Effect of plant smoke extract and aerosol smoke on seed germination and growth characteristics of three medicinal plants

Master's thesis in the field of agriculture and plant breeding, agriculture orientation

Abstract

In order to investigate the effects of smoked extracts of plants and aerosol smoke on germination speed, germination percentage, root length, stem length, seedling weight, seedling stem and root to root ratio Stem and also some growth indicators, in three medicinal plants fox berry, chamomile and echinacea, two separate experiments were conducted in Hamedan in 1388. Smoke extract experiment with six treatments (0, 0.002, 0.01, 0.1, 0.2 and 1) and three replications, in the form of randomized complete block design and aerosol smoke experiment with two treatments of aerosol smoke and control in four replications, in the form A completely random plan was executed. The results showed that in the foxberry plant, different concentrations of smoked extract significantly increased most of the germination and growth traits, and in some cases, high concentrations of smoked extract caused a decrease in some indicators, and in these cases, it seems that in high concentrations, of the two stimulating and inhibitory compounds present in the smoke, the inhibitory compound reduces the growth traits by dominating the stimulating compound. In almost all cases, the effect of low concentrations of smoked extract in chamomile and echinacea plants increased the germination and growth characteristics, and in most cases, high concentrations of smoked extract reduced the germination and growth characteristics of the mentioned plants. In total, in fox berry plant, concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 in chamomile plant, for germination traits, concentrations of 0.2 and 0.1 of smoke extract and for growth traits, concentrations of 0.01 and 0.002, had the most effect, and for echinacea plant, concentrations of 0.2 and 0.1 of smoke extract had a positive effect on the germination and growth characteristics of this plant in most cases. In almost all three plants, aerosol smoke had a positive effect on most growth and germination indicators.

Key words: smoke extract, aerosol smoke, germination, growth traits, medicinal plants, fox berry, chamomile and echinacea.

Introduction

With the progress of chemistry, the pharmaceutical industry has also progressed and every day we see the release of new chemical drugs in the market. Although these chemical drugs may have a stronger effect and act faster than herbal drugs, their side effects are much more compared to herbal drugs and the patient may develop new diseases. Therefore, in order to maintain health, the tendency of specialists, pharmacists and patients to use medicinal plants is increasing day by day.

With the increase in demand for herbal medicines and due to the special climatic situation of Iran due to having many plant species and also due to our long history in traditional medicine and the use of medicinal plants, the development of the necessary techniques for the cultivation of these plants with minimal cost is of great importance. The successful cultivation of medicinal plants depends to a large extent on the successful germination of their seeds.

Genetic characteristics, seed dormancy, seed vigor, germination power, seed vigor or seed strength, seed moisture level and seed life are important characteristics of seed quality. However, germination power and seed germination are more important for the farmer than other characteristics. Germination, according to the definition of the Association of Official Seed Analysis Specialists (AOSA)[1], is the ability of a seed to produce a natural plant under favorable conditions (Gonzalez[2] et al., 2008). The seeds of most medicinal species have dormancy types for ecological compatibility with environmental conditions, which is one of the most important obstacles to the commercial cultivation of medicinal plants. Therefore, it is important to provide information on the characteristics related to the quality of the seeds of medicinal species, in the production and cultivation of these plants and their establishment in the field in order to achieve proper performance and with the desired quality. It is an annual plant, whose height reaches 60 cm. Its stem is straight and branched. The leaves are two to three lobes, the end parts are needle-shaped and more or less hairless. The diameter of the capitol, which is attached to a thin stem, is 1 to 1.5 cm, and a row of white tabular flowers.. The diameter of the capitol, which is attached to a thin stem, is 1 to 1.5 cm and has a row of white tabular flowers. In the center of it, numerous yellow tubular flowers are placed on a well-defined cone. Flowering time is from May to September (Flog[3], 1364).

Parts used: dried flowers and rarely foliage with flowers.

Collection habitat: It is very abundant in our country Iran and in the fields and barren lands of southern Europe and is planted as an ornamental plant. This plant is native to England and Wales and is planted locally in Wales and England or grows in barren lands. Sometimes it is planted by planting its seeds in late autumn or early spring. The plant is harvested when the capitol is fully opened and dried in the shade at a temperature below 35 degrees Celsius. Its commercial cultivation is economically feasible only when cheap labor is available.

Compositions and effect: volatile essential oil, mucilage and an antispasmodic agent.

Usage:

Orally, it is usually used in the form of tea (a tablespoon of the plant is poured into a liter of cold water and not heated). It is used for stomach disorders with pain, indigestion, diarrhea, nausea and rarely for urinary tract inflammation and painful menstruation. Its brew is used as a compress. You can spray pollen on long-healing wounds, skin allergies, and infections such as boils, warts, and herpes. It is also used for hemorrhoids and inflammations of the mouth, throat and eyes (Flug, 1364).

Chamomile is one of the herbal plants that has valuable medicinal properties. Its consumption is very common in Western countries, especially in Europe, including Germany. Chamomile is used in beautiful and attractive packages as chamomile tea. Boiled and brewed chamomile flowers are recommended to relieve many ailments. Chamomile shampoo is used to strengthen hair and prevent hair loss, provided that it is of good quality. Chamomile is appetizing and relieves digestive discomfort. Chamomile decoction is recommended to relieve fever, nervous disorders, stomach bloating, heartache and other digestive disorders. Chamomile flower decoction is effective as a blood pressure and blood urea lowering drug, disinfectant, anti-inflammatory and in improving skin ailments. Chamomile poultice is used for sprained wrists and feet. Chamomile flower is effective for women who have menstrual disorders and also for pregnant women to prevent vomiting during pregnancy. Chamomile flower incense is recommended to relieve ear pain (Kianmehr, 2007). style="direction: rtl;"> 

Features: It is a perennial plant whose height is 60-120 cm. This plant has a vertical stem, egg-shaped leaves and a rough and jagged spear. Its roots are spreading and its flowers are purple and cone-shaped, which appear in summer and early autumn.

The climate required by the plant: This plant is native to the east, center and west of America. It needs sunny weather and it is resistant to drought and cold.

This plant is propagated through seeds and the weight of 1000 seeds is about 3.5 grams. The amount of seeds required to produce seedlings for one hectare of land is about one kilogram. The planting distance of this plant is around 20-40*30 cm and the planting and irrigation system is also in rows.

Irrigation frequency: This plant is relatively drought resistant, but it needs regular watering for good performance.

Main nutritional requirements: it does not need a lot of chemical fertilizers and the use of nitrogen fertilizers weakens the root system. The application of nitrogen at the rate of 100-200 kg per hectare, phosphorus at the rate of 100-120 kg per hectare and potash at the rate of 200-250 kg per hectare is enough. Sowing method: Direct planting in the main land and planting in Khazanah.