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  3. Investigating the composition of thyme essential oil in different stages of phenology in Qargh region (case study of Bakhtegan Wildlife Sanctuary 2)

Investigating the composition of thyme essential oil in different stages of phenology in Qargh region (case study of Bakhtegan Wildlife Sanctuary 2)

Number of pages: 96 File Format: word File Code: 32485
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Chromatography - Cleunger - essential oil - harvest time - Medicinal plants - Medicinal plants - Phenology - Shirazi thyme - thyme - Thyme essential oil - wildlife
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  • Summary of Investigating the composition of thyme essential oil in different stages of phenology in Qargh region (case study of Bakhtegan Wildlife Sanctuary 2)

    Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc.)

    Inclination: Pastoralism

    Investigation of thyme essential oil compounds in different phenology stages in Qargh region

    (Case study: Wildlife Sanctuary Bakhtegan 2)

    Abstract

    Medicinal plants produce a large and diverse group of organic compounds called secondary metabolites, which are consumed by humans as medicinal compounds. The value of the global market of herbal medicines, which includes medicinal plants and their products, has always been increasing with a significant growth. Considering that most of the world's medicinal plants market is related to the production and supply of secondary metabolites derived from these plants, therefore plant secondary metabolites have a very high economic value as well as added value, and the chemical synthesis of these metabolites is usually complex and expensive. Also, essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants are considered as natural food preservatives and health-enhancing drugs. Most of these compounds prevent oxidative stress by having antioxidant properties. In order to compare the stress conditions on the amount and type of compounds present in Shirazi thyme plant in Qargh and Azad regions, the effect of different phenology and harvesting stages on the amount and percentage of essential compounds of Shirazi thyme plant in Bakhtegan protected area of ??Fars province was investigated. The samples were collected in three vegetative stages (before flowering, flowering and after flowering). The essential oil of the plant was obtained by distillation with water and steam and by Cloninger method and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer. The results showed that between 99.98-99.99% essential oil was obtained in different stages of harvesting. Forty-eight compounds were identified in the pre-flowering stage, and the main compounds were: thymol (30.86)%, carvacrol (29.16)%, pcyamine (6.63)%, carvacrol methyl ether (5.47)%. Forty-six compounds were identified in the flowering stage and the main compounds were thymol (36.62)%, carvacrol (17.41)%, pcyamine (10.2)%, gammaterpinene (6.46)%. In the post-flowering stage, forty-five compounds were identified, and the main compounds were thymol (41.82)%, pcyamine (13.61)%, carvacrol (10.7)%, gammaterpinene (6.07)%. The percentage of essential oil in this species was the highest in the flowering and pre-flowering stages, and the lowest in the seed formation stage.

    Key words: Shirazi thyme, harvest time, essential oil, gas chromatography, Cloninger

    Introduction

    Medicinal plants are regional heritage but of global importance, which provide great wealth to the world. have had and God should be praised and thanked for their creation, because in addition to beautifying the scene of life in the form of active and non-polluting factories, they produce useful and diverse products and have always soothed the pain and suffering of patients and provided human health. One of the ways to be grateful for this precious blessing is to know better and deeper the various aspects related to these plants and try to preserve and survive them in the field of nature (Emami et al., 2013). style="direction: rtl;">The founder of Greek medicine is Aesculapius, the first written treatise in the field of medicinal botany parallel to the emergence of Greek civilization was presented by Theophrastus (285-370 BC).

    From the 8th to the 10th century AD, Abu Ali Sina, Mohammad Zakariya Razi and after them Ibn Bitar did significant works in the field of plant knowledge. Ali bin Abbas Majousi is the first founder of the "chemotaxonomy" type of classification and based on this, he divided different types of medicinal plants into 13 groups or classes (Omid Beigi, 1374).

    The country of Iran, with 11 different climates and 7500 plant species, is a very suitable platform for obtaining medicinal and rare species. Among all the countries of Southwest Asia, it has the most diverse and attractive conditions in terms of vegetation.Since the final product in the cultivation of medicinal plants is to obtain secondary metabolites or effective medicinal substances, all the factors affecting the growth and quantitative and qualitative performance of the product must be investigated (Yazdani, 2013). slow Iran is also one of the countries where the use of medicinal plants in traditional and indigenous medicine has a long history. Also, due to suitable climatic and geographical conditions, Iran is the habitat of a large number of medicinal plants. The diversity of vegetation in Iran is such that the flora of Iran is more than the flora of all of Europe (Azadbakht, 1378).

    As a special geographical unit on the planet, Iran's plateau has different climates and weather. Iran's location in a special latitude where most of the horticultural and agricultural products from tropical and subtropical to temperate and cold regions can be cultivated has provided special conditions for the cultivation of medicinal plants. Such climatic conditions, together with Iran's rich flora, which includes more than 7500 plant species, show such a possibility even more (Principal[1], 1998). They are also used as the raw material of cosmetic and health products (Yazdani et al., 2013).

    Today, in international societies and advanced countries, they do not look at the issue of medicinal plants from the point of view of collecting, packaging and supplying them in perfume shops, but trying to preserve medicinal plants and preserve their genetic characteristics and even improve and breed these characteristics and increase effective medicinal substances, domesticate and their cultivation, extraction and formulation and finally supply of the medicine obtained after processing and necessary preparation for public consumption. In the past decades, there has been a wide expansion in the range of herbal treatments, which has led to a rapid growth in the demand for herbal medicines and, as a result, medicinal plants in the world.

    One ??of the most important exporters of medicinal plants are China, India, America, Germany and Korea. Although there are 1300 species of medicinal plants in Iran, the country's share of the world trade in this sector is less than 2%.

    According to a report published by the World Bank in 1996, the volume of trade in medicinal plants will reach 5 trillion dollars by 2050. Such an increasing trend in the consumption of medicinal plants without the development of appropriate methods of planting, management and proper planning will lead to a negative consequence, i.e. the destruction of nature. Therefore, according to this issue, in order to meet the needs of the pharmaceutical industry, it is necessary to carry out agricultural production on a large scale and to identify rare species and to carry out agricultural operations such as planting, propagation, harvesting time management and post-harvest processes on these plants (Hosna [2], 1997).

    Currently, one third of the drugs used in human societies are of plant origin and with the progress of various sciences such as agriculture, pharmacy, chemistry, Biotechnology and It is to be hoped that the production of two-thirds of the remaining drugs, which are made synthetically, will gradually become obsolete and rely on plant sources (Omid Begi, 2014). This has caused large areas of agricultural land to be devoted to the cultivation of medicinal plants every year, but there was a lack of knowledge about the ecological needs and suitable conditions for planting, and the harvesting of medicinal plants has caused the failure to use all the potential of these valuable plants (Yazdani et al., 2013).

    Abstract:

    Medicinal Plants produce a big group of secondary metabolites which are used as medicinal compounds. According to recent estimates, the global market value of herbal medicines, including medicinal plants and their products, has been increasing significantly.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the composition of thyme essential oil in different stages of phenology in Qargh region (case study of Bakhtegan Wildlife Sanctuary 2)

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Chapter One: General

    Introduction. 4

    Objectives. 8

    Hypothesis. 10

    Plant characteristics. mints 10

    1-4-3- Botanical feature of thyme genus. 12

    1-4-4- Thyme genera. .17

    1-4-4-1- Zataria genus. .18

    1-4-4-2- Ziziphora genus. .18

    1-4-4-3- Genus Thymus. 19.

    Geographical distribution of thyme. 19

    1-5-1- Geographical distribution of thyme in the world. 19.

    1-5-2- Geographical distribution of thyme in Iran. 20

    1-5-3- The systematic position of the thyme plant. 20

    1-5-4- species of thyme available in Iran. 20

    Taxonomy and species of thyme. 21

    Plant characteristics of Shirazi thyme. 22

    Ecological needs of Shirazi thyme. 23

    Historical history of thyme plant. 25

    1-9-1- Uses of thyme in traditional medicine. 27

    1-9-2-thyme in modern medicine. .27

    1-9-3-food consumption. 28

    Secondary Metabolite 28

    1-10-1- Nature of essential oil and secondary metabolite. 29

    1-10-1-1- essential oil metabolism in the human body. 30

    1-10-1-2- Place of production and secretion of plant essences. 31. 1-10-1-3- Biosynthesis of essential oils. 32

    Different methods of extracting essential oils. 33

    1-11-1- Distillation with water.. 33

    1-11-2- Distillation with water and steam. .34

    1-11-3- Distillation with direct steam. .34

    1-11-4- Enzyme method.. .34

    1-11-5- Normal heat pressing method. 35

    1-11-6- Solvent-assisted extraction. 35

         1-11-7- Extraction with the help of gases. 35

    1-11-8- Analytical distillation. 35

    1-11-9-Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method. 36

    1-11-9-1- Gas chromatography method. .36

    1-11-9-2-mass spectrometer. 38

    1-12-some constituent compounds of thyme essential oil and their therapeutic properties. 39

    1-12-1-carvacrol.. 40

    1-12-2-thymol.. 41

    1-12-3-borneol.. 43

    1-12-4-camphor.. 44

    1-12-5-terpinene 1-isopropyl4methyl Cyclohexa 1 and 4 diene. .45

    1-12-6- linalool, linalyl acetate, geranial, neral, geraniol. .45

    1-12-7-1 and 8 cineole.. 46

    1-12-8-parasimine.. .47

    Chapter Two: Research records

    2-1- Internal research records on the essential oil of thyme species. 49

    2-2- Foreign research records about the essential oil of thyme species. 59.

    Chapter three: materials and methods

    Plant harvest. 67

    3-2- Essential oil extraction. 68

    3-2-1- Necessary materials and tools. .68

    3-2-2- Work method.. 68

    3-2-2-1- Drying the plant. 68

    3-3- Essential oil analysis.. 70

    3-4- Specifications of gas chromatography device to determine the amount of essential oil components.. 71

    3-5- Specifications of mass spectrometer device to identify the amount of essential oil components.. 71

    3-6- Data analysis.. 73

    Chapter four: Results

    4-1- The result of measuring the percentage of essential oil in Shirazi thyme medicinal plant in Qargh region. 75

    4-2- Measurement result of quantitative and qualitative analysis of Shirazi thyme medicinal plant essence. 76

    4-2-1- Quantitative and qualitative analysis of Shirazi thyme plant essential oil in the pre-flowering stage in Qargh region.         82

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    5-1- Analysis of essential oil.. 88

    5-1-1- Analysis of essential oil of Shirazi thyme in the pre-flowering stage in Qargh region. 88

    5-1-2- Analysis of essential oil of Shirazi thyme in the flowering stage in Qargh region. 91

    5-1-3- Analysis of essential oil of Shirazi thyme in the stage of seed formation in Qargh region. 92

    General conclusion.. 95

    Suggestions.. 97

    Sources

    Persian sources.. 99

    English sources..105

    English abstract..112

    Source:

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    Dozdeh Emami, S. 2016. Cultivation and production of some medicinal and spice plants. Tehran, Tehran University Press. 236 pages.

    Rostaei, A., Fakhr Tabatabai, M. and Omidbeigi, R. 2008. Morphological diversity of Thymus daenensis Celak populations native to Iran. The 6th Congress of Horticultural Sciences of Iran.

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    Sajadi, A., Naderi, G. and Ziyai, R. 2013. Antioxidant effects of selected medicinal plants of the mint family. Sefidkan, F., 1(2):12. and Rahimi Bidgoli, A. 2013. Investigating the quantitative and qualitative changes of mountain thyme (Thymus kotschyanus) essential oil during the growth period of the plant with different distillation methods. Forestry and Rangeland Research Institute. Iranian medicinal and aromatic plants research, 2(15): 14-18.

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Investigating the composition of thyme essential oil in different stages of phenology in Qargh region (case study of Bakhtegan Wildlife Sanctuary 2)
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