The effect of different L-carnitine and lysine-methionine levels on intestinal microflora and blood parameters of male broiler chickens.

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.Sc.)

Department of Animal Science The day is expanding. Therefore, it is very important to try as much as possible to improve the quantity and especially the quality of this strategic product. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of different L-carnitine levels and additional lysine-methionine levels on the intestinal microflora and blood parameters of Ras 308 broiler chickens. This experiment was conducted in a factorial form in a completely randomized design with two factors and three levels for each factor. Each combination of different levels of two factors in the form of nine experimental treatments and three replications, and each replication included 10 pieces of Ras 308 male broilers during three periods: beginning (0-21 days old), growing (22-35 days old) and ending (35-42 days old). Different levels of L-carnitine including: level 0 (mg/kg), level 75 (mg/kg) and level 150 (mg/kg) and levels of lysine-methionine more than the NRC recommendation including: level 0%, level 15% and level 30% were selected.            

At the age of 42 days, one bird was selected from each replication and blood was collected from its wing vein for blood parameters tests. After blood sampling at the end of the period, one chicken was selected from each repetition and slaughtered, and their caecum was separated and measured to determine the microbial flora. The results of this research on blood parameters showed that the use of different levels of L-carnitine caused a significant difference in blood uric acid, cholesterol and LDL between the experimental groups (P<0.05). The interaction effect of L-carnitine and lysine-methionine levels caused a significant difference in blood uric acid, cholesterol, LDL and HDL (P<0.05).            

The results regarding intestinal microflora showed that the use of L-carnitine levels caused a significant difference in the total population of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid producing bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, coliforms and lactobacilli (P<0.05).  Also, the use of additional lysine-methionine levels caused a significant difference in the total population of aerobic bacteria and coliforms (P<0.05). Finally, the results of the interaction of L-carnitine and lysine-methionine levels caused a significant difference in the total population of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid producing bacteria, Escherichia coli, coliforms and lactobacilli (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the rest of the parameters at all levels.

Key words: L-carnitine, lysine-methionine, broiler chicken, blood parameters, intestinal microflora

Chapter one: Introduction

Historical look at the necessity of animal husbandry during human evolution

During the evolutionary life, humans took different paths in domesticating animals in order to meet their needs, including food and clothing, and this difference can be examined in the production methods and social relations of their time. According to the natural laws and autodynamism of the society and in a process of thesis and antithesis that led to social and economic formations, it emerged as a synthesis, and therefore, in every era, humans tried to domesticate and breed animals according to the tools and technology of their time. Today, in line with the same trend, using the best technology to improve the quality and quantity in order to respond to the growth and increase of the population, it is the historical duty of the current generation to play its role in improving the quality and quantity at this point in history by using past experiences and modern technology. Undoubtedly, in this process, the topic of poultry breeding has taken a special place to provide part of the nutritional needs of the society, and the current society has correctly recognized this position and it is expanding every day. The existence of large farms proves this claim, so it is very important to try as much as possible to improve the quantity and especially the quality of this strategic product.. The existence of large farms proves this claim, therefore, it is very important to put as much effort into improving the quantity and especially the quality of this strategic product.

The importance of poultry and the necessity of its industrialization

Today, one of the biggest worries and concerns from the point of view of policymakers and planners is to meet the needs of society rather than the level of relative well-being of people. Increase the community. It is obvious that meeting the food needs of the people is one of the most necessary programs that must be addressed in view of the ever-increasing trend of world population growth and food poverty, especially in third world countries, otherwise the world will face a new challenge called the food crisis. Of course, in providing food, not only the quantity but also its quality should be considered.

Protein foods are very important in human nutrition, and in the meantime, the poultry industry has a privileged position as a producer of protein foods. Because on the one hand, economically, its production will be very cost-effective, because firstly, in a short period of time (approximately seven weeks), the production will increase quantitatively 47 times, and in fact, it has a high food efficiency, and secondly, it does not require a significant cost, and in a limited space, the largest amount of protein can be produced. On the other hand, chicken meat is superior and healthier in terms of protein and amino acid ratio than the meat of many animals, and in terms of protein, it has the highest amount (about 20.2%) and in terms of fat, it has the lowest amount after fish among the types of meat consumed. Its cholesterol level is low and common diseases between poultry and humans are few compared to ruminants, and considering the need of each person which is about 60 to 70 grams of protein per day and the low cholesterol of chicken meat and the low level of connective tissue and fat in poultry meat and its high digestibility, it is necessary to pay attention to the poultry industry (Pour Reza, 2013).

The importance of poultry meat production and the status and statistics of the poultry industry in Iran and the world

Increasing the population and improving the purchasing power of households are among the most important factors that will affect the demand for consuming protein-rich foods in the future. The per capita consumption of meat in the world is 13.86 kg per year and in Iran it is 12 kg, which ranks 88th in the world. The countries of Peru, Argentina, and Japan with a per capita consumption of more than 20 kg per year have the first to third ranks.

According to the trend of increasing population and increasing meat consumption, the demand for it in the world in the next half century is equal to 166 million tons is estimated, for this purpose, the average annual production should increase by 4.5%, while the growth of chicken meat production in the last half century was an average of 4%, and in fact it is clear that the amount of demand has exceeded the amount of supply (Seyd Mostafavi, 1384). They are chicken, but about 69% of chicken meat exports are made by European countries, and in fact, after importing, processing and packaging according to the needs of consumers in different countries, they are re-exported. For example, Russian people are interested in chicken thighs or Japanese people are interested in boneless chicken meat, Saudi people are interested in chicken breast, and Chinese people are interested in chicken legs and wings (Seyd Mostafavi, 1384). rtl;"> 

Comparison of poultry breeding in Iran with other countries

Today, in developed countries, various sectors of the poultry breeding industry have been integrated and are managed by a system called the complete breeding or integrated system[1]. In this system, a company commands and controls all production steps. This system includes two parts:

A) Companies

B) Breeders

The company should provide day-old chicks, feed, medicine, supplements, service technicians, arrangements for delivery of chicks and evacuation of chicks from the hall. It also assumes the risk and risks of price fluctuations.