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  2. Agricultural Engineering
  3. Investigating the effect of nickel, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate (II) on pot life and quality of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. 'Intense') flowers

Investigating the effect of nickel, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate (II) on pot life and quality of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. 'Intense') flowers

Number of pages: 56 File Format: word File Code: 32504
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Gerbera - gerbera flower - Life after harvest - nickel - Nickel nitrate - Nickel sulfate - Omar Goljaei - Ornamental plants
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  • Summary of Investigating the effect of nickel, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate (II) on pot life and quality of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. 'Intense') flowers

    Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree

    Field: Horticulture, ornamental plants

    Abstract

    This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of nickel on life after harvesting gerbera flower in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. Healthy gerbera flowers (Gerbera jamesonii cv. 'Intense') were purchased from a commercial producer and immediately transferred to the laboratory of the horticulture department of the Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University of Rasht. The flowers were cut open at a height of 50 cm and placed in a two-liter plastic pot containing different nickel solutions for 24 hours. Distilled water was used as a control. After this period, the pulse solution was replaced with 3% sucrose plus 200 mg/liter of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate. Dismutase and peroxidase were measured. The results show that nickel nitrate caused the highest amount of Goljai life (11 days), protein (14%), superoxide dismutase activity (135.21 micromol/g wet weight) and peroxidase (6.3 micromol/g wet weight per minute). Nickel sulfate and nitrate, especially at concentrations of 30 and 50 mg/L, had similar beneficial effects on the post-harvest life of flowers. Therefore, nickel has the potential to act as a post-harvest life-preserving agent. Further studies can help clarify the different aspects of this effect.

    Key words: Omar Goljaei, Gerira, nickel, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate (II)

    1-1- Introduction

    Gerbera jamesonii) from the Asteraceae family is one of the most famous cut flowers in the world. Gerbera was first discovered by a botanist named Robert Jameson in 1884 in South Africa. Gerbera genus has about 30 wild species that are widespread in Africa, South America and tropical parts of Asia (Banaei et al. [1], 2013). In general, gerbera is a cold-sensitive plant with deep roots that are perennial. Gerbera inflorescence consists of three types of florets, radial florets (in the marginal parts of the flower), florets in the central plane and intermediate florets. These florets are placed radially and compactly next to each other (Figure 1-1).  Today, most of the commercial gerbera cultivars are obtained from the artificial crossing of G. jamesonii and G. viridifolia species, both of which are native to South Africa. The fame of this flower is due to the variety of colors of its petals and the large size of its flowers (actually inflorescences). In the floriculture industry, it is used and popular in the form of cut single branches or in the form of bouquets and also in the form of dried flowers (Nair [2] et al. 2003). Most of the breeding programs of this flower are carried out in the Netherlands (Bremer [3], 1994).

    Gerbera flower in different colors; Yellow, pink, orange, red, white, cream and purple can be found. The diameter of the flowers is 5 to 12 cm, and the length of the stem is about 25 to 60 cm, and there are low and full varieties
    (Kafi and Ghasare, 1390).

     

    Figure 1-1- Gerbera flower

     

     

     
     

    1-1-1-Gerbera history

    The habitat of the important species of this flower is limited to the eastern parts of Ampomalanga and parts of Limpopo state in South Africa. Gerbera was discovered in 1878 near the Barberton area, and that is why it is called Barberton enamel or Transvaal enamel in English. Robert Jameson [4] sent this plant to Cambridge Botanical Garden in England and a person named Lynch cultivated it.According to the available reports, this plant first flowered in Norwich garden and then in Kew garden by Mr. Tillet, but the first person who succeeded in hybridizing this plant in Europe was Lynch. Gerbera virdifolia was crossed as a result of this crossing, the first florist gerbera was created, this gerbera was named Gerbera cantabrigiensis, Lynch produced the Brilliant variety from the crossing of Natal known as Sir Michael Forster and Gerbera jamesonii, although the two strains of this species have a long history, however, due to the high heterozygous characteristics, no stabilized seeds of this plant have been obtained yet. Separately, Lynch, Adent, and Will Maureen Herrick were able to produce variations in the color of wild-growing Gerbera jamesonii flowers. Color hybrids bred by Lynch reportedly produced more seeds than French varieties bred by Adent. In 1891, these two researchers received the first basic seed certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society of England, and in 1904, they presented a sample of production varieties in London. Adent obtained a large number of cultivars in the French Riviera and Lynch also exchanged his seeds and plants with him. Prior to this event, Adent had almost started his breeding work with Gerbera jamesonii and had produced pale red plants in Africa. The German Diem [5] was responsible for the two-strain work with Adent, which was successful, until 1909, breeding crosses were carried out by Adent with more than 3000 pollinations of English hybrids and crosses with improved African varieties. This claim can be substantiated by introducing the parent plants and their characteristics. In this way, by the spring of 1909, 25,000 hybrids had been selected under strict selection conditions. At this time, Adent hoped that stable seeds would be produced at least after a few generations. At the same time, he emphasized that the plants are remarkably diverse in terms of color and shape.

    In 1909, Walter introduced the newest varieties of Adent in the publication in the form of flowers with a large difference in color with a diameter of 13 cm and a length of stems of 50 to 60 cm with a shelf life of six to eight days. According to Diem's ??reports, the yield of cuttings is estimated to be between 36 and 60 flowers per plant with the ability to keep for almost two weeks. In 1906, the first gerbera was propagated by itself through seed germination. In 1897, Ginck found an opportunity to breed and breed gerbera in New York. In the fall of 1908, a variety called Gigantea was introduced to the market, this 12 cm diameter red flower and one meter long stems had a high frequency of flowering in this variety, and for the first time in 1909, it succeeded in receiving a basic seed certificate. During this period of time, gerbera always received valuable national and international awards by horticultural associations, for example, in 1904 in the city of Dusseldorf, Germany, in the same year and in 1907. In London, 1909, in Berlin and Paris, it received much attention. The most awards in the history of the floriculture industry have been dedicated to the improvement of this flower (Hansen[6], 1999). The plant is divided in late spring or autumn. The important thing is that the meristem part is placed on the soil and not buried under the soil. Propagation with seeds is also possible. The seeds must be fresh because the viability [7] of the remaining seeds decreases. Since gerbera is native to tropical regions and is sensitive to cold, the seeds need a temperature of at least 15 degrees Celsius for its freshness. The seeds germinate within two weeks. The problem of seed increase is the distribution of traits and the lack of uniformity in the production of flowers. Today, one of the most widely used methods of increasing gerbera is through tissue culture (Raviant [8], 2009). It has been observed that planting gerbera from the end of May to the end of July produces a lot of cut flowers, but a good winter crop can be obtained by planting from October to March under protected conditions. For large flower cultivars, the optimal planting density is eight to ten plants per square meter. This density provides enough light for plants. But denser planting after two years causes a decrease in yield, flower size and flower stem length.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effect of nickel, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate (II) on pot life and quality of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. 'Intense') flowers

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Chapter One: General

    1-1- Introduction.. 3

    1-1-1-Gerbera history.. 4

    1-2- Reproduction.. 5

    1-3- Performance.. 6

    1-4- Physiological disorders. 6

    1-4-1- Bending and breaking the flower stem. 6

    1-4-2- Withering of immature flowers.. 6

    1-5- Pests and diseases.. 7

    1-6- Statement of the problem.. 7

    Chapter two: review of sources

    2-1- Standards and factors affecting the life after harvesting of cut flowers. 9

    2-1-1- Metabolism and metabolic pathways. 9

    2-1-2- Aging, shedding and cell death. 10

    2-1-3- Aging of petals.. 10

    2-1-4- Water and its role in the life after harvesting cut flowers. 11

    2-1-5- Microorganisms in flower maintenance solution. 12

    2-2-Nickel.. 13

    2-2-1- The role of nickel in plant metabolism. 14

    2-2-1-1- Euroid.. 14

    2-2-2- increasing growth indicators. 15

    2-2-3- The effect of nickel on life after harvest. 17

    2-2-4- symptoms of nickel deficiency in plants. 17

    2-2-5- Accumulation and toxicity.. 18

    Chapter three: materials and methods

    3-1- Plant materials.. 22

    3-2- Type of experimental design.. 23

    3-2-1- Introduction of treatments.. 24

    3-2-2- How to prepare flowers and perform treatment 24

    3-3- Traits measurement.. 25

    3-3-1- Flower life span.. 25

    3-3-2- Fresh weight loss.. 25

    3-3-3- percentage of dry matter.. 26

    3-3-4- Diameter of flowers.. 26

    3-3-5- Reduction of water soluble solids (TSS). 27

    3-3-6- petal protein content. 27

    3-3-7- petal carotenoid pigment. 28

    3-3-8- Water absorption.. 28

    3-3-9- Counting of stem bacteria and Goljai solution. 28

    3-3-10- Peroxidase enzyme activity (POD). 28

    3-3-11- Superoxide desmutase (SOD) enzyme activity. 29

    3-4- Data analysis.. 29

    Chapter four: Conclusion

    4-1- Flower life.. 31

    4-2- Loss of flower fresh weight.. 32

    4-3- Percentage of dry matter.. 33

    4-4- Flower diameter.. 34

    4-5- Reducing the percentage of soluble solids in water (TSS). 35

    4-6- Petal protein level.. 36

    4-7- Petal carotenoid level.. 37

    4-8- Water absorption.. 38

    4-9- Bacterial population at the bottom of the stem. 39

    4-10- Bacterial population in flower preservation solution. 40

    4-11- activity of superoxide desmutase enzyme. 41

    4-12- Peroxidase enzyme activity.. 42

    Chapter five: Discussion

    5-1- Discussion.. 45

    5-2- Conclusion.. 50

    5-3- Suggestions.. 50

    Resources.. 51

    Source:

     

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Investigating the effect of nickel, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate (II) on pot life and quality of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. 'Intense') flowers
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