Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.Sc.)
Treatment: Pasture
Determining the most appropriate method of measuring the production of shrub plants in the pastures of Shiraz city
(Case study: Pasture Cheshme Anjir)
Abstract
From the distant past, human beings turned to natural resources to save and free themselves from the challenge of food shortage against population growth and to seek solutions, which was accompanied by incorrect and excessive use of natural resources. A major part of natural resources, especially in our country, are pastures. In the field of pastures, measuring or estimating fodder production is considered essential, and the importance of knowing the amount of fodder production in the management of pastures has caused experts to always search for appropriate ways to measure this factor. The purpose of this research is to determine the method of measuring the production of bush plants in terms of accuracy, speed and ease of use, as well as the cost of measurement, in Shiraz city by comparing four methods of double sampling, Adelaide, estimation and cut-off-weighing as witnesses. In this research, the amount of production of three types of ivy (Convolvulus fraticosus), ebony (Ebenus stellata and Astragalus cemirenus) was measured using the four mentioned methods, T-test and SPSS statistical software were used to compare the desired indicators in the above treatments. The comparison of production measurement methods in Gon species indicated that the three methods of estimation, double sampling and Adelaide with cut-weighing method have statistically significant differences (p<0.01 and p<0.05) and none of the three mentioned methods can replace the cut-weigh method and the comparison of the methods in ebony and ivy species shows that the Adelaide method with the cut-weighing method has a statistically significant difference and the methods of double sampling and estimation There is no statistically significant difference with the cutting-weighing method (p>0.01 and p>0.05) and these methods can replace the cutting-weighing method in these types of pastures. The results of the comparison of the time spent to measure the production in four methods in three types of pastures indicate that production measurement in the cut-weigh method, Adelaide, double sampling and estimation required more time respectively.
Key words: fodder production, cut-weigh method, double sampling method, Adelaide method, method Estimation
Chapter One
Introduction and Generalities
1-1- Foreword
Mankind from the distant past turned to natural resources to save and free themselves from the challenge of food shortage against population growth and to find solutions, which was accompanied by incorrect and excessive use of natural resources. A major part of the natural resources, especially in our country, are made up of pastures, in this sense and considering the importance of the country's pastures in providing livestock feed, soil maintenance and water supply, it is necessary to pay more attention and care than what has been paid attention to it so far. The pastures and pastures of the country that are used today are due to indiscriminate grazing, out-of-season grazing, especially pre-grazing, non-observance of grazing capacity, incompatibility of livestock with the amount and type of fodder produced, and lack of rotation, etc., which have deprived the plants of the pastures of the opportunity to grow and develop and do not allow the plants to reproduce and revive naturally or by themselves. The lack of reproduction and natural regeneration gradually reduces the population of palatable species of plant communities in an area and provides the basis for the development and growth of non-palatable plants. The result of this irregularity will be pastures where the majority or all of the plants are inedible or even invasive and poisonous, and in the end, there will be no other result for the rancher and pasturer except for damage and loss.
Pastures of the country with an area of ??more than 86 million hectares account for 52.1% of the country's area (Office of Countryside Affairs, 1389).In the past, Iran's pastures have faced less problems due to less livestock population and the existence of a more suitable ratio between the level of pastures and the population dependent on it on the one hand, and on the other hand, in terms of individual or group ownership that governs them, which has become the basis for efforts to preserve pastures. In the past, destruction in pastures was limited to cutting down trees and shrubs and uprooting bushes. While the process and method of pasture destruction has undergone a fundamental change in the last one or two centuries and has become much faster. In addition, part of the intensification of pasture destruction begins when the government tries to take over pastures. In this regard, we will take a quick look at the process and type of pasture ownership as well as the history of pastures and pastures in Iran. Summary 3) Endowment ownership 4) Eilat pastures 5) Private ownership
The first three categories are related to the government and due to the way of use applied to these pastures, which was through the receipt of rent or the right to pasture grass, more cattle have always entered the pasture without considering the capacity of the pasture to acquire more rent.
The result is that in All over the country, government pastures were among the most degraded and poorest pastures in the region. Unlike the last two categories, considering that their owner or owners have always been interested in preserving the pasture, they have enjoyed a better situation. It became the property of individuals and the economic management of its exploitation became the rule. Since 1339, according to the executive regulations of the law of forests and pastures, the owners had to follow the technical instructions of the experts in the following cases in order to preserve and restore the pastures:
1- Proportion of the number of livestock and types of livestock with the capacity of the pasture
2- The date of entry and exit of the livestock from the pasture
3- Season, The period and place of livestock grazing
After the nationalization of the country's forests and pastures and the change of ownership of the pastures from the private sector to the government in 1342, the law on the use of pastures was approved. In this law, livestock grazing in natural resources without paying grazing fees, how to issue grazing permits, legal dealings with excess livestock and so on. It is mentioned. Another severe blow to the pastures by the government was the nationalization of the country's forests and pastures in February 1341 without considering all aspects of the matter, and the result was the conversion of many parts of the country's pastures, especially by the villagers, in such a way that the pastures were plowed and furrowed or disked and left the state of virgin lands. style="direction: rtl;">
1-4- Some of the main reasons for the destruction of pastures in Iran
1-4-1- Premature grazing of livestock from pastures
In Iran, especially in the mountainous regions that have harsh winters and livestock cannot leave the pens and graze in the pastures during the winter due to the shortage The winter stock fodder is sent to the pastures immediately after the snow melts and maybe before the plants start to grow. As a result of premature grazing, the plants are severely damaged and are destroyed over many years. rtl;"> In Iran, a cattle farmer does not think like a cattle breeder, and his idea is that livestock food should be obtained from the surface of the pastures, so he did not think about the production of fodder, and as a result, the constant and non-stop increase of livestock on the one hand and the lack of production of fodder by the cattle farmers on the other hand, caused the intensification of grazing, and as a result, the plants did not have the opportunity to produce and store food for the next year's growth, and year after year, due to excessive grazing, quality plants decrease and instead of them, plants Useless livestock and possibly poisonous plants are replaced.