological needs. 18

    1-3 biological and biological fertilizers. 19

    1-3-1 The importance of using fertilizers. 20

    1-4 History of mycorrhiza 21

    1-4-1 stages of mycorrhizal formation. 23

    1-4-2 The effect of arbuscular fungal mycorrhiza on agricultural ecosystem. 24

    1-4-2-1 plant food. 24

    1-4-2-2 Relationship with plant water 25

    1-4-2-3 Soil structure with the effect of mycorrhiza 25

    1-4-2-4 The effect of crop rotation on fungal mycorrhiza. 26

    1-5 Mycorrhizal symbiosis 26

    1-5-1 Effect on nutrient absorption. 26

    1-5-2 increasing plant resistance to root pathogens. 27

    1-5-3 increasing resistance to drought. 27

    1-5-4 Increasing plant resistance to stresses caused by soil compaction and soil structure modification. 29

    1-6 root colonization process. 30

    1-7 Salinity stress. 31

    1-7-1 Definitions of salinity. 33

    1-7-2 Salt detection. 33

    1-8 Salinity measurement. 34

    1-9 The effect of salinity on physiological components: 34

    1-9-1 water relations: 34

    1-9-2 stomatal resistance. 35

    1-9-3 osmotic adjustment. 35

    1-9-4 chlorophyll. 37

    2-1 Salinity in plants. 40

    2-2 The results of investigations on the effects of mycorrhiza 42

    2-3 The results obtained under salt stress conditions. 52

    3-1 time and place of testing. 56

    3-2 Selection of seed species and preparation of mycorrhizal fungi 56

    3-3 Selection and preparation of pots 56

    3-4 Properties of pot soil and its preparation. 57

    3-5 experimental design in pots and growing conditions. 57

    3-6 How to plant in pots 58

    3-7 Next steps of planting and using salt solution. 58

    3-8 leaf and root sampling. 58

    3-9 Measurement of leaf chlorophyll. 59

    3-10 Measurement of leaf proline. 60

    3-12 Staining, coloring and determination of root colonization 63

    3-13 Statistical analysis of data 64

    4-1: Results of statistical analysis on the measured traits 67

    4-1-1: Root dry weight. 68

    4-1-2: dry weight of shoot. 69

    4-1-3: leaf width. 71

    4-1-4: number of flowering branches in the bush. 71

    4-1-5: Chlorophyll A in leaves. 72

    4-1-6: chlorophyll B. 73

    4-1-7: leaf sugar. 74

    4-1-8: leaf proline. 75

    4-1-9: Root colonization. 76

    4-1-10: leaf phosphorus. 77

    5-1: Effect of root dry weight. 79

    5-2: Effect of aerial body dry weight. 79

    5-3: Effect of leaf width. 80

    5-4: The effect of the number of flowering branches in the plant. 81

    5-5: Effects of chlorophyll A and B in leaves. 81

    5-6: Effect on the amount of sugar in leaf solution. 83

    5-7: Effect of leaf proline content. 84

    5-8: Root colonization effect. 86

    5-9: The effect of leaf phosphorus. 87

    Conclusion. 89

    Suggestions. 91

    Persian sources: 92

    English sources. 97

    Abstract: 105

     

    Source:

     

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The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrition of marigolds under salinity stress conditions
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