Word Files
Reference for Downloading Educational Files
  2. Agricultural Engineering
  3. The effect of different rainfall components on the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province

The effect of different rainfall components on the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province

Number of pages: 128 File Format: word File Code: 32497
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Geography - Urban Planning
Tags/Keywords: Characteristics of precipitation - Damages - landslide - Morphometric characteristics - rain - Rainfall threshold - Watersheds
  • Part of the Content
  • Contents & Resources

  • Summary of The effect of different rainfall components on the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province

    Dissertation for M.Sc.

    Inclination: Watershed

    The effect of different rainfall components on the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province

    Abstract

    Landslide is one of the main tectonic processes that affects the evolution of the landscape of mountainous areas and causes catastrophic events, landslides In Iran, especially in the northern basins of the country, they are one of the most important natural disasters that every year play a significant role in the destruction of communication roads, the destruction of pastures, gardens and residential areas, as well as the creation of erosion and the transfer of large volumes of sediment to the watersheds of our country. Rainfall is one of the main causes of landslides. The intensity of rainfall and its duration plays a major role in the occurrence of landslides, which of course depends on several factors such as climatic conditions, topography and geological structure of slopes and permeability of the range. Considering that different characteristics of rainfall change in different regions and since the characteristics of landslides also have changes as a result of spatial changes, so perhaps these changes can be attributed to changes in different characteristics of rainfall. In this research, an attempt will be made to investigate the relationship between the spatial changes in precipitation characteristics and the changes in the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province, and if this relationship is significant, we will find statistical relationships. The morphological characteristics of landslides that are investigated in this research include area, volume, depth, coefficient of equivalent friction (ratio of height to length of landslide) and is Also, the characteristics of rainfall include average annual rainfall, average monthly rainfall in the rainy months of the year, average monthly rainfall in the rainy season of the year, maximum 24-hour intensity and . are The point that can be addressed in this case is that when the different precipitation parameters were categorized into different classes, the morphometric indices had changes in each class. Longitudinal deformation coefficient index has an increasing trend in all different precipitation classes and the deformation coefficient index has a decreasing trend.

    Keywords: Landslides, morphometric characteristics, precipitation characteristics, Mazandaran province

    - Introduction

    Landslides are one of the main morphologic processes that affect the evolution of mountain landscape and cause catastrophic events, landslides are among the most destructive natural events in sloping areas (Kanango and colleagues [1], 2006). Landslides are a global problem and are the most common type of natural phenomena that shape the earth's surface, which have occurred in all geological eras (Thoruti, 2012). Damages to residential areas and economic infrastructure as well as human casualties caused by landslides are increasing worldwide. During the 1990s, landslides accounted for approximately 9% of all natural disasters worldwide. Landslides cause 1000 deaths and 4 million dollars of financial damage in the world every year. Several factors such as geological conditions, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, topographical and morphological conditions, climate and weathering affect the stability of a slope and can cause landslides (Garfi et al. [2], 2007). Landslides are caused by many triggering factors such as earthquakes, rainfall, and rapid melting of snow, and are influenced by factors such as topography, rock and soil type, fractures and bed surfaces, and humidity levels (Turner and Scott [3], 1996). Landslides in Iran, especially in the northern basins of the country, are one of the most important natural disasters that every year play a significant role in the destruction of communication roads, the destruction of pastures, gardens and residential areas, as well as the creation of erosion and the transfer of large volumes of sediment to the watersheds of our country (Klarstaghi et al., 2007). Rainfall is one of the main causes of landslides. The intensity of rainfall and its duration play a major role in the occurrence of landslides, which of course depends on several factors such as climatic conditions, topography and geological structure of slopes and permeability of the range (Spizoa [4], 2002).The highest number of slope breaks occurs after heavy rains or snow melting in the spring due to water infiltration in the cracks. The severity of the effect of precipitation on the instability of slopes depends on weather conditions, topography of the area, geological structures of slopes, permeability and other properties of rock and soil masses (Zandi, 2018). Considering that different characteristics of rainfall change in different regions and since the characteristics of landslides also have changes due to spatial changes (Mousavi Khatir et al., 2018). Therefore, these changes may be attributed to changes in different characteristics of rainfall. In this research, an attempt will be made to investigate the relationship between spatial changes in precipitation characteristics and changes in the morphological characteristics of landslides, and if this relationship is significant, we will find statistical relationships. The morphological characteristics of landslides that are investigated in this research include area, volume, depth, equivalent coefficient of friction (ratio of height to length of landslide) and is Also, the characteristics of rainfall include average annual rainfall, average monthly rainfall in the rainy months of the year, average monthly rainfall in the rainy season of the year, maximum 24-hour intensity and .

    The occurrence of landslide phenomenon can be caused by many geological, geomorphological, hydrological, biological and human factors, but usually only one external stimulus or trigger factor plays a central role in the beginning of landslide. Heavy rainfall, rapid melting of snow, sudden changes in the underground water level, earthquakes and high-speed erosion are among the most important causes of landslides (Sidel and Ochiai [5], 2006). Cannon and Allen[6] in 1958, Crozier[7] in 1999, and Jacob and Witherly5 in 2003, count rainfall as the most common cause of landslides. Then, in 1979, Starkel managed to theorize it in the form of rainfall intensity and duration relationships. The level of the minimum or maximum quantity required for a process to occur or to be in a state of change can be considered a threshold. The fact that some rainfall events cause landslides and others do not have such an effect can be a basis for scientific research on the analysis of the relationship between rainfall amounts and the onset of landslides. Obtaining such relationships by identifying rainfall thresholds can be achieved by using the empirical bases of rainfall thresholds (Crozier, 1986).

    2- Rainfall changes can affect the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province.

     

    3-1- Research objectives

    1-3-1- Scientific objectives

    Effects of different components of rainfall on the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province

    Investigation of the spatial distribution of precipitation characteristics in Mazandaran province

    Investigation of the spatial distribution of landslide characteristics in Mazandaran province

    Investigation of the relationship between precipitation characteristics and characteristics of landslides in the province Mazandaran

     

    2-3-1- Practical objectives

    Determining the most effective parameters related to rainfall in order to reduce the impact of precipitation on the occurrence of landslides in Mazandaran province

    4-1-Definitions

    1-4-1- Landslide

    The term landslide has been defined by many scientists. Sometimes this term is used for any type of soil mass that moves down the slope. And in some cases, it refers to a specific type of mass movements.

    Landslides are the hands of mass movements that include the movement of rock or soil materials in the domain under the influence of gravity. This movement takes place at a specific rupture level and is based on criteria such as rupture level, sliding material, sliding factors, etc.

  • Contents & References of The effect of different rainfall components on the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province

    List:

    Abstract..1

    Chapter One: Generalities

    Introduction..3

    2-1- Research assumptions..5

    3-1- Research goals..6

    1-3-1- Scientific goals..6

    2-3-1- Applied goals..6

    4-1- Definitions..6

    1-4-1- Landslide..6

    1-4-1-1- Landslide morphology.7

    1-4-2-1- Landslide dimensions..10

    1-4-3-1- Causes of landslides. 11

    1-4-3-1-1- Earth factors 12

    1-4-3-2-1- Morphological factors. 12

    1-4-3-3-1- Human factors..13

    1-4-4-1- Landslide damage. 16

    5-1- Geostatistics. 18

    1-5-1- Regional variable..19

    2-5-1- view change ..19

    1-2-5-1- components of ideal view change. 20

    1-2-5-1-1- scope of influence..20

    1-2-5-2-1- ceiling of variogram..21

    1-2-5-3-1- piece effect ..22

    6-1- Kriging method..22

    6-1-1- Kriging equations ..22

    6-2-1- Kriging features..23

    7-1- Review of averaging methods and choosing the most suitable method.24

    1-7-1- Thiessen method..26

    2-7-1- Distance photograph method..26

    3-7-1- Geostatistical methods..26

    Chapter two: Research background

    Review of research records inside the country.

    3-2- Geology of Mazandaran province.41

    3-3- Climate of Mazandaran province.45

    3-4- Climate of Mazandaran province..45

    3-4-1- Roughnesses of Mazandaran province.46

    3-5- Mountains of Mazandaran province..48

    3-6- Vegetation of the province Mazandaran. 48

    3-7- Wind..49

    3-8- Precipitation..50

    3-9- Used data..51

    3-9-1- Precipitation data..51

    3-9-2- Specifications of the studied stations.51

    3-9-3- Land data slip.. 53

    3-10 - Research method..54

    3-10-1- Checking the accuracy and homogeneity of the data.54

    3-10-2- Choosing a common time base.

    3-10-5- Prepare a map of different precipitation parameters.57

    3-10-6- Prepare a distribution map of landslide points.57

    3-10-7- Calculation of different precipitation parameters at landslide points.57

    3-10-8- Calculation of landslide morphometric parameters.58

    3-10 -9- Checking the relationship between morphometric parameters Landslides and precipitation characteristics. 58

    3-10-9-1 - Correlation test.

    3-10-9-2- Statistical analysis..59

    Chapter four: Results

    4-1- Investigation of different parameters of rainfall. 61

    4-2- Calculation of different parameters of precipitation. 62

    4-2-Preparation of map of different parameters Precipitation. 4-3- Distribution map of landslides. 84 4-4- Statistical investigation of the relationship between landslide characteristics and rainfall. 85 4-4-1- Correlation test. 85 4-4-2- Statistical analysis. Assumptions..102

    Suggestions..103

    Sources

    Persian sources..105

    English sources..110

    English abstract.

    Source:

    Madian, H., M. Safai., sh. A. Nowruz and H. hello 1388. Investigation and control of Erzefun Sari landslide (case study: Erzefun Sari).

    Omidvar, A. and A. Kavian. 1389. Estimating the volume of landslides based on area on a regional scale (case study: Mazandaran province). No. 4, page 455-439.

    Isanlou, A. 2016. Investigating the capability of remote sensing data and GIS for zoning the risk of mass movements in the catchment area of ??Bidovaz River, a master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Ildarmi, G. 2016. Morphometric analysis of landslides in Ekbatan dam watershed and estimation of their sedimentation.

    Badihi, R. 1380. The detailed geography book of Iran 1 and 2

    Tharuti, M.  1381. Regional geomorphology of Iran. Tehran: Armed Forces Publications.

    Hosni Pak, A. A. 1377. Geostatistics. Tehran University Press. p. 314. Hosseini, S. and M. R. Hojjati 2016. Consequences of mass movement and landslides in the forest roads of Mazandaran province. Hosseini, A. and R. Lotfi 2016. Investigating the phenomenon of landslides in terms of physiography (a case study: Chaybagh series, area of ??Hall of Wood Industries and. Investigating the phenomenon of landslides in terms of physiography (case study: Chaibagh series, Mazandaran wood and paper industry hall area). Samani drop., b.  Burjian and g. Khakian 2016. Evaluation of geostatistical methods in estimating climatic factors of temperature and rainfall in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province as a prerequisite for land preparation.  

    Khosrozadeh, M. 1378. Study of mass movements in terms of landslides (case study: Aruzfon series, job and paper industries of Mazandaran). The first international conference on environmental changes in the Caspian region, Mazandaran University, Babolsar.

    Domehri, R. 1382. Investigating landslide areas in the watershed of Zamzam Sawad Kouh dam.

    Zamardian, M.  c. 1373. The geomorphological bottlenecks of the northern slopes of Binalud, Proceedings of the 8th Geographical Congress, Isfahan University. pp. 162-180.

    Zandi, F.  1378.  Investigation of fault lines in Taleghan region using remote sensing and its application in identifying landslide areas. Master thesis of Shahid Beheshti University.

    Shadfar, S., A. A. Nowrozi, J. Qudosi and J. Ghayoumian 2014. Landslide risk zoning in Lakhizlaktrashan watershed. Promotional scientific journal of water and soil protection. Number 1: 1-10. Shadfar, S. and M. Yamani.  2016. Landslide risk zoning in Jalisan watershed using LNRF model.  Geographical Research Quarterly, No. 62. Azdi, M. 2016. Examining the pattern of temporal and spatial distribution of drought using SPI method and geostatistical methods. Master's thesis on natural resources. Talai Doleq, R. and J. Ghayoumian. 1380. Identifying and investigating the factors affecting the landslide in the southwest of Khalkhal. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Engineering Geology and Environment of Iran, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, pp. 129-140.

    Fiznia, S. 2010. Landslide risk zoning of Shalman River watershed in Gilan province. Journal of Natural Resources of Tehran University, No. 4. Karam, A. 2008. Quantitative modeling and landslide risk zoning in folded Zagros (case study: Serkhon watershed - Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province). Natural Geography Doctoral Dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, p. 354.

    Kalarstaghi, A. 1381. Investigating factors affecting landslides and landslide hazard zoning in the Shirin River watershed. Master's thesis in watershed management, University of Tehran, Faculty of Natural Resources. 2015. Investigating mass movements of the earth in order to provide a regional risk zoning model in the Lajim River watershed. Master thesis of Mazandaran University, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari. Lotfi, R., M. Lotfalian and A. Klarstaghi 1386. Studying the phenomenon of landslides around forest roads based on participation in sediment production (case study: Paneh Kala series, Mazandaran wood and paper industry Tajen Basin). Mohammadi, J. 2017. A study of spatial changes of soil salinity in Ramhormoz area using geostatistical theory, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources. The second volume.  Number 4. pp. 49-63. Mohammadi, J. 2015. Geostatistics pedometry. Plek Publications. The second volume, page 453. Mahmoudi, F. 2014. Dynamic geomorphology.  Payam Noor University Publications. pp. 47-43.

    Mardanian, A. R. and R. Mohammad Karimi 2016. The effects of climatic and geological factors on the creation of landslides through the analysis of 400 cases of landslides in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari provinces. The fourth national conference of watershed science and engineering of Iran. Watershed management.   

    Mesgrivsh, A., H. Falah and S. Karimi Nasab, 1380. Investigating the role of effective factors in the occurrence of landslides, Mahmoud Abad, Moskun. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Engineering Geology and Environment of Iran, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. pp.186-177.

    Maqimi, A., K. Alavi Panah and T. Jafari. 2017. Evaluation and zoning of factors influencing the occurrence of landslides in the northern slopes of Aladagh (case study: Chenaran drainage basin in North Khorasan province).  Geographical Research Quarterly, No. 64.

    Mousavi Khatir, Z., A. Kavian, and A. Hashemzadeh Etoi, 2018. Statistical investigation of some morphometric features and factors influencing the occurrence of landslides in Sejaroud watershed. Journal of water and soil protection research. Second issue.

    Mehjouri, A. 1380. Book of historical geography of Mazandaran.

    Mahdavi, M. 1380. General hydrology. Aye cultural and publishing institute. P. 252.

    Mahdavi, M. 2012. Applied hydrology. Second volume, third edition. Tehran University Publications. P. 364.

    Mahdavi Far, AD 1376.

The effect of different rainfall components on the morphometric characteristics of landslides in Mazandaran province
How To Access The File
Related Contents:
Number of pages: 122 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Geography, specialization: Climatology in environmental planning. Abstract: In this research, the monitoring and zoning of drought as well as the investigation of its different dimensions in the country of Iran using statistics and information related to precipitation and temperature for 30 years (1981-2010) of the country's ...

Number of pages: 132 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Natural Geography, specialization: Geomorphology in environmental planning. Abstract: Flood is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which is usually associated with a lot of human and financial losses. Floods every year in the corners of the country cause a lot of damage to economic resources. The occurrence of ...

Number of pages: 247 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: Natural Geography Major: Climatology Abstract Floods are one of the natural phenomena that mankind has been witnessing since a long time ago. In Iran, due to the large area, multiple climates, and temporal and spatial density of rainfall in most watersheds, every year we see huge floods in most regions of the country. ...

Number of pages: 62 Category: Biology - Environment

Abstract In this research, the effect of different degrees of burial in windy sand on some physiological and vegetative characteristics of Qara Dagh and Rames species was measured. One-year-old saplings of Qarhadagh and Rames species were obtained from the nursery of the General Department of Natural Resources of Yazd province and subjected to five control treatments, burial ...

Number of pages: 88 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.Sc.) Investigating the application of artificial neural network method in estimating the annual runoff of watersheds (Case study: Total Watershed, Fars Province) by: Jalal Zarei Abstract: The importance and place of water in human life, especially in the modern and overpopulated world, is not hidden from anyone, and industrial and urban life ...

Number of pages: 124 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Abstract Today, rice is the main food of more than half of the world's population and rice is cultivated in five continents and more than forty countries. Rice is one of the main meals of the people of Iran, until 1340, Iran exported more or less rice annually, and since then, as a result of the improvement of the economic situation of the people and the rapid increase of the ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in the field of natural geography in the field of climate change. Abstract: With the process of global warming and water resources becoming more valuable due to population growth and the needs of industries and agriculture, numerous investigations have been conducted in line with water conservation and protection programs in line with ...

Number of pages: 181 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A) Major: Climatology Abstract: Geographically, Iran has little rainfall due to its proximity to the subtropical high pressure center of STHP and the prevailing weather conditions of this system. In the southern regions of the country, as a result of the longer rule of this system, the drought phenomenon becomes more acute. Rainfall changes ...

Number of pages: 98 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of natural geography, specialization: geomorphology in environmental planning. Abstract: Nowadays, it is necessary to pay attention to the phenomenon of landslides and to predict, identify, control and reduce the risks and damages caused by it as one of the forms of unexpected events. Landslide is a phenomenon that depends on ...

Number of pages: 82 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in the field: application of climate in environmental planning. Abstract Since the beginning of history, drought has been a part of climate changes in our environment. The lack of water on one hand and the indiscriminate and wrong use of water resources on the other hand are a serious threat to the environment and water resources in a ...