The effect of different levels of iron and sulfur on yield and yield components of peanut

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.Sc)

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effect of different amounts of iron and sulfur on the performance and components of the peanut plant, a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications with 4 levels of sulfur fertilizer from a granular sulfur source) including 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) and iron fertilizer from the source of iron chelate (in the form of foliar spraying including 0, 2, 4 and 6 per thousand) was done in Astana Ashrafieh city located in the east of Gilan province. The results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained from S80Fe2 and S80Fe4 treatments with an average of 2905 and 2890 kg/ha, respectively. The comparison of the average amount of iron on the amount of oil showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the level of 0 and 2 parts per thousand of iron, and with the increase in iron consumption, the amount of seed oil increased from the level of 2 parts per thousand to 4 parts per thousand, but from the level of 4 to 6 parts per thousand, no significant increase was observed in the amount of seed oil. Comparison of the average effect of sulfur fertilizer on seed protein value showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the level of zero and 40 kg/ha of sulfur, but the application level of sulfur fertilizer 80 and 120 kg/ha were superior to the other two levels of sulfur. The highest amount of seed protein was obtained from the level of 120 kg/ha with an average of 25.30%, which was statistically not significantly different from the level of 80 kg/ha (with an average of 25.17%). According to the obtained results, it is recommended to use 80 kg of sulfur per hectare and foliar application of 2 parts per thousand of iron in order to achieve the maximum grain yield.

Key words: peanuts, kernoule gougerd fertilizer, iron chelate, seed protein, seed oil

Introduction

Peanut is one of the legumes of the regions. It is tropical and subtropical with unlimited growth, which can provide food for humans and animals and form a valuable part of the protein in the food program (Safarzadeh Vishgaei, 2018). This plant has unique characteristics in terms of growth and absorption of mineral elements compared to other agricultural plants, and these characteristics are mostly related to the growth and production of oil and protein in the seeds of this plant (Safarzadeh Vishgaei, 2018). However, the lack of research conducted on the nutritional needs of this plant in Iran is one of the most important limiting factors for the development of its cultivated area in the country. Unlike the pods of other dark bean plants, peanut pods grow under the soil and this makes the transfer of calcium from the roots to the growing pods very low. As a result, this plant absorbs most of the calcium it needs directly from the soil by growing pods. Therefore, the peanut plant should be cultivated naturally in soils with high calcium content (Hosseinzadeh Geshti, 2015). In other words, peanuts are cultivated in calcareous soils in order to grow properly. Due to the cultivation of peanuts in calcareous soils and the high amount of bicarbonate in the soil, the deficiency of some elements such as iron, boron and sulfur can be seen in them. Meanwhile, elements such as iron and sulfur are essential for nitrogen fixation as well as oil and protein synthesis in peanuts. Since the soils under groundnut cultivation in Gilan province are from the banks of the Sefidroud River to the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea and these soils have a calcareous parent bed, as a result, according to the investigations, these soils are very rich in terms of calcium bicarbonate and dissolved calcium in the soil, and their pH is usually higher than 7. Under the soil, they clearly show the lack of iron and sulfur. On the other hand, the continuous harvest of peanuts, the removal of crop residues from the field, the climatic conditions of the region with rainfall of more than 1000 mm per year and the lack of supply of sufficient amounts of sulfur and iron can reduce the amount of these elements in the soil and plants. Therefore, this study was planned and implemented with the aim of investigating the effect of iron and sulfur on the growth and yield of peanuts, as well as determining the appropriate amount of fertilizers containing these two elements in the fields under peanut cultivation.                                                                                                                                  

Chapter Two

Finding Manab

2-1- History of peanuts

         due to the existence of remains of plants obtained from old places in the countries South America shows that peanuts were cultivated 3900 years ago in countries like Peru. However, there is no accurate information since the domestication of this plant. Probably the first cultivation of this plant was in the valleys of the rivers in Paraguay, Chaco in South America.  Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important and economic oilseeds in tropical and subtropical regions, after soybean, which is mostly cultivated to produce oil (43-55%) and protein (25-28%). Groundnut is one of the most important oil plants in areas where other oil plants cannot grow.

2-2-Peanuts in Iran

In 1289, Professor Granmayeh Shadrovan Purdawood was the first person to grow peanuts in his father's property in Rasht. This plant was brought by him from Europe, which at that time was used more than peanuts for snacks and confectionery, and its valuable substance, useful oil, had been neglected, which could have caused the growth and development of industrial cultivation, and the resulting income could improve the life of the village and even the city of the region. Vajan

The area under peanut cultivation in Iran is currently around 3 thousand hectares and its production rate is 2.5 thousand tons of seeds. Of this amount, about 2500 hectares are located in Gilan province and the rest in Golestan and North Khorasan provinces. The cities of Astana Ashrafieh and Bandar Kiashahr are the main centers of peanut cultivation and production in Gilan province, and the peanuts produced in these areas are of very high quality. Despite the passage of about a century of peanut cultivation in Iran, this plant has not yet received serious attention as a product for oil production. This oil plant is cultivated as a new plant in Iran, while the researches that have been done have not responded to the needs caused by the development of its cultivated area, and in the field of the needs of the elements that play a role in its metabolism, sufficient investigations have been carried out.  More than half of the cultivated areas of peanuts are located in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The cultivated area in the world is approximately 22 million hectares, of which 14 million hectares are in Asia, 8 million hectares are in Africa, and one million hectares are in South and Central America and 108 countries in the world. The average yield of pods on a global scale from 1980 to 1990 has reached 1.08 to 1.15 tons per hectare. According to the statistics of the World Food and Agriculture Organization, the countries of India, China, Nigeria and America are the main producers of peanuts, and about seventy percent of the world's peanuts are cultivated and produced in these countries, and they are among the major exporters of this valuable product to other countries. yield and components of peanut, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with three replications with four levels of sulfur fertilizer from granulated sulfur source (including the 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg per hectare) and iron fertilizer from iron chelate source (as solution including 2, 4 and 6 per thousands) was carried out in Astanah Ashrafieh, East of Guilan. Results show that the highest yield was obtained from seed yield of S80Fe2 and S80Fe4 with an average of 2905 and 2890 kg/h, respectively. Mean comparison of iron on oil content showed that there was a statistically significant difference between zero and 2 per thousand irons.  With increasing iron intake from the level of 2 per 1000 to 4 per 1000, the amount of seed oil rose. However, it was not observed a significant increase in the amount of seed oil in the level of 4 to 6 per thousand.