Word Files
Reference for Downloading Educational Files
  2. Agricultural Engineering
  3. Investigating the effect of drainage on bean yield and yield components

Investigating the effect of drainage on bean yield and yield components

Number of pages: 61 File Format: word File Code: 32514
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: beans - drainage - performance components - second crop - Seed yield - sheath - Surface drainage - Underground drainage
  • Part of the Content
  • Contents & Resources

  • Summary of Investigating the effect of drainage on bean yield and yield components

    Academic Thesis for Master's Degree

    Field: Agricultural Engineering, Major: Agriculture

    Abstract:

    There are about 238 thousand hectares of paddy fields in Gilan province. In order to maintain sustainable agriculture, increase production, create employment, increase the financial capacity of farmers, comply with crop rotation and thus preserve the environment, planning and managing the second crop, especially in the rice fields of the north of the country, has a high priority. One of the problems of the lack of development of the cultivated area of ??beans in the paddy fields of Gilan province is the heavy soil and the flooding of the fields due to heavy rains, especially at the beginning of growth. The construction of underground and surface drains is one of the effective solutions to prevent the flooding of fields and as a result the development of bean cultivation in the region. This research was carried out in 2012 in the research farm of the Rice Research Institute of the country located in Rasht in a factorial manner in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications. This experiment had 2 factors: 1) surface drainage with surfaces: without drainage, surface drainage with 5-meter intervals and surface drainage with 10-meter intervals and 2) deep drainage with surfaces without deep drainage, deep drainage with 7.5-meter intervals, deep drainage with 10-meter intervals and deep drainage with 15-meter intervals. The results showed that the effect of underground drainage on the traits of the number of sub-branches, plant height, number of pods, total weight of bean pods, weight of beans with plants in one square meter, weight of bean pods in one square meter, fresh weight and weight of dry matter was significant at a statistical level of 1%. Also, the effect of surface drainage on the traits of the number of sub-branches, total weight of bean pods, weight of beans with plants in one square meter, weight of bean pods in one square meter at a statistical level of 1% and on height traits Plant, number of pods and fresh weight were statistically significant at 5%. The mutual effect of surface and underground drainage was also significant on plant height traits and bean pod weight at a statistical level of 1% and on bean and plant weight at a statistical level of 5%. The underground drainage treatment had a significant effect on the characteristics of plant height, number of pods, number of seeds in a pod, total weight of bean pods, weight of beans with a plant in one square meter, weight of bean pods in one square meter, fresh weight and weight of dry matter. Also, the effect of surface drainage treatment on all traits showed that surface drainage with 5-meter intervals is the best treatment and no surface drainage is the worst treatment. Also, the mutual effect of surface and underground drainage showed that in the traits of plant height and bean weight per plant per square meter, underground drainage at 7.5-meter intervals and surface drainage at 5-meter intervals is the best treatment and without surface and underground drainage is the worst treatment. Also, the mutual effect of surface and underground drainage on the characteristics of the total weight of bean pods in each treatment showed that underground drainage at intervals of 10 meters and surface drainage at intervals of 5 meters is the best treatment and without surface and underground drainage is the worst treatment. Surface drainage with a distance of 5 and 10 meters compared to the control increases grain yield by 31.5 and 23.8 percent. Underground drainage with a distance of 15, 10 and 7.5 meters compared to the control increases grain yield by 54.8, 87.3 and 100.5%, respectively.

       Keywords: surface drainage, underground drainage, beans, second crop. This issue shows its importance in societies that are in need of essential animal protein. Due to their ability to coexist with molecular nitrogen-fixing bacteria, legumes are important in establishing the balance of soil mineral elements in agricultural ecosystems and reducing the population of weeds and increasing the quality of soil fertility (Khosravi 2013). Bean plant is one of the oldest agricultural plants, the cultivation of which is considered due to its protein richness, creating diversity in agricultural systems and increasing the price of animal feed. Compared to other crops, these plants need less nitrogen input, and the nitrogen due to the activity of their roots with rhizobium is also available to the next crops.In Iran, for a long time, the production of legumes has been considered as the second source of food for the society after cereals. The cultivated area of ??broad beans in Iran is about 35,000 hectares, and Golestan province is the largest producer of broad beans in Iran, with more than 35% of the cultivated area of ??the country, with a yield of 10,308 kg/ha of green pods in wet conditions and 8,385 kg/ha in dry conditions. The Barkat variety of beans was introduced in Gorgan in 1365, and with the introduction of this variety, the yield per unit area of ??beans increased up to two times, and the farmers of the region welcomed this variety. Due to its high yield, large grain, quick ripening and marketability, this variety is considered the dominant variety in the region (Sabbaghpour 2013). In order to maintain sustainable agriculture, increase production, create employment, increase the financial capacity of farmers, comply with crop rotation and thus preserve the environment, planning and managing the second crop, especially in the rice fields of the north of the country, has a high priority. One of the problems of the lack of development of the cultivated area of ??beans in the paddy fields of Gilan province is the heavy soil and the flooding of the fields due to heavy rains, especially at the beginning of growth. The construction of underground and surface drains is one of the effective solutions to prevent the flooding of fields and as a result the development of bean cultivation in the region. Due to the lack of research on the effect of surface and underground drains on bean yield, this project was designed and implemented in order to determine the best underground and surface drains on the yield and yield components of bean plant in the paddy fields of the province. Research:

    1- Drainage is effective on the performance of beans as a second crop in paddy fields.

    2- The type of drainage (surface or underground) and their distance is effective on the performance and performance of beans.

    The purpose of this research:

    1- Examining the effect of drainage and its type (surface and underground) on the performance and yield components of beans.

    2- Determination of the most suitable distance of surface and underground drainage for the second cultivation of beans in paddy fields with heavy texture

    Since there are very limited studies in the field of drainage and Its type (surface and underground), the distance and depth of the drains are based on the performance of the plants. Conducting this research can create a new trend in the field of drainage discussion on the valuable plant of broad beans as a second crop in the paddy fields of Gilan province. Considering that such a research has not been done so far, it is considered as a new and innovative research in this field.

    1-1- Objectives and effects of agricultural drainage

    Generally, the purpose of drainage as a part of agricultural water management is to increase crop growth and maintain soil fertility.  The main objectives of agricultural drainage are (Figure (1-1)):

    Removal of excess underground and surface water

    Removal of dissolved salts along with (extra) water from the soil profile

    Maintaining the level of underground water at a suitable level

     

    Abstract

    In Guilan province, there are rice fields measuring approximately 238,000 acres. In order to maintain sustainable agriculture, production improvement, job creation, increase of financial power of farmers, compliance with crop rotation and consequently the environmental protection, issues such as planning and management of the second crop, especially in rice fields of the north of Iran have high priority. One of the problems of the lack of development in beans under cultivation in Guilan rice fields is the heavy soil and water logging farms, due to heavy rainfalls, especially at the beginning of the growth.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effect of drainage on bean yield and yield components

    List:

    1- Introduction. 3

    1-1- Objectives and effects of agricultural drainage. 4

    1-2-need for drainage. 6

    1-3-types of drainage methods. 7

    1-3-1-drainage by well 8

    1-3-2-drainage by the mole method. 8

    1-3-3-open drainage network 9

    1-3-4-pipe drainage network. 9

    1-4-drainage in paddy fields. 11

    5-1 Drainage needs of paddy fields. 12

    1-5-1- Paddy field drainage in the middle of the rice growing season. 12

    1-5-2- Drainage during harvesting. 13

    1-5-3- Drainage of paddy fields and development of second cultivation. 13

    2- review sources. 15

    2-1 Review of sources on underground drainage. 15

    2-1-1-drainage history. 15

    2-1-2- Drainage situation in the world. 16

    2-1-3- Drainage situation in Iran. 19

    2-2- Review of past studies: 21

    3- Materials and methods 32

    3-1 Placement of underground drainage pipes in the ground. 32

    3-2- observation wells. 33

    3-3 planting operation. 33

    3-4 Measurement of traits: 36

    4- Data analysis 40

    4-1 The effect of drainage on the weight of one hundred seeds. 42

    4-2 The effect of drainage on harvest index. 42

    4-3 The effect of drainage on seed yield. 43

    4-4 The effect of drainage on the yield of green pods 44

    4-5 The effect of drainage on biological performance: 46

    4-6 The effect of drainage on the number of seeds per plant. 47

    4-7 The effect of drainage on the number of seeds in a pod: 49

    4-8 The effect of drainage on the number of pods per plant. 50

    4-9 The effect of drainage on plant height. 52

    4-10 Drainage effect on pod length. 52

    4-11 The effect of drainage on the number of branches. 54

    4-12 The effect of drainage on surface soil moisture. 55

    Conclusion: 58

    Suggestions: 60

    List of references. 62

    Source:

    List of sources

    Abrahimian, H. 2016. Performance evaluation of underground drainage system with rice husk (case study: Behshahr). Master's thesis. 135 pages.

    Akhund Ali, A.M. Majid, b. Rasouli, S. (1381).  Field evaluation of drainage relations in uneven conditions in the northeastern region of Ahvaz. Scientific Journal of Agriculture, 25(2):73-91. Azri, A. 1379, the effect of absorbent collector drainage coefficient on the drainage coefficient in the drainage network of Moghan Plain. Master thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology.

    Akram, M. 1381. The process of drainage developments. Proceedings of the third drainage technical workshop. National Irrigation and Drainage Committee of Iran, 23 pages.

    Akram, M. 1381. Issues and problems of implementing underground drainage networks in Iran. A collection of perspective articles on issues and problems of underground drainage studies and implementation in Iran. Iran's National Irrigation and Drainage Committee, publication number 23, 59 pages.

    By Bordi, M. 2004, principles of drainage engineering and soil improvement. Tehran University Press, 641 pages. Parsa, M. and Bagheri, A.A. (1387).  Legumes Mashhad Academic Jihad Publications. Parsinejad, M., Liaqat, A., Nazari, B. and Alizadeh, H. (2008) An attitude on the considerations of determining the depth of underground drains installation. Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Management of Irrigation and Drainage Networks. 12 p.

    Zhanira, A. 1387. Underground drainage in paddy fields. Proceedings of the 5th Drainage and Environment Technical Workshop, National Irrigation and Drainage Committee of Iran, publication number 130, 182 pages. 2017. Underground drainage in paddy fields. Proceedings of the 5th Drainage and Environment Technical Workshop. 51 pages.

    Haghaqi Moghadam, A. and Akhwan, K. 1383. Evaluation of the performance of underground drains built in Moghan region. Proceedings of the 3rd Drainage Technical Congress, National Irrigation and Drainage Committee of Iran, 16 pages.

    Khosravi, H., 2013. Use of biological fertilizers containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in agriculture, Land Management Journal, Volume 2, Number 2.

    Underground drainage; Planning, implementation and operation. 1386. National Irrigation and Drainage Committee of Iran, publication number 120, 254 pages. Sabbaghpour, H. 2013, determination of the most suitable planting date for Barkat bean variety for the cultivation of two crops, cotton and beans. Iranian Agricultural Sciences Journal. Farzam Sefat, A., M. Parsinejad, M. R. Yazdani, J. Shariat Ahmadi, h. Nouri, F. Mousavi and F. Ajali 2009. The effect of drainage intensity in different stages of rapeseed growth as a second crop after rice (case study: Gilan province). Iranian Soil and Water Research Journal, 41: 111-119.

    Ghanbari Birgani, D., R. Generosity.., S. A., Soroush and P. (2012). Investigating the effects of herbicide use and plant density on weed population and bean yield. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5, (4): pages 315 to 327.

    Kaboosi, K. 1384. Investigation of rice husk to cover the drainage of underground pipes. Irrigation and Drainage Master's Thesis, Department of Irrigation and Development, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, University of Tehran. Karimi, V. Yousefian, H., M. Salmani (2006): "Evaluation of underground drainage system with rice husk cover in paddy fields", collection of papers of the second national conference on experiences in construction of water facilities and irrigation and drainage network, Department of Irrigation and Development Engineering, University of Tehran. pp. 247 to 251.

    Kirimi, and. Yousefian, H., M. Salmani (2008): "Investigation of the underground drainage network of rice paddy pipes", collection of articles of the third national conference of experiences in the construction of water facilities and irrigation and drainage network, Department of Irrigation and Development Engineering, University of Tehran.

    Kafi. M. Iskandar Zand, B.K. Sharifi, H.R. and Goldani, M. (1379). Plant Physiology. Mashhad University Jihad Publications.

    Kochaki, A. and first foundations, m. (1386). Cultivation of legumes. Mashhad Academic Jihad Publications.

    Golabi, M. Lak, Sh. (1384). Investigating the effect of nitrogen and plant density on the quantitative and qualitative yield of broad beans in Ahvaz weather conditions, Research Institute of Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Proceedings of the first national legume conference. Turner, N. (1387) The effect of waterlogging stress on the growth of roots and aerial organs of chickpea genotypes. Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 65: (7) 102-105.

    Majnoun Hosseini, N. 1387. Cultivation and production of legumes. Tehran University Jihad Publications. 283 pages.

    Mansouri Seranjayaneh, 1384. Examining the design parameters of underground drainage systems in the irrigation and drainage project of the sugarcane development plan. Irrigation and Drainage Master's Thesis, Department of Irrigation and Development, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, University of Tehran.

    Mirzaei. G. 2012. Determining the distance of underground drains in multi-vessel combination in Mazandaran paddy lands. Summary of articles of the first scientific-practical conference on equipping, renovating and integrating paddy lands. Islamic Azad University, Qaimshahr branch. p. 6 and 18. Mirzaei, G., R. Ah, welcome. 2017. Additional soil studies in the lands of Pashkla-Hajikla area of ??Mazandaran to calculate and determine the distance of underground drains in multi-vessel combination. Master's thesis. 149 pages.

    Yazdani, M., R. M. Qudsi. S, F, Mousavi. 2016. Comparison of the type and spacing of surface drains in rapeseed cultivation after rice harvesting in Rasht. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques. (1). 1 to 3.

    Alvino A, Zerbi G, Fruscinate L, Monti LM (1984) Behavior of field bean lines with a water table maintained at different levels. In: Hebblethwaite PD, Dawkins TCK, Heath MC, Lockwod G (eds) Vicia faba: agronomy, physiology and breeding Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp 95–102

    Ashraf, M. (2003). Relationships between leaf gas exchange characteristics and growth of differently adapted populations of Blu panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz). under salinity or water logging. Plants Science 165: 69-75.

    Bakker, D. M., G. J. Hamilton, D. Houlbrooke and C. Spann. 2001. Raised bed farming of waterlogged duplex soils in western Australia. Proc. 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, Australian Society of Agronomy, Hobart, Jan.2001.

    Bluett, C. A. and B. D. Wightman. 1999. Growing canola on raised beds in south-west Victoria. Proc. 10th International Rapeseed Congress, Canberra, Australia

    Cannell, R. Q., R. K. Belford, K. Gales, C. W. Dennis, AND R. D. Prew. 1980. Effects of waterlogging at different stages of development on the growth of winter wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 31: 117-132.

    Cowie, A. 1993. An examination of factors which affect water logging tolerance of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.

    Dat JF, Capelli N, Folzer H, Bourgeade P, Badot P-M (2004) Sensing and signaling during plant flooding. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:273–282

    Davies, C.L., Turner, D.W., and Dracup, M. 2000. Yellow lupin (Lupinus Luteus) tolerates waterlogging better than narrow-leafed lupin (L.angustifolius). I.

Investigating the effect of drainage on bean yield and yield components
How To Access The File
Related Contents:
Number of pages: 70 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Agricultural Engineering, specialization: Agriculture, abstract of underground drainage of paddy fields with the purpose of drying. The land is constructed at the time of harvest (increasing the tolerance of the soil), mid-season drainage and lowering the water table level after rice harvesting (for autumn and winter ...

Number of pages: 67 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree (M.Sc.) field: agricultural engineering, specialization: agriculture, the effect of planting date and use of mulch on the growth and yield of bean plants in Gilan. Abstract In order to determine the appropriate planting date and investigate the effect of mulch application on the growth and yield of beans, a factorial experiment was ...

Number of pages: 143 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in agriculture (M.Sc) Major: Agriculture Abstract: This split factorial experiment was carried out in the form of random complete blocks in 3 replications in Karaj city (agricultural engineering town) at the end of March 2012 in Karaj. This experiment includes 3 factors, irrigation in 2 levels (rainy conditions and supplementary ...

Number of pages: 74 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Agricultural Engineering (M.Sc) Major: Agriculture Abstract In order to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen and organic fertilizers on the yield and yield components of Single Cross 704 corn in the experimental area of ??Dehleran in the summer of 2012, it was studied as a split-plot experiment in the form of a randomized ...

Number of pages: 51 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Thesis for Master of Science in Agriculture Abstract In order to investigate the effects of different levels of iron and the use of mulch on the growth and performance of beans in the agricultural year of 2013 for one season of autumn cultivation after harvesting peanuts in Salestan village of Astana Ashrafieh in Gilan province, it was carried out using a split-plot experiment ...

Number of pages: 92 Category: Agricultural Engineering

In order to obtain a master's degree in the field of agricultural engineering-agronomy, in order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water deficit stress during vegetative and reproductive growth on the growth and yield of two varieties of corn, a factorial split plot experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the ...

Number of pages: 104 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for getting a master's degree » « M.SC. Orientation: Agriculture Abstract Investigating the effect of planting density and different levels of iron fertilizer on the yield and yield components of rapeseed variety Hayola 401 In order to investigate the effect of plant density and different levels of iron fertilizer on the yield and yield components of rapeseed ...

Number of pages: 43 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of planting densities on the yield and yield components of sesame cultivars (Moghan-Poldasht-Karaj) in a factorial experimental manner, it was implemented in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The first factor included four density levels (5, 10, 15, 20 cm row spacing) and the second factor included 3 ...

Number of pages: 95 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Agriculture and Plant Breeding Abstract to investigate the effect of urea fertilizer and sulfur-coated urea on the growth trend and quantitative and qualitative yield of fodder corn in the form of two randomized complete block designs with three replications of urea fertilizer at four levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg per hectare and ...

Number of pages: 90 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of agriculture, plant breeding, abstract. After drought stress, salinity stress is the second limiting factor for the performance of agricultural plants at the global level. Based on the division of plants in terms of tolerance to salinity stress, sorghum is placed in the semi-tolerant class, and its salinity tolerance threshold is 4.9 to 6.8 ...