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The effect of mulch and iron foliar application on bean growth and yield

Number of pages: 51 File Format: word File Code: 32488
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Bean performance - beans - iron - Mulch - performance - Planting beans - soil - Spraying
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  • Summary of The effect of mulch and iron foliar application on bean growth and yield

    Dissertation for Master in Agriculture

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the effect of different levels of iron and the use of mulch on the growth and performance of experimental beans in the agricultural year 1392 for one season of fall planting after harvesting peanuts in Salestan village of Astana Ashrafieh district in Gilan province using experiments Shredded plots were implemented with the base design of randomized complete blocks. The first factor included the use of mulch and non-use of mulch, and the second factor was the effects of different levels, including 4 levels of different amounts of iron consumption (0, 2, 4, 6) grams per liter. The planting distance of the plants was 15 x 30 cm. Rice husk mulch with a thickness of 10 cm was used in the plots that were considered for mulch use. In order to implement the design plan, plots with dimensions of 5x2 meters and at a distance of 50 cm from the adjacent experimental unit were created. A distance of about 1 meter was considered between the repetitions. In each repetition, 8 plots were created, and a total of 3 repetitions, 24 plots were created. The land preparation operations were carried out in September 2012. The studied characteristics are: the height of the plant, the number of green pods, the number of green bean seeds, the function of green bean pods, The number of green seeds in the pod, biological yield, yield of aerial parts, yield of dry seeds, yield of dry seeds, yield of dry pods, number of dry seeds in each bean plant were investigated. The comparison of the average traits of the investigated traits also showed that the effect of mulch on the height of the bean plant, the green sprout, the number of green bean seeds, the yield of green bean pods, the number of green bean seeds, the biological function, the function of aerial parts, the function of dry seeds, was not significant. And their use in beans did not have any effect on the above traits by reducing soil moisture. The effect of mulch on the yield of dry pods in the conditions of using mulch and not using mulch was significantly different, and the effect of mulch on the number of dry seeds per plant in beans was very significant. The effect of the amount of iron on the above traits had a significant effect. Auxin photooxidation in the bean stem caused an increase in the height of the plant, and also on other traits, with significant iron consumption, increasing the amount of iron consumption to 6 parts per thousand increased significantly, which had a statistically significant difference with other consumption traits. By increasing the iron consumption to 4 to 6 parts per thousand, the number of green pods formed in the bean plants decreased, which showed through yellowness and poisoning in the plant. As a result, damage to the photosynthetic system of the bean plant caused Disruption of the distribution of photosynthetic materials between the vegetative and reproductive parts has resulted in the fall of flowers and the reduction of the formation of pods. The interaction effect of mulch × amount of iron consumption on the number of pods in the bean plant was not significant. The effect of iron content on dry performance was similar to other traits, the highest yield of dry pods was obtained from consumption values ??of 2 and 4 per thousand of iron. By increasing the amount of consumption up to 6 per thousand, the yield of dry pods decreased. It seems that this decrease is mainly due to the decrease in the volume of the plant per unit area and also the reduction of pods formed per unit area.

    key words: mulch, iron, beans, performance, foliar application, soil

    Chapter One

    Introduction

    Increasing world population and destruction of natural resources, followed by the urgent need to increase food production are among the basic problems of today's world. In fact, the increase in the world's population, followed by the human need for food, has caused additional pressure on natural resources, and in this regard, the stability of agricultural systems has been threatened. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the appropriate date for planting plants and to design and implement cover systems such as different types of mulch, which can increase the performance of the road while preserving nature. River. (Bagheri and Parsa 1376). Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to planting beans and try to improve the performance of this plant. In order for beans to grow properly, they are cultivated in calcareous and alkaline soils, considering the cultivation of beans in calcareous soils and the high amount of bicarbonate in the soil.Beans are cultivated in calcareous and alkaline soils in order to have a proper growth. Due to the cultivation of beans in calcareous soils and the high amount of bicarbonate in the soil, there is a deficiency of some elements such as iron in this plant. Because this plant is one of the plants that need a lot of iron. The reason for this is also nitrogen fixation in this plant. It can be found in plants and in the bean plant, this element can be seen in the structure of the nitrogenase enzyme, in the composition of hemoglobin log and also in the structure of the ferredoxin molecule, which performs the function of electron transfer and fixation of nitrogen. The combination of these factors has caused bean plants to clearly show iron deficiency during their growth stages, because bean plants are very sensitive to iron deficiency. In addition, increasing the cost of inputs, reducing access to new herbicides, and weed resistance to herbicides reduces the stability of common crop production systems (Connelly et al., 2001). For this reason, the use of non-chemical methods compatible with the environment to control weeds is expanding. Among these methods, we can mention the mulching of plant residues. Also, one of the appropriate solutions to preserve the resources in the soil is to prevent water losses, of which evaporation from the soil surface is a part of it. In order to reduce evaporation and maintain moisture in the soil for a long time, using mulch on the soil surface or plowing after irrigation can be effective. on the performance of bean plant, as a result of this research, with the aim of determining the most appropriate amount of iron consumption to achieve the desired yield in Gilan province, and also to investigate the use of mulch on the yield and yield components of beans in Gilan, it was implemented.

    The origin and background of beans

    The origin of beans is from southern tropical regions and it is grown in America. It was common in America since ancient times. Many types of this plant were planted and used by Native American Indians before the discovery of America (Kochaki and Banyan Aol, 1372). Common beans are known by various names as French beans or green beans. They are from the genus (phaselous) and include 220 species. 20 of them are cultivated for the production of green pods or dry seeds. The species of this genus are divided into two groups based on the origin of their origin:

    A - Species originating from the American continent (New World species)

    B - Species originating from Asia (Old World species)

    Comparison of traits Morphological, ecological, geographical distribution, genetic relationships, archeological records show that the wild types of beans originated from the American continent (Central and South), by studying molecular markers, two major centers of geographic diversity, including Central America (Sub-America region 1) and South America (Andean region 2), have introduced an endoic transition belt between these two regions in northern Peru. The origin or population was different, which was the main reason for the difference between the genotypes of these two centers. The American species have large and relatively wide pods, with pointed tips, containing several large seeds (4 to 8 seeds in each pod) and small, wedge-shaped pods. Some types of beans in this species include tepari beans, frangipani beans, and lima beans (large-seeded in South America and small-seeded in Central America) etc. (Majnoun Hosseini, 2007) Old World (Asian) species have smaller pods, cylindrical, without tip, containing a large number of small seeds (sometimes up to 20 per pod) and wide and pointed ears. The origin of the common bean is probably the parts of the South American continent in Mexico and Guatemala. Vavilov, due to their many genetic changes found in Central America and southern Mexico, these regions Rambada knows. Beans were cultivated in Mexico between 4 and 7 thousand years BC and between 1 and 3 thousand years BC by Native Americans, and with the discovery of the new America, its cultivation has spread throughout the world.

  • Contents & References of The effect of mulch and iron foliar application on bean growth and yield

    List:

    Abstract..

    Chapter One: Introduction

    Introduction..2

    Chapter Two: Review of sources

    2-1- Origin and background of beans.. 5

    2-2- Area under cultivation and production of beans in Iran and the world. 6

    2-3-The economic importance of beans.  7

    2-4-Loyba botanical features.  7

    2-5-Climatic needs of beans.. 9

    2-6-Mulch.. 10

    2-6-1-The role of mulch (soil covers) in dry farming.  10

    2-6-2-The effect of mulch on usable soil moisture.  11

    2-6-3-The effect of mulch on soil water.  13

    2-6-4-The effect of mulch on soil temperature.  17

    2-6-5-The effect of mulch on soil structure.  19

    2-6-6-The effect of mulch on soil salinity.  20

    2-6-7-The effect of mulch on soil erosion.  21

    2-6-8-The effect of mulch on the growth of agricultural plants.  23

    2-6-9-The effect of mulch on bean yield.  26

    2-6-10-The effect of mulch in controlling weeds.  27

    2-7-Iron .. 27

    2-7-1-The importance of iron in the nutrition of agricultural plants.  31

    2-7-2-the role of iron in photosynthesis.  32

    2-7-3-the role of iron in protein synthesis.  32

    2-7-4-Critical level of iron in bean plant.  34

    2-7-5-factors affecting iron supply to the plant.  34

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    3-1- The time and geographical and climatic location of the project implementation site.  36

    3-2-Weakness of the weather of the region.  36

    3-3-Determining the physical and chemical properties of the soil of the test site.  36

    3-4-how to conduct the experiment and the experimental plan used.  37

    3-5- Characteristics under investigation.  37

    3-5-1-The height of the plant.. 37

    3-5-2-The number of pods in the plant.  38

    3-5-3-pod length.. 38

    3-5-4-determining the function of aerial parts in beans.  38

    3-5-5-Determining the number of dry seeds in beans.  38

    3-5-6-Determining the performance of dry pods in beans.  38

    3-5-7-Determining the number of dry seeds in the bean plant.  38

    3-5-8- Calculation of harvest index.  39

    3-5-9-seed harvest index.  39

    3-6-Statistical analysis.. 39

    Chapter four: analysis and analysis

    4-1- The effect of mulch and the amount of iron used on the height of the bean plant.  41

    4-2-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on the number of green bean pods.  41

    4-3-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on the number of green beans.  43

    4-4-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on green bean pod performance.  44

    4-5-The effect of mulch and the amount of iron used on the number of seeds in bean pods.  45

    4-6-The effect of mulch and the amount of iron used on the biological performance of beans.  46

    4-7-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on the performance of aerial parts.  47

    4-8-The effect of mulch and the amount of iron used on dry bean yield.  49

    4-9-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on the performance of dry bean pods.  50

    4-10-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on number of dry seeds in bean plant.  51

    4-11-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on the number of dry seeds in each pod of beans. 51

    4-12-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on the number of dry pods per bean plant. 53

    4-13-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on bean harvest index. 53

    4-14-Effect of mulch and amount of iron consumption on bean seed harvest index.  54 Chapter Five: Conclusion 56 Suggestions 57 Sources 58 English Abstract 64 Source:

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    3- Kochki, A.D. 1376. By crop and by breed in dry farming. Mashhad University Jihad Publications. 4- Latifi, V. S. Nawabpour. 1379. Reaction of growth indices and seed yield of two broad bean cultivars to row spacing and plant density, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 362, 31-353. page.

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    -8 Davoodi487-478

    -8 Davodinejad, M., Q. Alikhani and H.Q. Rafahi. 1382. Investigating the effect of manure and enriched compost on the yield and yield components of wheat.

    9- Dari H. M.R., Lak, S., M., Bani Jamali, M. Dadiyor, A. A. Ghanbari, M.A. Khodshanas and B. Asadi 1382. Beans from planting to harvesting. Publication and image of the promotion and popular participation management of the Central Province Agricultural Jihad Organization. Pages 1 to 77.

    10-Sadat Nouri, S, A, M, Golbashi and M. Zarrabi, 2018. Analysis of the design of experiments with sas software. Mashhad Academic Jihad Publications. 339 pages.

    11- Sarmad Nia. G., H., Ogh. Kochki. 1368. Physiology of Crop Plants (Translation) Mashhad Academic Press 203-234.

    12- Flavand, A., A. Hamidi, M. Dehghan Shaar, M., J. Malkoti, A. Asgharzadeh and R. Chukan. 1385. Application of Fertilizers Biological, cognitive day strategy for sustainable management of cropping systems ecosystem, 9th Congress of Agricultural Sciences and Plant Breeding of Iran. 13- Kochki, A.M., Hosseini and R. Khozaei. 1376, Sustainable agricultural systems (translation). Mashhad Academic Jihad Publications. Tehran. 283 pages.

    15- Yadgari, M., Q. Noormohammadi and H. Asadi Rahmani, 1388. Investigating the growth indices of red bean cultivars inoculated with rhizobium and rhizosphere bacteria that enhance plant growth. New Agricultural Science. 5(15). Pages 164 to 153.

    16- Asadi Rahmani, H., M., Afshari, K. Khavazi and H. Sajjadi. 2019. Investigating the effectiveness of nitrogen fixation by native Iranian rhizobium strains on the yield and quality characteristics of beans. Summary of the articles of the third national conference and the development of the use of biological materials and the optimal use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, Karaj, Iran. 17-Imam, Y.F. Niknejad. 1373. An introduction to the physiology of crop plants (translation), Shiraz University Press. Pages 570 and 571.

    18- Ghanbari, A.A. and H., R. 1384. Investigating and determining gdd for different phenological stages of cowpea lines. Abstracts of the articles of the first national legume conference. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 19- Kochaki, A., and M. first foundations 1373. Physiology of crop plant performance, Mashhad University Jihad Publications. Pages 360 to 380.

    20- Asgharzadeh, A. 1384. Biological (biological) fertilizers and their application in biological agriculture, summary of the first workshop on biological agriculture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.

    21- Bagheri, A., R.A., A. Mahmoudi and F. Din Ghazli, 2013. Plant cultivation and breeding. Mashhad University Jihad Publications, 556 pages. Karimi, H. Agricultural plants. Jihad University of Tehran Publications. 550 pages. 22- Panjtan Dost, M., A. Saroshzad Ho F. Qanaei, 1389. Effect of soil application and foliar application of iron on some quality characteristics of peanut plant seed (Arachishypogeael.) in alkaline soil, plant biology, second year. Fifth issue. Page 37-50.

    23 - Hosseini, S, M, B, D. Jahansoz and B, Yazdi Samadi. 2013. The effect of different amounts of nitrogen on the yield and yield components of fodder millet and cowpea in intercropping research and development. Number 59. Page 60-67.

    24 - Salar Dini, Aom, Massoud. 2016. Principles of Plant Nutrition (Volume II), University Publishing Center.

    25- Samadi, A., and A. Spaskhah. 2013. The effects of one-in-one furrow irrigation on the yield and effective water efficiency of beans. Agricultural Research, Iran, Shiraz Agricultural University. Volume 3, Number 2. Page 115-95.

    26- Ziaian, A. 2012. Use of low consumption elements in agriculture. Deputy of training and equipping of manpower, research organization of education and extension of agriculture, ministry of agriculture of Karaj. 27- Abdzadeh Gohari, A. Amiri, M. Parhalam Gohri Vaz. Babaei Bazkiai. 2019. The effect of nitrogen and potassium amounts on the yield and agricultural characteristics of cowpea under dry conditions. Journal of Research in Agricultural Sciences. Third year, number 10.

    28 - Eshghizadeh, H.R. , Isfahan University of Technology (under publication), Georgia, 1387. H., Poursakhin N., Pour Ghasemia N. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Agricultural Natural Resources in Soluble Cultivation Environment

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    33- Mahmoudi, Sh.V. Hakimian. 1380. Basics of soil science (translation). Tehran University Press.

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