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  3. Investigating the effect of Trichoderma isolates on the biological control of cotton vascular wilt disease in Gombad

Investigating the effect of Trichoderma isolates on the biological control of cotton vascular wilt disease in Gombad

Number of pages: 119 File Format: word File Code: 32506
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Biological control - cotton - Cotton diseases - Microsclerosis - Trichoderma - Trichoderma isolates - V. dahliae - Vascular wilt of cotton - wilting
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  • Summary of Investigating the effect of Trichoderma isolates on the biological control of cotton vascular wilt disease in Gombad

    Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in Plant Pathology (M.Sc.)

    Abstract

    Wilt is caused by different species of Verticilium and is one of the most important cotton diseases in most regions of the world. Among the disease-causing species, V. dahliae is the dominant species in most parts of the world. Fungus is the cause of soil disease and causes quantitative and qualitative damage to the product. Therefore, disease control is very important.

    Regarding disease control, although the use of resistant cultivars is one of the most important and economical methods of combating this disease, the preparation of resistant cultivars requires a relatively long time. The use of fungicides does not have much effect in reducing the damage caused by the disease. Therefore, it is very important to find other methods of controlling the disease, especially the use of biological agents.

    In this study, the number of five Trichoderma isolates was obtained from the cultivation of 18 soil samples collected from different Gonbad cotton fields in the specific cultivation environment of Rose Bengal. Of these, three isolates were effective in preventing the growth of the disease-causing fungus (Verticilium dahliae) in laboratory conditions. Among the five isolates, three were chosen as the best isolates for performing all the tests, having the greatest ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens and the production of volatile substances. Based on the characteristics investigated in this research and compared with the traits reported in reliable sources, the isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, T. virens and T. asperallum species. In the cross-culture, 12 and 6, 1 T. harzianum, 7 T. virens and 4 T. asperallum isolates had the highest inhibitory power against the growth of the disease-causing fungus. None of the isolates were able to parasitize V. dahliae mycelia. In terms of volatile metabolites, three isolates T. harziamum 1, T. virens 7 and T. asperallum 4 showed the greatest effect. Also, Trichoderma harziamum isolate 1 had the effect of increasing seedling height and controlling effects. rtl;">Introduction

    Cotton is one of the important native products of tropical and subtropical regions of the world including America, Australia, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Pakistan, China, Egypt, Mexico and India.

    This plant is known as white gold due to its economic and commercial value in the world. The special properties of its fibers have caused that despite the rapid and comprehensive development of synthetic fibers, these fibers still account for about 48% of global consumption, and even in some cases, no other product can replace it. Washability, durability, strength, ability to conduct water vapor, chemical durability, softness, flexibility, changing the color of cotton fibers with chemical dyes, and ease of water loss or initial accumulation are among the properties of cotton fibers (Nasseri, 1374).

    Apart from the importance of textiles, among oil plants, cotton has the second place in the world, and its remaining meal after deoiling plays a good role in animal nutrition.  These features, along with the increasing human population, have caused cotton to be of particular importance among agricultural plants. For this reason, paying attention to increasing its production is of great importance (Rajabi, 1379).

    Cotton, due to its various uses, is extremely important from an economic and commercial point of view, and due to the need for various tools and accessories made from the products of this plant, its importance is increasing day by day.

    Cotton fiber as the main product and its seed as By-products play an important role in industry and trade (Alishah et al., 1382; Alishah and Mohammadi, 1389; Rezaei et al., 1385)..

    The use of cotton in the industries of textile weaving, sock weaving, carpet weaving, blanket production, spool yarn production, home furniture, rubber production, fiber production, photography film production, cable covering, artificial wool, rope, plastic items, cosmetics production, soap production, candles, varnish, chipboard, sanitary cotton, medical tapes, oil production (edible, industrial and medical), flour for animal feed and fertilizer production, among the uses It is mainly this substance (Barzali et al., 2013; Alishah and Mohammadi, 2014).

    Despite all these advantages, this valuable plant is always threatened by destructive factors. Among the destructive factors are plant diseases.

    Among the diseases that threaten cotton is verticillium wilt, and it is one of the most important diseases of cotton in most parts of the world, including Iran.

    The symptoms of the disease first appear in the form of yellowing and wilting in the field, and the leaves gradually dry up. Parts of the leaf blade become chlorotic and necrotic. By making a section of the stem, brown spots can be seen in the vessels. The severity of the symptoms depends on the sensitivity of the host plant, the density of the fungus in the soil and the strain of the fungus.

    This disease is caused by different species of Verticilium such as V. albo-atrum, V. tricorpus, V. nigrescens and V. nubilum, but V. dahliae Kleb is the dominant species of the fungus that causes the disease.

    The first two species have branched conidiophores. The species V. dahliae has black microsclerotes, which is considered a resistant organ of the fungus, but V. albo-atrum has thick and black filaments.

    When the plant root is placed in the vicinity of the microsclerotes in the soil, these microsclerotes germinate and enter the wood vessels through the filaments, where they form conidiophores and conidia. Through the xylem, the conidia move quickly and reach the upper parts of the plant.

    V. dahliae mushroom has two strains, normal (ss-4) and small-leaved (T-9) (Attar et al., 2015).

    In the normal strain, the middle part of the leaf is dried, but the leaves remain on the plant and the movement of the fungus in the leaves is It is a V shape.

    The small leaf strain causes the petioles to bend [1] when the leaf is still green. Such leaves are easily separated from the branch by touching or any other kind of movement. After some time, the plant becomes completely bare and produces new small leaves. This strain is more heat-loving than the normal strain.

    The fine-leafed strain spreads to the tip of the plant and causes the buds to fall. But the normal strain extends to the middle of the plant. The plant resistant to normal strain is somewhat resistant to fine leaf strain. Defoliation occurs due to the formation of a separating layer at the junction of the leaves, due to the production of ethylene or abscisic acid.

    In relation to disease control, although the use of resistant cultivars is one of the most important and economical methods of combating this disease, the preparation of resistant cultivars requires a relatively long time. On the other hand, completely resistant varieties of cotton against this disease are not available in the country. Chemical control using fungicides does not have a great effect on disease control and yield reduction. Therefore, it is very important to find other methods of disease control, especially biological control, in a combination of other methods, in disease management.

    Biological control is preferable to chemical method in terms of cheapness, ease of application and environmental safety. Therefore, nowadays it is based on this logic that in order to achieve development and sustainable agriculture, to preserve environmental issues, to produce healthy products and to reduce the consumption of agricultural pesticides and its economic benefits for the producer, it is necessary to turn to biological methods. Therefore, one of the alternative potentials for the management of plant diseases is the use of biological agents, including different isolates of Trichoderma fungi. Trichoderma is the most famous and effective fungal genus in the field of biological control of plant pathogens, fortunately, some of its isolates have reached the stage of commercial production and are used all over the world (Kubicek and Harman, 1998).

    Trichoderma species are ubiquitous and are among the dominant microorganisms of the soil microflora (Harman et al., 2004).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effect of Trichoderma isolates on the biological control of cotton vascular wilt disease in Gombad

    List:

    Abstract..1

    Introduction..3

    Research objectives..6

    Chapter One: Review of sources

    2-1- General about cotton..8                             2-1-2- Importance of cotton..10

    2-1-3- Botanical characteristics of cotton..11

    2-1-4- Cotton needs..13

    2-1-5- Cultivated varieties of cotton..14

    2-1-6- Uses of cotton and its products..14

    2-1-7- Cotton production in the world..15

    2-1-8- Cotton production in Iran..15

    2-1-9- Amount Production..16

    2-1-10- Yield per hectare..16

    2-2- General information about verticillium wilt disease of cotton.

    2-2-4- 1- Appearance characteristics of V. dahliae.22

    2-2-4-1- 1- Colony, filament, conidiophore and spore.22

    2-2-4-1- 2- Microsclerot...24

    2-2-4- 2- Growth requirements in culture medium.25

    2-2-4- 2-1- Temperature..25

    2-2-4- 2-2- Acidity..26

    2-2-4-2-3- Light..27

    2-2-4-3- Genetics..27

    2-2-4-3-1- Vegetative compatible groups..27

    2-2-4-3-2- strain, pathotype and race..29

    2-2-4-3-3-molecular aspects of diagnosis.30

    2-2-4-3-4-hosts..32

    2-2-4-3-4-1- hosts of Verticillium in the world. Iran. 36

    2-2-5- Ways of plant contamination..37

    2-2-5-1- Venoms..37

    2-2-5-2- Pectolytic enzymes..38

    2-2-5-3- Contamination of vessels..38

    2-2-6- Effect of disease on quantitative and qualitative traits effective in Performance. 39

    2-2-7- Life cycle..39

    2-2-8- Effective factors in disease epidemics. Resistant..46

    2-2-9-4- Biological control..47

    2-2-9-4-1- Trichoderma sp..49

    2-2-9-4-1-2- Trichoderma as a biological control agent.50

    2-2-9-4-1-2- The mechanism of induction of resistance in plants by Trichoderma.54

    2-2-9-4-1-3 - Induction of resistance through activation of peroxidase enzyme. 56

    2-2-9-4-1-4- Induction of resistance through activation of beta-1 and 3-glucanase enzyme and phenol production. 57

    Chapter three: Materials and method

    3-1- Required materials..60

    3-2- Method Research.. 60

    3-2-1- Preparation of culture media used for the isolation and growth of isolates. 60

    3-2-1-1- Water agar culture medium (WA). 60

    3-4- Isolation of the disease-causing fungus..61

    3-5- Pathogenicity test of isolates..61

    3-6- Isolation and identification of Trichoderma fungus. 62

    3-7- Investigation of the effect of Trichoderma isolates on the disease-causing fungus. Antagonists on the mycelium growth of Verticillium fungus. 65

    3-9-Preparation of inoculum of the disease agent and antagonists. 66

    3-10- The effect of Trichoderma isolates in disease control in greenhouse conditions. 66

    Chapter 4: Results

    4-1- Field..70

    4-1-1- Collection Sample..70

    4-2-Laboratory..70

    4-2-1-Identification of Trichoderma isolates.70

    4-2-1-1- Characteristics of Trichoderma harzianum fungus.70

    4-2-1-2- Characteristics of Trichoderma virens fungus. 75

    4-2-3- Proof of pathogenicity.. 76

    4-2-4- Examining the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma isolates on the disease-causing fungus. 76

    4-5-4- Cross-cultivation test to check the strength of competition between the antagonistic isolates and the disease-causing fungus. 77

    4-5-4- Test for the production of escape inhibitor substances.. 86

    6-4- Investigating the effect of different Trichoderma fungus isolates on verticillium wilt of cotton in greenhouse conditions.88

    1-6-4- Measurement of contamination percentage..88

    2-6-4- Measurement of seedling length (root and stem).89

    Chapter five: Discussion

    Suggestions..97

    Sources..98

     

     

    Source:

    Azaddisfani, F. 2016. Additional investigation of cultivars susceptible to verticillium wilt disease of cotton. The final report of the research project, National Cotton Research Institute, 29

    2. Azaddisfani, F., Rouhani, H., Falahati Rostgar, M. and Mehdikhani Moghadam, A. 2012. Defense responses of cotton to Trichoderma fungi and its effect in controlling seedling death caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Journal of plant protection, volume 27, number 1, pages 1-10.

    3. Agricultural statistics. 2013.

    4. Ebrahimi, A.Q., Saneyi, S.J. and Razavi, S.A. 1377. Concept of deciduous and non-deciduous pathotype in Verticillium dahliae. Islamic Azad University, Gorgan branch, 17 pages.

    5. Ahmadi, A.R. 2017. Studying the effectiveness of common crop rotation in reducing verticillium wilt of cotton in Khorasan province. The final report of the research project, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, 17 pages. 6. Ahmadifar, F., Rustai, A., Shahriari, D. and Khodakarmian Gh. 2014. Biological control of Verticillium dahliae wilt disease by means of Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria isolates. Agricultural research of water, soil and plants in agriculture, volume five, number three, pages 65-78.

    7. Arshad, J. 1374. Mushrooms of Iran. Publications of the Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization. 874 pages.

    8. Akrami, M. and Ibrahimov, A. 2010. Efficacy of the combination of two species of Trichoderma in the biological control of Fusarium disease of chickpea under greenhouse conditions. Scientific-Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch, fourth year, special issue 1, number 14, pages 75-83.

    9. Baghani F, Rahnama K, Aghajani M, Dehghan M. Biological control of Fusarium spike disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum using three native species of Trichoderma at different times of sporulation in field conditions Journal of Plant Production Research Vol. 19th, number 2, 139.

    10. Barzali, Mohammad, Tahmasabi, Z., Qalavand, A., Tawakal Afshari, R. 2013. Evaluation of morphological and physiological characteristics related to initial growth potential in four cotton cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences of Iran. The sixth volume, number 1, 80-98.

    11. Behboodi, K. 1376. The effect of several fungicides and Trichoderma antagonist fungi in the control of phytophtora capasici on pepper. Master thesis. University of Tehran, page 100.

    12. Behdad, A. 2015. Phytopathology and important plant diseases of Iran. The release of Atrat perfume. 800 pages.

    13. nameless 1362. Hudud al-Alam Man al-Mashriq al-Maghrib, revised by the efforts of Manouchehr Sotoudeh (with an introduction by Bartold), published in Tehran, 255 pages (this book is the work of an unknown author, which was written in 372 AH).

    14. Bayat Asadi, Houshang, Arabsalmani, Morteza. 2015. Pests, diseases and weeds of cotton fields and their integrated management. Publication of Agriculture Education, 240 pages.

    15. Paighami, A. 1370. Investigating the possibility of biological control of Fusarium, the cause of cucumber wilting, by means of Trichoderma harzianum. Agricultural Science Journal, Volume 2, Number 3, Pages 100-123. 16. Tohidfar, M. 2012. Identification of molecular markers linked to Verticillium resistance gene using mass analysis of different individuals in cotton plant. Final report of the research project, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, 22 pages. 17. Jadi Hosseini, Seyyed Mehdi. Galshi, S. Soltani, A. and Akram Qadri, F. 2016. Investigating the physiological characteristics of sensitive and tolerant cotton genotypes. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Volume 14. Number 6, 63-71.

    18. Hakimi, M., Alaei, M. Baniani, A. and Arab Salmani, M. 2016. Principles of cotton cultivation. Vice President of Plant Production, Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, 65 pages. 19. Hamdaleh Zadeh, A. 1372. Characteristics of deciduous and non-deciduous races of Verticillium dahliae causing cotton wilt in northern Iran.  Journal of plant diseases, volume 29, pages 121-125.

    20. Khairi A. and Fathi, M. 2018. Evaluation of the tolerance of different cotton cultivars to verticillium wilt disease. Knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Volume 6, Number 1, Pages 55-59.

    21. Dizji, A., Zakir, M., Esmailzadeh Hosseini, S.A., Heydarian, A. and Ershad, J. 2015. Fungal factors associated with the roots and crowns of almond trees in decline in East Azerbaijan, Semnan, Yazd, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Agricultural research of water, soil and plants in agriculture, volume six, number one, pages 1-14.

    22. Rajabi, Abazar. Cotton diseases (translation). 1379. Academic Publishing Center, Tehran. 251 pages.

    23. Rezaei, Mohammad Ali, Khavarinejad Ramzan Ali, Fahimi Hamid. 2015. The effect of natural soil salinity on the peroxidation activity of two cotton cultivars. Journal of Basic Sciences of Islamic Azad University. No. 1/62, 79-89.

    24. Razavi, S.A., Sanei, S.J. and Liaghi, A. 1377.

Investigating the effect of Trichoderma isolates on the biological control of cotton vascular wilt disease in Gombad
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