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  3. Studying the habitat conditions of Larg (Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach) in Lart Badre Valley, Ilam Province

Studying the habitat conditions of Larg (Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach) in Lart Badre Valley, Ilam Province

Number of pages: 97 File Format: word File Code: 32505
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: branch - ecologist - Ecosystem - Forest reserves - Habitat conditions - Larg - Larg tree species - Lart Valley - the forest - Zagros habitat
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  • Summary of Studying the habitat conditions of Larg (Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach) in Lart Badre Valley, Ilam Province

    Dissertation to receive the Master's Degree in Natural Resources Engineering (M.Sc.)

    Trend: Forestry and Forest Ecology

    Abstract

    The aim of the current research is to study the habitat conditions of Larg (Pterocarya Fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach) in Laret Valley in the city Badra is the province of Ilam. Due to the limited area covered by the Larg mass, after recording the position of all Larg bases in the GPS memory, 100% statistics of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of all Larg trees and accompanying species including total height, trunk height, crown height, breast diameter, large and small diameters of the crown, rate and type of reproduction, examination of the floor covering, examination of the health of the crown and trunk of the trees in terms of pests and diseases were carried out. To analyze the primary data that were measured in the area, special formulas and relationships for forest statistics, Excel and SPSS software were used. For soil science investigations, soil samples were prepared from a depth of 0-20 cm from the area covered by Larg and the control area and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The results showed that the soil of the area has a texture of loamy clay to sandy loamy clay and the pH of the area varies from 7.15 to 7.4. The organic matter of the region fluctuated from 1.26 to 3.94 percent. Comparison of soil analysis in Larg and Shahid settlement areas showed significant differences in terms of potassium, phosphorus and salinity so that the average amount of each in Shahid area was 2.5, 2 and 2 times that of Larg settlement area, respectively. Other soil analyzes for other factors such as acidity, nitrogen, organic matter, apparent specific gravity, percentage of clay particles, sand and silt and soil texture, did not show significant differences and were very close to each other. The results showed that the average, minimum and maximum diameter of the bases were 39.56, 7 and 91 cm, respectively. The minimum and maximum height of Larg trees are 2.05 and 20 meters, respectively. The average height of Larg trees was calculated as 14.34 meters using Lowry's method. The maximum and minimum height of the trunk was 12 and 1 meter, respectively. The average volume of trees and the average cross-sectional area were measured as 1.11079 cubic meters and 0.161471 square meters, respectively. The regeneration of Larg trees was on average equal to 707.5 stems per hectare in the form of 100% branching. The canopy cover of the mentioned mass was also determined to be 30.05%.

    Key words: habitat conditions, Larg, Lart Valley, Badra, Ilam.

    1 Introduction

    The Zagros habitat includes a large part of the Zagros mountain chain, which starts from the northwest of the country, i.e. Piranshahr city and extends to the vicinity of Firozabad city. The Zagros forests are classified as semi-arid forests, which have the greatest impact on water supply, soil conservation, climate adjustment, and economic and social balance in the entire country (Saqib Talebi et al. 2013). Due to the great importance of water and soil protection, the forests of Zagros region should take on the status of protective, protective and revitalizing forests, and in this regard, interventions in these forests should be gentle and in sync with nature. What is very important about all the forests of Iran is to prevent the process of quantitative and qualitative destruction of forests. In the past, the area of ??Zagros forests was more than ten million hectares, and due to indiscriminate exploitation over the years, the area of ??these forests has been constantly decreasing, and unfortunately this trend is still continuing (Mohajer 1385). has formed The forests of Ilam province are part of the forest communities of dry and semi-arid areas of the Zagros mountain chain, the share of the forests of the province is 641/667 hectares.. Of the total forests of the province, about 4000 hectares are hand-planted, 7200 hectares are woodlands, 416800 hectares are thin forests, 211084 hectares are semi-dense and 2593 hectares are dense. The dominant type of forests in the province is oak (90 percent) and associated species including baneh, arjan, mountain almond, dagdaghan, kanaar, kikam, mesquite, pede and so on. is Among the rare plant species of Ilam province are wild pear, sumac, purple, larg, zarbin and so on. He mentioned that they are the reserves of the province. Among the economic species of the province's forests, we can mention the species with economic value of Beneh.

    Considering that the ecosystems are connected like chain links, they create the global ecosystem or Biosphere, as a result, the destruction of a local ecosystem is like breaking one of the links of the biosphere chain. In this way, it will have a bad effect on these ecosystems (local, regional, national, transnational and transregional) and eventually the global ecosystem will be exposed to destruction. Today, due to the increase in population, indiscriminate and unprincipled exploitation of forests, livestock grazing, droughts, reduction of biodiversity, pests, diseases and diseases, the life of these God-given and valuable blessings is in danger and the process of destruction of forests and natural resources is accelerating day by day. This is a proof of the need to gain knowledge and understanding of these important issues in order to think of solutions and adopt a suitable and efficient management method, in order to protect and restore forests.

    The ecosystems of marine, forest, desert, pasture, tundra, savannah, etc. are stable when they have sufficient and complete biodiversity. All these ecosystems play a very important role in the economic, social, cultural and spiritual life of humans. Their absence or lack of stability is a deficiency for a healthy human life. Due to the increase in population, the development of industry and the excessive exploitation of land, despite the efforts made in recent decades, this biodiversity has been seriously endangered in many areas. Therefore, its protection and restoration is considered one of the most important tasks facing humanity.

    Planning, decision-making and taking detailed measures in the field of forest resource management (especially tree and shrub species) under the title of forest reserves are very important priorities.

    Lerg tree species with the scientific name Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach is one of these reserves. It is an important and valuable forest located in Ilam Province, Dere Shahr, Badre, Dostan Dehistan, Laret Valley. Larg is one of the most important tree species of the Caspian forests (Mohajer 1385) and it is one of the beautiful trees of the Caspian coast, and it is the favorite of the humid and coastal areas of the Caspian Sea, and it can be seen in all the floodplain forests from Astara to Minodasht (Thabeti, 1355; quoted by Ebrahimi, 1383). Larg tree is one of the species that was previously reported from the low-altitude forests of Caspian, Caucasus and Anatolia (Alipur Nasir Mohlah, 2015). Larg species is distributed in Southwest Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia and North Iran (Browics, 1978; quoted by Shaykh al-Islami, 2016). The distribution of larg in the forests of the Caspian region from Astara to Minodasht and from Jalga up to a height of 1000 meters above the Azad sea level (except in Noor forests) has been stated (Shabiti, 1374; quoted by Sheikh al-Islami, 1386). is By knowing these conditions and the status of the habitat while using the obtained information, appropriate solutions will be provided to better introduce this species to the scientific and research societies of the country and to properly manage such habitats. Also, while achieving the above goals, it is possible to plan and carry out the necessary measures for its restoration and restoration in similar areas.

    1-1-1 The need for research

    Regarding the presence of this exceptional mass (larg) with relatively ideal conditions in the forests of the west, many questions are raised about the cause of its emergence and the quantitative and qualitative status of this mass outside its original habitat, which emphasizes the importance of introduction. Preservation, maintenance and restoration of such habitats increases.

  • Contents & References of Studying the habitat conditions of Larg (Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach) in Lart Badre Valley, Ilam Province

    List:

     

    Abstract 1

     

    Chapter One: Introduction and General Research

    1-1 Introduction. 3

    1-1-1 The necessity of research. 5

    1-1-2 questions. 6

    1-1-3 research objectives. 6

    1-1-4 assumptions. 6

    1-2 generalities. 7

    1-2-1 Definitions. 7

    1-2-1-1 Ecology. 7

    1-2-1-2 Forest ecology. 7

    1-2-1-3 catchment area 7

    1-2-1-4 habitat 7

    1-2-1-5 forest reserve. 7

    1-2-2 Parks and forest reserves. 8

    1-2-2-1 forest reserves. 9

    1-2-3 Zagros habitat. 10

    1-2-3-1 continuous forests of Zagros vegetation area. 14

    1-2-3-2 detached forests of Zagros vegetation area. 14

    1-2-3-3 Geology and soil science. 15

    1-2-3-4 Climatic characteristics of Zagros vegetation area. 15

    1-2-4 nouns. 16

    1-2-5 Larg classification. 16

    1-2-5-1 Keyology. 16

    1-2-6 Larg morphological characteristics. 17

    1-2-7 The forests of the world and the distribution of larg in the world 18

    1-2-8 The forests of Iran and the distribution of larg in it. 21

    1-2-9 Larg paleontology. 23

    1-2-10 industrial and food uses of Larg. 24

     

    Chapter Two: Research Background

    2-1 An overview of the studies conducted on Larg. 26

    2-2 Domestic studies 26

    2-3 Foreign studies 39

     

    Chapter three: materials and methods

    3- Materials and methods. 46

    3-1 Materials 46

    3-1-1 Geographical location of the studied area. 46

    3-1-2 Meteorological condition of the region. 49

    3-1-3 geological features. 50

    3-1-3-1 Asmari Formation. 50

    3-1-3-2 Pabdeh formation 51

    3-1-4 wildlife investigation. 51

    3-1-4-1 Mammals. 52

    3-1-4-2 reptiles. 53

    3-1-4-3 birds. 53

    3-1-4-4 endangered species. 54

    3-1-5 Social economic status. 54

    3-1-5-1 Villages on the edge of the reserve 54

    3-1-5-2 The number of livestock units in the vicinity and inside the reserve 56

    3-2 Research method. 57

    3-2-1 sampling method. 58

    3-2-1-1 Sampling of environmental factors. 58

    3-2-1-1-1 Physiographic factors. 58

    3-2-1-1-2 soil factors. 58

    3-2-2 method of statistical collection and measurement of the investigated parameters of habitat trees 58

    3-2-3 method of data analysis 58

    3-2-4 method of reproduction study. 59

    3-2-5 The method of studying the bottom species of the habitat 59

    Chapter Four: Results

    4- Results. 61

    4-1 Quantitative results. 61

    4-1-1 Flora of the region. 61

    4-1-2 species composition of mass 66

    4-1-3 diameter equal to chest. 67

    4-1-4 total height. 70

    4-1-5 trunk height. 72

    4-1-6 the height of the canopy. 73

    4-1-7 cross-section results. 74

    4-1-8 Volume. 75

    4-1-9 Examination of the canopy surface. 76

    4-1-10, checking fertility. 78

    4-1-11 Checking the forest floor cover. 79

    4-2 Qualitative results. 81

    4-2-1 Crown health. 81

    4-2-2 trunk health. 82

    4-2-3 Checking the condition of the trunk in terms of being smooth and cylindrical. 83

    4-3 results of soil studies. 84

    4-3-1 Analysis of soil relationship with habitat 87

    4-3-2 The results of comparing soil components in Shahid and Larg areas. 87

     

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    5-1 Discussion and Conclusion. 91

    5-2 Problems and dilemmas threatening the region. 97

    5-3 suggestions. 100

    Sources and sources. 102

    English abstract. 113

    Source:

    A- Internal sources

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    Amani M, Ikhlasi G, Ismailnia M, Hasani M, Yazdani S, Beheshti H. 1375. The results of the first quantitative and qualitative survey and forestry in the stand of young planting "Pellet" "Thinning" experiment plan - Imamzadeh Abdullah - Amol. Research and Design 31: 21-6.

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    Arkhi S, Heydari M, Mirzaei J. 2018. Reproductive status of tree species and shrubs and factors affecting it in the forests of Ilam Gharb province, Iran. The third national forest conference. Karaj, Iranian Forestry Association.

    Abrahimzadeh MA, Naboi SF, Naboi SM. 2018. Oily composition of essential oil and antioxidant activity of Larg. Pakistan Scientific and Biological Journal, Volume 12, Number (13): 957-963.

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    Panahi P, Tabrikochchaksrai M, Porashmi M. 2015. Quantitative and qualitative investigation of Oja natural stands in Noor plains forest. Journal of Forest and Pasture, No. 71: 40-47.

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    Pourhashmi. 2014. Investigating the natural regeneration of oak species in the forests of Marivan, PhD dissertation in forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj. 166 pages. 1355. Forests, trees and shrubs of Iran. Publications of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Organization, 810 pages. 1378. Habitat requirement and lifestyle of maple species (Pellet) Acer velutinum Boiss. In Khairudkanar area of ??Nowshahr. Forest and Pasture Research Institute, Forest and Spruce Research, Volume 2, Number 212: 150-79. 2013. A look at the forests of Iran. Tehran, Publications of Forestry and Rangeland Research Institute, number 339, 55 pages. 2012. Forestry of Zagros. Tehran University Publications: Tehran University Publishing and Printing Institute, 560 pages. Jehanbazigojani H, Heydari H, Saqbatalibi K, Khatamsaz M. 1381. Studying the habitat requirements of Ulmus boissieri Grudz in Tang Honi Bazfat, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Publications of the country's forest and rangeland research institute, Iranian forest and poplar research journal (8): 1-57. 1379. The effects of changes in height from sea level and soil on natural reproduction and other quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tall mazo tree in Glendroud forest of Nowshahr. Journal of Research and Construction, No. 58: 97-89. 1390. Ilam Province Statistical Yearbook 1389. Ilam Governorate Publications, 544 pages.

    R. Hijazi. 1348. Wood science and wood industry. The second volume, properties of wood. Tehran University Publications. Number 2/1225: 231-462.

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    Habshi H, Hosseini SM, Mohammadi J, Rahmani R. 2016. Determining the pattern of distribution and structure in mixed beech forest of Shasat Kalate, Gorgan. Iranian Forest and Spruce Research Quarterly, 15 (1): 63-55. 2017. The effect of altitude changes from sea level on natural reproduction and other quantitative and qualitative characteristics of western oak (case study of Heianan Ilam forests). Volume 16, Number 1: 1-10.

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Studying the habitat conditions of Larg (Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach) in Lart Badre Valley, Ilam Province
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