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Comparison of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of two types of domestically produced light vehicles

Number of pages: 93 File Format: word File Code: 32510
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Biology - Environment
Tags/Keywords: air - air pollution - car - Environment - exhaust - light car - Motor vehicles - Output pollutants - pollution
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  • Summary of Comparison of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of two types of domestically produced light vehicles

    Dissertation

    To receive a Master's degree

    Environment

    Abstract

    Air is considered the most important vital element of the environment, and its pollution endangers human health. Air pollution is one of the most important environmental issues, which itself can be the cause of many other environmental risks. There are many factors that cause air pollution, and one of the most important of them is vehicles, which are highly needed in today's car life. Therefore, in their design, production and use, it should be done in such a way that minimal pollution is created for the environment. In this study, the pollutants emitted from the exhaust (CO, CO2, HC, O2) of light cars were investigated using systematic random sampling of data from 1622 cars referred to the technical examination center in a period of 5 months. The parameters of the exhaust output were measured by SAGEM GAS TESTER (gasoline vehicle pollution measurement device). We chose the cars that have more frequency, which are: Pride, Peugeot GLX, Peugeot 206, Samand, Pars, Pikan, Van Pikan, Zamiad, L90, ROA. SPSS computer software was used for data analysis and Microsoft Excel 2007 software was used to draw graphs. At the descriptive level, frequency distribution tables and statistical charts were used, and at the inferential level, Pearson's correlation coefficient tests, one-sample t-test, were used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the average amount of pollutants (CO, CO2, HC, O2) in the cars of Iran Khodro company was 1.91% by volume, 302 ppm, 12.65% by volume, 1.8% by volume and in Saipa company's cars was 1.51% by volume, 232 ppm, 13.24% by volume, 1.31% by volume. The results of the investigation showed that there was a significant relationship between the amount of pollutants produced with the year of the car, the type of engine, the type of fuel and the company. According to the results obtained, the cars manufactured by Saipa are in a better condition than the cars of Iran Khodro in terms of the production of HC, CO and O2 pollutants. But Iran Khodro company's cars are in a better situation in terms of CO2 pollutant production.

    Key words: air pollution, exhaust emissions, Shiraz, motor vehicles

    1- Introduction

    Air is the most important vital element of the environment and its pollution It endangers people's health and well-being. Air pollution is one of the problems of the present century, and most of the big cities of the world are facing this phenomenon. In fact, it is considered one of the most important environmental issues, which in itself can be the foundation of many other environmental risks (Khazaei et al., 2011). The excessive expansion of cities and urbanization, as well as the growth of the industrial sector, especially in the vicinity of large and densely populated cities, and their combination with a set of natural and climatic factors, have not only caused an increase in air pollution in cities, but also brought about changes in the global climate, which in recent years have been highly noticed by researchers and planners. There are many factors that cause air pollution, and one of the most important of them is vehicles, which are highly needed in today's car life. Therefore, in their design, production and use, it should be done in such a way that minimal pollution is created for the environment. Today, car manufacturers are trying to produce cars with the lowest amount of pollution (Salehi Tinoni et al., 2013). The current research is examined in 5 chapters (overviews, research records, results of findings, and discussion and conclusions). Therefore, the quality of these devices is very important and necessary in today's world in order to reduce pollution. Air, like other environmental resources, has a limited capacity and cannot tolerate the discharge of various waste and toxic substances to the extent that humans have imposed on it today.

    A change in the physical and chemical characteristics of the elements that make up the air, air pollution is referred to as air pollution, which can have a natural or artificial source (Nasrallahi and Ghaffari, 2019).A number of air pollutants are considered primary pollutants because they enter the atmosphere directly from chimneys, exhausts, etc. Another category called secondary pollutants is the combination and chemical interaction of a primary pollutant with some air components such as water vapor or Other pollutants are created (Victoria Ezzatian and Sadat Hashemi Nasab, 2013).

    According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, unfortunately, Iran has reached the third place from the eighth place in the world in terms of air pollution. The mechanisms of the effects of air pollution on human health are complex. Epidemiological studies have shown that there is a consistent relationship between air pollution, lung cancer (Pope et al., 2002, Nyberg et al., 2000, Chen et al., 2007, Sun et al., 2006, Borjo et al., 2006), cardiovascular attacks (Peters [6] et al., 2004., Toney[7] et al., 2007., Miller[8] et al., 2007., Ionan and Pan[9], 2004., Burnett[10] et al., 1994., Jarrett[11] et al., 2005) Respiratory problems in children (Gayuderman[12] et al., 2007., Morgenstern[13] and colleagues, 2007., Hiuang and Landen [14], 2012).

    Reviews show that about three quarters of the air pollution in big cities is caused by the traffic of cars that currently consume about 60 million liters of gasoline per day due to quotas. According to the available statistics, more than 40% of the cars in our country are over twenty years old. The high average age along with the low technology used in domestic cars has caused the average fuel consumption of cars in Iran to be 15 liters per 100 km, while the average fuel consumption of cars in the world is less than 7 liters per 100 km. The result of this high consumption is due to the incomplete combustion and lack of adjustment of the engine of most of the cars running on gasoline, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, which are considered important parameters of air pollution (Siavash Rezazadeh, 2007). Formaldehyde, polycyclic hydrocarbons, lead and fine particles are suspended. These gases do not cause problems just by their presence, but their very high concentrations, which occur due to human activities, are a serious problem for human health (Khosh Akhlaq and Hasan Shahi, 2013, Sadeghian and Fazili, 2015). One of these shortcomings is: insufficient oxygen and low flame temperature, time of gas mixture of air and fuel at high temperature and turbulence inside the combustion chamber. It is important to note that motor vehicles account for the largest share in the production of this pollutant. The amount of carbon monoxide increases with the increase in the number of vehicles in different areas of the city. The amount of carbon monoxide production in the world by the World Health Organization has been estimated to be approximately 2600 million tons per year, of which 60% is produced by human activities (Salehi Tinoni et al., 2013).

    Carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas. Carbon dioxide prevents the earth from cooling with the effect of natural greenhouses. Of course, high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is obtained from fossil fuels, is considered as an atmospheric pollutant.

    Hydrocarbons are the main chemical substance in gasoline and other petroleum products. The increase in the incidence of lung cancer in urban areas has been attributed to polynuclear hydrocarbons released from car exhaust. The production of unburned or incompletely burned hydrocarbons is a result of insufficient combustion air (Alizadeh, 2008).

    The three main sources of pollution are: the fuel tank and carburetor, crank case and exhaust (Firoozgan, 2010). In general, 85% of air pollution comes from the exhaust pipe and the crankshaft connection. 60% of the hydrocarbon comes out of the exhaust pipe. Approximately 25% of hydrocarbons leak out from the crankshaft joint (Dehghani, 2004). Each car produces an average of 5000 kg of atmospheric pollutants per year, which means that after consuming about 2000 liters of gasoline per year, 4820 kg of CO2 gas [15], 186.6 kg of CO gas [16], 28 kg of HC gas [17], and 26.5 kg of NOx gas [18] enter the atmosphere (Ajab Shirchi and Alizadeh, 2014).

  • Contents & References of Comparison of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of two types of domestically produced light vehicles

    List:

    The first chapter of generalities. 1

    1-1- Introduction. 2

    1-2- statement of the problem. 2

    1-3- Necessity of the problem. 9

    1-4- Objectives. 9

    1-5- Research assumptions. 9

    The second chapter of research background. 11

    2-1- Introduction. 10

    2-2 - Internal research. 12

    2-3- Foreign researches. 16

    Chapter 3 Materials and methods. 21

    3-1- Introduction. 22

    3-2- Introduction of the study area. 22

    3-3- Research method. 23

    3-4- Statistical community. 24

    3-5- Determining the sample size and sampling method. 24

    3-6- measuring tool. 25

    3-7- Techniques used in data analysis 26

    3-7-1- Sample t-test. 26

    3-7-2- Pearson correlation coefficient. 26

    Chapter 4 Findings 27

    4-1- Introduction. 28

    4-2- Descriptive findings. 28

    4-3- The status of the output of pollutants in different cars. 39

    4-4- Inferential findings. 65

    4-4-1- Findings related to the Pearson correlation test. 65

    4-4-2- Findings related to independent t-test. 68

    Chapter 5 discussion and conclusion. 74

    5-1- Introduction. 75

    5-2- Discussion and conclusion. 75

    3-5- Suggestions for future works 80

    Resources. 83

                                

     

    Source:

     

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Comparison of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of two types of domestically produced light vehicles
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